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The Muscular System
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Muscle Tissues
Skeletal striated, multinucleate, voluntary,10-100 m
Smooth-found in walls of hollow visceralorgans; ex. stomach, bladder, respiratorypassages; visceral, nonstriated, involuntary;
discuss peristalsis
Cardiacin heart only, striated, involuntary,
intercalcated disks
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Muscle function: produce movement
maintain posture stabilize joints generate heat
Functional Characteristics: Excitability- respond to a stimulus Contractility- ability to shorten forcibly whenadequately stimulated
Extensibility- the ability to be stretchedElasticity- the ability of a muscle fiber to resume
its resting length after being stretched
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Gross Anatomy Skeletal Muscle
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bundle ofmuscle fibers
muscle fiber(cell)
myofibril
sarcomere
MuscleAnatomy
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Myofibril
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Sarcomere
Z
lines
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Sarcomere A band
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Sarcomere I bands
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Actin and Myosin Filaments
myosinactin
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Myosin (Thick) Filament
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Actin (Thin) Filament
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Sliding Filament Hypothesis
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Actin (Thin) Filament
No Calcium Ion
tropomyosin
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Actin (Thin) Filament
Calcium Ion Present
tropomyosin
myosin binding sites
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Actin & Myosin Interaction
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Biology 100
Human Biology
Motor Unit
spinal cord
motor neurons
muscle bundle
muscle fibers
neuromuscular junctions
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Neuromuscularjunctions
branching axonto motor unit
muscle fibers
S i l i f Sk l l M l
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Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle
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axon
plasmamembrane
myofibrils
sarcomere
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T tubules
sarcoplasmicreticulum
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plasma membrane
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubule
calcium
actin myosinhead
M l T it h
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stimulus
latent period
period ofcontraction
period ofrelaxation
Muscle Twitch
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Contraction Response
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Origin- fixed point of attachment; for biceps brachii O=clavicle and humerus
Insertion- moveable, usually crosses a joint; O= radius
Prime mover- - muscle group responsible for producingparticular movement
Antagonist- works opposite of prime mover
Synergist-reduces undesirable or unnecessary movementContraction of a muscle crossing 2 or more joints would
cause movement of all if synergists werent there tostabilize itEx. make a fist without bending wrist
Fixator- specialized synergist- helps maintain posture; ex.muscles of the back fix scapula
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biceps(flexor)
biceps(flexor)
triceps(extensor)
triceps(extensor)
AntagonisticMuscles
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Direction of muscle fibers- straight, transverseSize of muscles- maximus, minimus, longus, brevis
Location- frontalis, temporalis, occipitalis
# of origins- biceps, triceps, quadriceps
location of muscles origin and insertion-sternoclediomastoid- O= sternum and clavicle, I =
mastoid process of temporal bone
shape of muscle- deltoid- triangle shape, trapezius-
trapezoid shapeaction of muscle- adductor muscle (adducts, brings
in thigh)
Naming skeletal muscles:
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Frontalis
Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Masseter
sternocledeomastoid
zygomaticus
aponerosa
temporalis
Frontal
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Sternoclediomastoid
Temporalis
Masseter
Obicularis oris
Obicularis oculi
C di M l Ti
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Slow-Twitch Versus
Fast-TwitchMuscle Fibers
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ATP is Generated by:
1. creatine phosphate
ADP + creatine phosphatecreatine +ATP
2. lactic acid fermentationFrom stored glycogen via anaerobic glycolysis;
glucosepyruvic acid (no O2) lactic acidO2
3. aerobic respirationKrebsCO2 + H2O + ATP
Energy for muscle contraction:ATP is the only energy source
ATP(ATPase + H2O)ADP + Pi
Fast glycolitic: white muscle fibers low myoglobin
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Fast glycolitic: white muscle fibers, low myoglobin,anaerobic glycolysis, few mitochondria, fast twitchfibers, high glycogen stores, short bursts, fatigueseasily
Slow oxidative: red muscle, aerobic, high myoglobin,low glycogen stores, lots mitochondria, slow, tonic, longdistance
Fast glycolitic-oxidative: red pink, aerobic, fast,high myoglobin, intermediate amt. of mitochondria,intermediate glycogen, intermediate fatigue resistance
Ratio- red:white (all 3 types in body)
Ex. fish-long distance blue fin tuna- mostly red meat
quick bursts- yellow tail- more white meat
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Sprinter-anaerobic
respiration
Long distance
Runner-
aerobicrespiration
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Disuse- atrophyMuscles must be physically active if they are to remainhealthy
Cast- muscle strength can decrease at a rate of 5%/ day;can use e- stimulusAvoid muscle injuries:
-warm up muscles- walk fast 5 minutes
-then stretch- avoids pulls and tares
cramp- sustained spasm or tetanic contraction; may bedue to low blood sugar levels, electrolyte depletion,dehydration
how to care for cramp: RICEstrain- muscle pullspasm- ticshernia- protrusion of organ through body cavity wall may
be due to heavy wts.
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Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Isotonic contraction Contraction with a change in length The muscle shortens and movement occurs.
Isometric contraction Contraction without any change in length The muscle does not shorten and there is no
movement produced even though the musclecontracts.
C
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Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Isotonic
Isometric