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Suicide and Property Rights in India
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson
IFPRI
January 17,20132
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 1 / 49
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Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
![Page 3: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
![Page 4: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
![Page 5: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
![Page 6: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
![Page 7: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Motivation
Women’s ability to inherit property is restricted in many societies.
Evidence that improving women’s asset ownership improves theirbargaining power, female education & expenditures for children.
→ frequent justification for policies targeting women.
In most econ models, ownership of assets matters via outside options→ affects intra-household bargaining.
When wives contribute a greater share of the family wealth they expect,and are more likely to get, a more equitable sharing of decision power.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 2 / 49
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However, female empowerment can increase intra-household conflict
by challenging traditional roles & more need for negotiation.
Large sociological literature on female empowerment and suicides:
Durkheim (1897)
Stack (1986) - US labor participation
Pampel (1998) - cross country
Das Gupta et al (2000) - China marriage law (1950)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 3 / 49
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However, female empowerment can increase intra-household conflict
by challenging traditional roles & more need for negotiation.
Large sociological literature on female empowerment and suicides:
Durkheim (1897)
Stack (1986) - US labor participation
Pampel (1998) - cross country
Das Gupta et al (2000) - China marriage law (1950)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 3 / 49
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However, female empowerment can increase intra-household conflict
by challenging traditional roles & more need for negotiation.
Large sociological literature on female empowerment and suicides:
Durkheim (1897)
Stack (1986) - US labor participation
Pampel (1998) - cross country
Das Gupta et al (2000) - China marriage law (1950)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 3 / 49
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Conflicting information on domestic violence and women’sempowerment
Panda and Agarwal (2005) - India: lower violence for women withgreater economic resources, such as land or employment.
Eswaran and Malhorta (2010) - India: employed women report violencemore frequently.
Bobonis et al. (2006)- Progresa: less physical but more emotionalabuse for recipient households, and more likely to separate.
Luke and Munshi (2011) - Indian tea plantation: violence increaseswith female income.
Hjort and Villanger (2012) – Ethiopia, randomized job offers, 13 % (34%) increase in physical ( emotional ) violence when women get job.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 4 / 49
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This paper studies the impact of female property rights on male andfemale suicide rates in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by
state Amendments to the Hindu Succession Act &
state reforms to agricultural land rights.
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 5 / 49
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This paper studies the impact of female property rights on male andfemale suicide rates in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by
state Amendments to the Hindu Succession Act
&
state reforms to agricultural land rights.
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 5 / 49
![Page 14: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
This paper studies the impact of female property rights on male andfemale suicide rates in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by
state Amendments to the Hindu Succession Act &
state reforms to agricultural land rights.
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 5 / 49
![Page 15: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
This paper studies the impact of female property rights on male andfemale suicide rates in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by
state Amendments to the Hindu Succession Act &
state reforms to agricultural land rights.
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 5 / 49
![Page 16: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
This paper studies the impact of female property rights on male andfemale suicide rates in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by
state Amendments to the Hindu Succession Act &
state reforms to agricultural land rights.
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 5 / 49
![Page 17: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
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These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
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These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
![Page 20: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
![Page 21: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
![Page 22: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
These changes have been shown to matter:
Deiniger, Gopal and Nagarajan (2010): amendment increased women’slikelihood to inherit land, their age at marriage & daughter’s education.
Roy, Sanchari (2010): amendments increase human capital investmentof women in NFHS data.
Besley and Burgess (2002): land reforms decrease poverty.
Stylized facts on suicide points to marital discord as a major cause ofsuicides for both gender.
→ Suggests intra-household conflict as an explanation.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 6 / 49
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We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
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We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
![Page 25: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
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We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
![Page 27: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
![Page 28: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
![Page 29: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
We build a model of intra-household bargaining in which conflict is anintrinsic part of bargaining
Basic framework:
spouses bargain over the allocation of consumptions under the threat ofseparation/’separate spheres’.
add 2 crucial elements:
asymmetry of information (Bloch & Rao 2003)
rejecting offer initiates conflict.
At any point, individuals may choose the ultimate exit: suicide
Separations and suicides are predicted by the model
(see also Ligon, Hoddinott and Adam (2003))Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 7 / 49
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Not to say that promoting women’s rights is bad:
Deiniger et al (2010), Roy (2010), Rosenblum (2010).
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Outline of the Talk.
Inheritance Law
Suicides
Estimation
Results
Model
Other possible explanations
Conclusion
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 9 / 49
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India Inheritance Law
Hindu Succession Act 1956 governs Hindus property rights
applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists & Jains.
applies to all states but J&K
In the absence of will, ’separate’ property is divided equally between sonsand daughters.
But it does NOT apply to:
property stemming from tenancy right
joint property:
sons are automatic coparceners in joint family propertydaughter have rights only to father’s separate property
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 10 / 49
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India Inheritance Law
Hindu Succession Act 1956 governs Hindus property rights
applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists & Jains.
applies to all states but J&K
In the absence of will, ’separate’ property is divided equally between sonsand daughters.
