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Ch. 11 : Microbial Diversity
o Prokaryotic morphologies and representative examples
o Types of reproduction of prokaryotic cells
o Cell arrangements
o Classification of microbeso Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria
know the unique features of the different organisms
o Domain Eukarya know the unique features of fungi
o Lab this week will focus on microbial diversity
this material will be fair game for the exams!
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Typical prokaryotic morphologies
Coccus
Coccobacillus
Bacillus
Vibrio
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Typical prokaryotic morphologies
Spirillum
Spirochete
Pleomorphic
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Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells Asexual:
binary fission, or snapping division, or budding
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Staphylococci
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PHYLUM CHLOROFLEXI(green nonsulfur)
Thermophilicbacteria PHYLUM DEINOCOCCUS-THERMUS
Deeply branching bacteria
PHYLUM AQUIFICAE
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAPHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA
Rickettsias ( )Rhodospirilla ( )
(purple nonsulfur)
Rhizob ium ( )
Nitrifying ( )
Myzobacteria ( )
Campylobacteria ( )
Pseudomonads ( )
PHYLUMCHLOROBI(green sulfur)
Neisserias ( )
PHYLUMBACTEROIDETES
PHYLUM FIBROBACTERESPHYLUM CHLAMYDIAE
PHYLUM SPIROCHAETESPHYLUMPLANCTOMYCETES
PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
PHYLUM FUSOBACTERIAPHYLUM FIRMICUTESClostridia
Mycoplasmas
Bacilli-Lactobacilli
Arthrobac te r
Streptomyces
Atopob iumCorynebac te r iumMycobac te r iumNocardia
PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIAGRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA High G+C Gram-positive
PHYLUM KORARCHAEOTA
PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA
PHYLUMCRENARCHAEOTA
Thermophilicarchaea
Methanogens
Halophiles
Classifying prokaryotes based on their rRNA sequences
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Domain Archaea Common features
Lack peptidoglycan Cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains
AUG codon codes for methionine (in contrast to bacteria)
Three phyla:
Not known to cause disease
1. Crenarchaeota
2. Euryarchaeota
3. Korarchaeota
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Archaea Some are extremophiles
Require extreme conditions of temperature, pH, and/or
salinity to survive
Prominent members are thermophiles and halophiles
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Archaea
Thermophiles and
hyperthermophiles
Thermophiles:
(a)Geogemma(b)Pyrodictium
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Archaea
Halophiles
Need > 9% NaCl to maintain cell walls
Use bacteriorhodopsins
to drive ATP synthesis (using light energy)BUT NOT using photosynthesis
Most studied organism?
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Archaea
Methanogens
Obligate anaerobes
Use CO 2, H 2, and organic compounds to produce
methane (CH 4)
Soil sediments of ponds, lakes, oceans
Colons of animals (including us!)
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Domain Bacteria Deeply branching bacteria
- Scientists believe these organisms are
similar to earliest bacteria
- Autotrophic
- Deinococcus
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Bacteria Phototrophic bacteria
Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) *Green sulfur bacteria *Green nonsulfur bacteria *Purple sulfur bacteria *Purple nonsulfur bacteria
*anaerobic (or anoxygenic)
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E l f b t i
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Examples of cyanobacteria
(a) Anabaena
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Bacteria M ycoplasmas
Lack cell walls
Distinctive fried-egg
appearance on agar media
Diseases
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Gram-positive bacilli and cocci
Bacillus
L ister ia - pathoge
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
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Bt toxin
Bacillus thur ingiensis
B t i
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Bacteria Corynebacterium
Pleomorphic aerobes and facultative anaerobes
E.g. C. diphther iae
http://coproweb.free.fr/pagbac/introbac/corineba.htm
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Bacteria
M ycobacter ium
mycolic acids in their cell wall
E.g. M . tuberculosis
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Actinomycetes
Form branching filaments
Examples of genera: Actinomyces, Str eptomyce s
Geosmins musty odor
of soil
Bacteria
Actinomycetes spores
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Spores
B i
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Bacteria
Gram-Negative bacteria
Largest and most diverse group of bacteria
Many have extensions called prosthecae
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Caulobacter
Rosettes formon surface ofsolutions
Swarmer cells
Stalked cells
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Rhizobium
How is this useful for the plant?
How is this useful for the bacterium?
What is this relationship called?
P d
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P. aeruginosa is ;
- An important cause of respiratory infectionsin cystic fibrosis patients
- Skin infections in burn patients
- Eye infections
- Some Pseudomonas are found in plant rhizospheres
Pseudomonas
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Bdellovibrio
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Bdellovibrio
This is a predator of other gram-negative bacteria and a very fastswimmer!! Can you think of a medical application for this
bacterium?
Prey cell
Bdellovibrio
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M b i These bacteria are known for their ability to form
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Myxobacteria yfruiting bodies that can be seen with the naked eye
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Fungi
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Fungi
Chemoheterotrophic and eukaryotic Have cell walls typically composed of chitin Decompose dead organisms and recycle their
nutrients Used for food and in manufacture of foods and
beverages, but some can spoil foods Some produce antibiotics Some serve as important research tools 30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and
humans Do not perform photosynthesis
Lack chlorophyll
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