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All organisms in this kingdom have these common characteristics:
◦Multicellular ◦Eukaryotes◦No cell wall- unlike fungi, plants, bacteria
◦Heterotrophs– consumer not decomposer
◦Have Specialized Cells- unlike protists
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Invertebrates-No Vertebral Column with spinal cord
Vertebrates- Have a Vertebral Column with spinal cord
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Animals must have= Oxygen and Glucose
The process they must complete to get energy or ATP=Cellular Respiration
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Skeletal Support and Protection Digestive Extracts energy and
nutrients from food Nervous Coordinates response
and behavior Respiratory Exchanges Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide Circulatory Transport of Gases,
Nutrients and Waste
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Asymmetry - No symmetry=Sponges
Radial symmetry - can cut in equal halves-more than one way=Cnidarians and Echinoderms
Bilateral symmetry - Head/Brain area present with senses.
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7Asymmetry
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*Usually more complicated organisms
*Usually simpler
organisms
Background: different types of body symmetry
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They all have a headarea with sense
organs
Ectoderm develops into skin and nervous tissue
Endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated with digestion
In some animals mesoderm forms
Mesoderm is the third layer and develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems
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Acoelom- do not have a body cavity, organs are imbedded in tissues
Pseudocoelom -(partial) a body cavity partly lined with mesoderm
Coelom- a body cavity totally lined with medosderm that provides space for the development of internal organs
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*Background: types of coelomes (body cavities)
Advantages: 1.Protection2.Prevents water loss on land
(waxy layer)Disadvantages:
1.Heavy-cannot grow big2.Growth requires molting-
may be killed by predators
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An internal skeleton that provides support inside the body
Advantage: Organisms can grow larger with skeleton inside
Is this possible???? Of course not!!!
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Echinoderms
All Vertebrates
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What is different about Sponges? Asymmetrical or no symmetry
Simplest Animals-Only Simple Cells, no tissues
They can remain motionless because they Filter feed with Collar Cells
Sessile-Do not move around
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Oxygen comes in through Diffusion
Filter Feeds as an adult with collar cells
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Hermaphroditism – Most common means of reproduction. Sponges have sperm AND eggs to increase the odds of reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction-Fragmentation also possible
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Sea Anemone
(Polyp)Jellyfish
(Medusa)
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Evolution of Radial Symmetry starts with
Cnidarians
Advantage: Can Extend tentacles equally in all directions (increase food uptake)
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Basic digestive system-gastrovascular cavity
Also basic nervous system (nerve net) O2 still enters by diffusion
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Reproduces sexually and asexually
Skeleton-none present
Coral are calcium carbonate remains from previously living Cnidarians
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Planarian – not parasitic
Tapeworm – parasitic
Acoelom
Bilateral symmetry
No digestive system: sugar are absorbed by diffusion in host’s intestine
Reproduction-most are hermaphrodites
No respiratory system-Oxygen absorbed by diffusion through the body
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See full-size image.
Fresh Water PlanariaUses Pharynx to obtain food
Salt Water Flatworms
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•Example hookworm – parasitic
•Hookworms can burrow through skin (walking around barefoot)•Also enters through contaminated food
Bilateral symmetry Pseudocoelom Complete digestive system with mouth
and anus Sexual reproduction/hermaphrodites Oxygen enters body by diffusion
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Hookworms, Pinworms, and Tapeworms that were removed from a Brazilian boy treated on a Rockefeller foundation mission (early 1900’s)
These parasites still affect people all over the globe.
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Food safety inspections
Good sanitation
Medication widely available
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RoundwormsRoundworms
Dirofilaria is a roundworm that causes heartworm disease in
dogs.
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Ascaris: a parasitic
roundwormOther Roundworms
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Elephantiasis results when a roundworm
blocks the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling
The roundworm is
carried by mosquitoes in tropical Africa
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Hookworms attached to the intestines
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leech Earthworm
Bilateral symmetry
True Coelom (full range of motion, complex organs inside)
Complete digestion system
Most are hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction
Obtain oxygen by diffusion thru skin
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Giant Earthworm
Regular Earthworm
Swallow dirt, filter out food
Loosen soil, helps to aerate soil for plants
Also fertilizes plants with castings (poop)
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Two chemicals in saliva to help it take blood from hosts
1. Anesthetic (blocks pain)2. Anti-coagulant (prevents
blood clotting)
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Clam – 2 shells
Bivalves
Snail – 1 shell
Gastropods
Squid – no shell
Bilateral symmetry
Getting food – filter feeders (clams), grazers (snails), predators (slugs)
Getting O2 – gills in aquatic mollusks, primitive lung in snails
Both Open or closed circulatory system
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Open
•No blood vessels
•Blood surrounds body’s organs, delivers O2
•Smaller animals
Closed
•Blood in vessels
•Larger animals
Hermaphrodites
Aquatic – release sperm and eggs into water
Land – meet and swap sperm, fertilize eggs inside
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Four main classes within this HUGE phylum:
1.Arachnids
2.Crustaceans
3.Centipedes /millipedes
4.Insects
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Black widow Brown recluse
Chigger (flea)
Tick
Scorpion
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Crab
Barnacles
Lobster
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CentipedeMillipede
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Fire ants
Wasp
Grasshopper
Most successful of all animal phyla
Exoskeleton
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body
True Coelom
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•In Terrestrial arthropods-Oxygen enters by spiracles and then into tracheal tubes in some arthropods.
• Reproduction- Internal fertilization (mating) in land arthropods
Open circulatory system
Uses special jaws called mandibles
Use Pheromones (chemical signals) for communication and mating
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Sophisticated sensory / motor control
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Compound eye of a fruit flyCompound eye of a fruit fly
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sea star
sea urchin
sea cucumber
Bilateral symmetry in larvae
Radial symmetry in adults (live on ocean floor)
Coelom with organs
Endoskeleton
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Food – variety of diet (some eat clams, some eat algae, some filter feed)
Water vascular system (water instead of blood to carry Oxygen)
Reproduction Sexual
Regeneration possible in some
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Lancelet
Tunicates
Have notochord –This is a rigid rod in the dorsal area which gives support.
In vertebrates it becomes the vertebral spinal column
There are two groups that do not develop the vertebral spinal column-lancelets and tunicates
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Chordates have 3 subphylums◦ Tunicates◦ Lancelets
◦Vertebrates
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lancelet tunicate
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Each of these is a Class in the Phylum Chordata