But it does NOT apply to:
property stemming from tenancy right
joint property:
sons are automatic coparceners in joint family propertydaughter have rights only to father’s separate property
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 10 / 49
![Page 34: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
India Inheritance Law
Hindu Succession Act 1956 governs Hindus property rights
applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists & Jains.
applies to all states but J&K
In the absence of will, ’separate’ property is divided equally between sonsand daughters.
But it does NOT apply to:
property stemming from tenancy right
joint property:
sons are automatic coparceners in joint family propertydaughter have rights only to father’s separate property
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 10 / 49
![Page 35: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
India Inheritance Law
Hindu Succession Act 1956 governs Hindus property rights
applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists & Jains.
applies to all states but J&K
In the absence of will, ’separate’ property is divided equally between sonsand daughters.
But it does NOT apply to:
property stemming from tenancy right
joint property:
sons are automatic coparceners in joint family propertydaughter have rights only to father’s separate property
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 10 / 49
![Page 36: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
India Inheritance Law
Hindu Succession Act 1956 governs Hindus property rights
applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists & Jains.
applies to all states but J&K
In the absence of will, ’separate’ property is divided equally between sonsand daughters.
But it does NOT apply to:
property stemming from tenancy right
joint property:
sons are automatic coparceners in joint family propertydaughter have rights only to father’s separate property
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 10 / 49
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An Example
Father 1/3
Daughter Son 1 1/3
Son 2 1/3
Father deceased
Daughter 1/3 * 1/3 = 1/9
Son 1 1/3 + 1/3 * 1/3 = 4/9
Son 2 1/3 + 1/3 * 1/3 = 4/9
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An Example
Father 1/3
Daughter Son 1 1/3
Son 2 1/3
Father deceased
Daughter 1/3 * 1/3 = 1/9
Son 1 1/3 + 1/3 * 1/3 = 4/9
Son 2 1/3 + 1/3 * 1/3 = 4/9
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 11 / 49
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Amendments
Some state amendments for equal inheritance of joint property.
Kerela in 1975;
Andhra Pradesh in 1986;
Tamil Nadu in 1989;
Maharashtra and Karnataka in 1994
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
brings all agricultural land on par with other property;
includes all daughters, especially married daughters, as coparceners injoint family property.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 12 / 49
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Amendments
Some state amendments for equal inheritance of joint property.
Kerela in 1975;
Andhra Pradesh in 1986;
Tamil Nadu in 1989;
Maharashtra and Karnataka in 1994
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
brings all agricultural land on par with other property;
includes all daughters, especially married daughters, as coparceners injoint family property.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 12 / 49
![Page 41: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Amendments
Some state amendments for equal inheritance of joint property.
Kerela in 1975;
Andhra Pradesh in 1986;
Tamil Nadu in 1989;
Maharashtra and Karnataka in 1994
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
brings all agricultural land on par with other property;
includes all daughters, especially married daughters, as coparceners injoint family property.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 12 / 49
![Page 42: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Amendments
Some state amendments for equal inheritance of joint property.
Kerela in 1975;
Andhra Pradesh in 1986;
Tamil Nadu in 1989;
Maharashtra and Karnataka in 1994
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
brings all agricultural land on par with other property;
includes all daughters, especially married daughters, as coparceners injoint family property.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 12 / 49
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Amendments
Some state amendments for equal inheritance of joint property.
Kerela in 1975;
Andhra Pradesh in 1986;
Tamil Nadu in 1989;
Maharashtra and Karnataka in 1994
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
brings all agricultural land on par with other property;
includes all daughters, especially married daughters, as coparceners injoint family property.
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 13 / 49
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 13 / 49
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Suicides in IndiaOfficial data from the National Crime Records Bureau
Average suicide rates 1967-2004: 10 for men & 7 for women(per 100,000)
70 % of suicides victims are married
main reported cause: ’family problems’ for men & women 15-44
(28%) female 15-29; (33%) female 30-44; (26%) male 15-29 & (30%)male 0-44
Main means: poison (34.8%) & hanging (23.4%).
Under-reporting but similar pattern in detailed micro-level analysis:
same female:male ratio, most married, rural background, lowersocio-economic classes & marital disharmony is a main cause (35%)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 13 / 49
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Annual Suicide Rates by State.0
5.1
.15
.2.2
5A
P
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
5.1
.15
.2A
S
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
2.0
4.0
6B
I
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.04.
06.0
8.1
.12
GU
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
5.1
.15
HA
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.1.1
5.2
.25
.3K
A
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.1
.2.3
.4.5
KE
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
5.1
.15
MP
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.05
.1.1
5.2
MA
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.05
.1.1
5O
R
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
5.1
PU
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
0.0
2.04
.06.
08R
A
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.05
.1.1
5.2
.25
TN
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.02.
04.0
6.08
.1U
P
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
.1.1
2.14.1
6.18.
