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Aggregate Gradation
![Page 2: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CIVL 3137 2
Important Properties
Hardness (resistance to wear)Durability (resistance to weathering)
Shape and surface texture
Relative density and absorptionGradation
Deleterious substancesCrushing strength
Soft and lightweight particlesChemical stability
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Gradation Analysis
A gradation analysis (or sieve analysis) is a procedureused to assess the particle size distribution (gradation)of a granular material by allowing the material topass through a series of sieves of progressivelysmaller mesh size and weighing the amount ofmaterial that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction ofthe whole mass. The size distribution is often ofcritical importance to the way the material performsin use.
CIVL 3137 3
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CIVL 3137 4
Gradation Analysis
percent coarseror
percent retained
percent fineror
percent passing
Percentagesare calculatedby mass
![Page 5: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CIVL 3137 5
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Total mass percent passing each sieve
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Opening Size (mm)
(typically used for soil)
4.75
![Page 6: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CIVL 3137 6
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Total mass percent passing each sieve
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Opening Size (mm)
(typically used for aggregate)
4.75
![Page 7: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sieve Shakers
CIVL 3137 7
Mary Ann Shaker
![Page 8: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Screen Shakers
CIVL 3137 8
Gilson Shaker
![Page 9: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CIVL 3137 9
Sieve Sizes Used in Construction
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CIVL 3137 10
Sieve Sizes Used in Construction
Openings vary bya factor of two
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CIVL 3137 11
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
(%)
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
![Page 12: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CIVL 3137 12
Gradation Example
![Page 13: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CIVL 3137 13
Gradation Example
![Page 14: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CIVL 3137 14
Typical Aggregate Gradations
Open-graded aggregate
Gap-graded aggregate
Uniformly graded aggregate
Dense-graded aggregate
All of the particles are approximately the same size
Very little fine aggregate thus lots of void space between particles
Very little aggregate in the medium size range
Lots of different particle sizes thus very little void space
![Page 15: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CIVL 3137 15
Uniformly Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
“clear”gravel
uniformsand
![Page 16: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CIVL 3137 16
Uniformly Graded Aggregate
Narrow range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityLow stabilityDifficult to compact
![Page 17: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CIVL 3137 17
Open-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Opengradedgravel
Opengradedsand
Few finesFew fines
![Page 18: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CIVL 3137 18
Open-Graded Aggregate
Decent range of sizesVery few fine particlesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityHigh stability Difficult to compact
![Page 19: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CIVL 3137 19
Gap-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Opengradedgravel
Opengradedsand
Gapgradedblend
Missingsizes
![Page 20: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CIVL 3137 20
Gap-Graded Aggregate
Wide range of sizesMissing middle sizesNo grain-to-grain contactModerate void contentModerate permeabilityLow stability Easy to compact
![Page 21: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CIVL 3137 21
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Densegradedgravel
![Page 22: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CIVL 3137 22
Dense-Graded Aggregate
Wide range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactLow void contentLow permeabilityHigh stabilityDifficult to compact
![Page 23: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CIVL 3137 23
Fuller’s Curve
Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. “The laws of proportioning concrete," Transactions of the ASCE, v. 159, 1907.
0.50i
idpD
pi = percent passing ith sievedi = opening size of ith sieveD = maximum particle size
Produces the highest density and lowest void content
![Page 24: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CIVL 3137 24
Aggregate gradation curves: (a) maximum density gradations for 37.5 and4.75 mm sizes based on the Fuller relationship; (b) a uniform aggregate;(c) a gap-graded aggregate; (d) screenings.
![Page 25: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CIVL 3137 25
FHWA Maximum Density Curve
In 1962 FHWA published a modified version of Fuller’s equation with a different exponent.
0.450.50
ii
dpD
pi = percent passing ith sievedi = opening size of ith sieveD = maximum particle size
Produces the highest density and lowest void content
![Page 26: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
CIVL 3137 26
Maximum density curves on Federal Highway Administration 0.45 power gradation chart.
![Page 27: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CIVL 3137 29
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
TDOT 411-D
MaximumDensityCurve
![Page 28: 02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis - Aggregate Gradation.pdfCurve. CIVL 3137 30 Dense-Graded Aggregate 0 20 40 60 80 100 012345 Percent Passing Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051808/600987cca241da772357e009/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CIVL 3137 30
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
200
TDOT 411-D
1/2" 5/8"
MaximumDensity
Curve