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Chapter Three
Kingdoms and Empires in
the Middle East
Biblical
References?
Historic
References?
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Trading Empires of the Ancient Middle East
Aramaeans
•Damascus, Syria•Rich Overland Trade•Aramaic Language
Language of Business of the Ancient Middle East
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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)
•Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
•Canaanites of the Bible
•Rich Overseas Trade
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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)
•Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
•Canaanites of the Bible
•Rich Overseas Trade
•Loose confederation of City States•Tyre (most influential), Sidon Byblos•Colonies throughout the Mediterranean•Carthage – greatest colony
•Overshadow s Tyre
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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)
•Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
•Canaanites of the Bible•Rich Overseas Trade
•Loose confederation of City States•Tyre (most influential), Sidon Byblos•Colonies throughout the Mediterranean•Carthage – greatest colony
•Overshadow s Tyre
•Excellent sailors•Maritime technology
•Exchange of goods and products (bartering)•Business practices•Alphabet (See Next Slide)
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Evolution of the Phoenician Alphabet
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What is
going
on?
Note the
products!
The
Color
Purple!
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The Lydian's
•Western Asia Minor •Modern Turkey
•Gold Deposits•Midas ?
•Develop a regional trade center•Sardis
•Introduce concept of money•Coinage -- Stater
•Set values for goods
•King Croesus
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Ancient Land of the Israelites
Land of Canaan
Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism
•Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey”•Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites
•Migration to Egypt
•12 Tribes
• Moses
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Land of Canaan
Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism
•Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey”•Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites
•Migration to Egypt
•12 Tribes • Moses
•Exodus / Return to Canaan
• Lack of Unity - Judges
• Fight among the Canaanites for control of area
•Establishment of Kingdom
• Saul – Unites Israel
• David – Jerusalem• Solomon – Temple
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The Temple at the
Time of Solomon
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Ancient Land of the Israelites
Establishment of Kingdom
•Saul – Unites Israel
•David – Jerusalem
•Solomon – Temple
•Breakup of the Kingdom
•10 Tribes / North = Israel
•2 Tribes / South = Judah (Jerusalem)
King David’s
Palace
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Siege of Lachish by Assyria
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British Museum
London
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Invasion from the North
Assyrians – 722 BC
• Sennacherib
• Nineveh
• Israel – Ten Tribes of the North are conquered
• Lost Tribes of Israel ?
Chaldeans – 586 BC (Neo-Babylonians)
• Nebuchadnezzar
•Judah – Two tribes to the South are
conquered
• Babylonian Captivity
• The Jewish culture is organized
29Babylon 586 BC Babylon Today
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Persian Empire Begins
Cyrus II
•Conquers Babylon
Releases the Jews to return to Judea / Israel
•Diaspora
Torah is created
•1st Five Books of the Bible
Jews rebuild the Temple
Lasting Legacy
•Christianity
•Islam
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Hittites
Asia Minor
•Modern Turkey
•Anatolia Plateau
Well Organized Kingdom
•Regional “Superpower”
•Clay Tablets
•Iron Weapons
•Three Man Chariots
Society included elements from
•Mesopotamia
•Egypt
•Less harsh legal system
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The Hittite Empire
Modern Turkey
Ancient Turkey
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Hattusas
The Hittite
Capital
City
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Hittite Capital
at
Hattusas
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Hittite Capital
at
Hattusas
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The Assyrians -- Nineveh
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Assyrians
Northern Mesopotamia
•Nineveh – Capital City
•Tigris River
Build powerful kingdom 900 BC
Army – Dominant power
•Foot Soldiers
•Chariots
•Cavalry
Harsh Overlords
Well Organized Empire
•Provinces – Governors – Road Networks
•Clay Tablet Library -- 22,000 discovered!
King Sennacherib – Bible (Old Testament)
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Ancient
Middle East
Exhibit
British
Museum
London,
England
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Chaldeans(Neo-Babylonians)
Successors to the Mesopotamian Empires
Last of the Mesopotamian Empires
Capital City – Babylon
Nebuchadnezzar
•Hanging Gardens
•Kingdom of Judah – 586 BC
•Babylonian Exile
Fall to the Persians – 539 BC
Cyrus II
Builds huge empire to the east
Moves to west capturing nations
Allows Jews to return to Judea (Biblical Account!)
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Persian Empire
Cyrus II
•Defeats Chaldeans
•Builds huge empire
•Egypt in west to India in the east
Darius I
•Well organized – good administrator
•Provinces – governors – “Satraps”
•Inspectors
•Four Capital Cities
•Persepolis, Susa, Babylon, Sardis
•Royal Road
•Dispatch riders• “Neither rain nor snow nor gloom of
night stays these couriers from their
appointed rounds.” (sound familiar?)
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Tomb of
Cyrus the Great
Pasargadae, Iran
Built in the shape
of a Ziggurat!
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Darius I
Vainglorious Imagery
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Persepolis
Capital of the Persian Empire
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Gate of All Lands
Entry Way to the Palace
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Entry way to the
Great Hall for the
Audience with the
King
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King’s Audience Hall
65’ in Height
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Darius I and the Greeks
•Persian disaster
•490 BC
•480 BC (Xerxes)
Persian Culture
•Conquered peoples retained their own cultures
•Tolerant rulers (Jews return to homeland)
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Persian Religion
•Zoroaster (Greek name)
•Good vs. Evil
•Final Judgment
•Impact on Christianity ?
•Impact on Islam ?
•Impact on Judaism ?
•Today, Approximately 4 million Iranians are Zoroastrians
•Live in south-east Iran
•Some live in India – Known as the “Parsees”
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Home of the Sacred
Perpetual Flame
Naqsh-I Rustam
(Near Persepolis)