2W
B
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010year
Suicides Rates
female male
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Variable Mean Std devFemale Suicide Rate 0.07 0.048Male Suicide Rates 0.104 0.085Amendment 0.163 0.369Legal Hindus, pop share 0.827 0.154Muslims, pop share 0.152 0.173Schedule Tribes, pop share 0.074 0.074Schedule Castes, pop share 0.151 0.058Real State Domestic Product pc (log) 7.144 0.456Rural food product p.c. 0.307 0.273Yield 30.283 17.982Food Shock 0.261 0.439Flood 0.118 0.323Drought 0.113 0.317Rainfall 335.826 256.696Health Expenditure, rel to State income 0.012 0.005Development Expenditure, rel to State income 0.109 0.041Education Expenditure, rel to State income 0.035 0.012Bank per capita 0.057 0.027Urban Population Share 0.234 0.083Seats won by State Parties 0.114 0.232Seats won by Congress 0.418 0.259Seats won by Hard Left 0.085 0.15Seats won by Soft Left 0.02 0.049
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Estimation
OLS
S ist = β0 + β1Xst + β2Ast + λs + γt + εst (1)
where
S ist is the suicide rate of females (i = F ) or males (i = M)
Ast = 1 if state s, in year t, has already passed an Amendment Act.
λs and γt are state and year fixed effects.
Xst are cultural and economic controls.
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Table 1 - Suicides and Female Inheritance - OLS
Variable Female Female FemaleAmendment 0.03 (0.003)*** 0.02 (0.003)*** 0.003 (0.003)
Cultur Ctrls NO YES YESEcon Ctrls NO NO YES
Observations 603 569 489
R2
0.91 0.92 0.94
Variable Male Male MaleAmendment 0.06 (0.007)*** 0.05 (0.007)*** 0.03 (0.007)***
Cultur Ctrls NO YES YESEcon Ctrls NO NO YES
Observations 603 569 489
R2
0.89 0.89 0.92
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Table 2 - Relative Suicide Rate and Female Inheritance - OLSVariable Female-Male Female-Male Female-Male
Amendment -0.03 (0.004)*** -0.03 (0.005)*** -0.02 (0.005)***
Cultural Controls NO YES YESEconomic Controls NO NO YES
Observations 603 569 489
R2
0.85 0.85 0.88
Variable Female/Male Female/Male Female/MaleAmendment -0.09 (0.02)*** -0.08 (0.02)*** -0.05 (0.02)***
Cultural Controls NO YES YESEconomic Controls NO NO YES
Observations 603 569 489
R2
0.54 0.56 0.64
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Suicide Rates with Years of Amendment- OLS Estimations
Variable Female Male Female-Male Female/Male
Years of Amend. 0.002 (0.0002)*** 0.006 (0.0005)*** -0.005 (0.0003)*** -0.006 (0.002)***
Cultural Controls YES YES YES YES
Economic Controls YES YES YES YES
Observations 531 531 531 531
R2
0.94 0.93 0.91 0.62
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Robustness Check
Exclude Kerala.
Exclude Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Add state specific time trends.
Placebo test: add dummy Ast−10 which equals to 1 for all years greateror equal to t − 10, if state s passed the Amendment Act in year t.
Cluster standard errors by state.
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Robustness Check
Exclude Kerala.
Exclude Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Add state specific time trends.
Placebo test: add dummy Ast−10 which equals to 1 for all years greateror equal to t − 10, if state s passed the Amendment Act in year t.
Cluster standard errors by state.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 20 / 49
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Robustness Check
Exclude Kerala.
Exclude Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Add state specific time trends.
Placebo test: add dummy Ast−10 which equals to 1 for all years greateror equal to t − 10, if state s passed the Amendment Act in year t.
Cluster standard errors by state.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 20 / 49
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Robustness Check
Exclude Kerala.
Exclude Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Add state specific time trends.
Placebo test: add dummy Ast−10 which equals to 1 for all years greateror equal to t − 10, if state s passed the Amendment Act in year t.
Cluster standard errors by state.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 20 / 49
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Robustness Check
Exclude Kerala.
Exclude Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Add state specific time trends.
Placebo test: add dummy Ast−10 which equals to 1 for all years greateror equal to t − 10, if state s passed the Amendment Act in year t.
Cluster standard errors by state.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 20 / 49
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Table 3 - Suicides and Female Inheritance - Placebo
Variable Female Suicide Male Suicide Ratio
Amendment 0.01 (0.003)** 0.03 (0.008)*** -0.07 (0.02)***
Amendment -10 years 0.004 (0.003) -0.006 (0.006) -0.02 (0.03)
Cultural Controls YES YES YESEconomic Controls YES YES YES
Observations 520 520 520
R2
0.94 0.92 0.64
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Estimation
S ist = α0+α1Xst+α1Lst+α1FLs∗Lst+α1Tst+α1FTs∗Tst+δs+θt+εst (2)
Lst - cumulative state-level landholding reforms, Besley & Burgess 00
FLs - degree to which landholding reforms favored women, Agarwal 95.
FLs = 0 no daughter recognized; FLs = 1 only married daughtersrecognized; FLs = 2 all daughters recognized.
Tst - cumulative state-level tenancy reforms, BB 00,
FTs - degree to which tenancy reforms favored women, Agarwal 95.
FTs = 0 only male heirs; FTs = 1 daughters and sisters are recognized butvery low; FTs = 2 personal law applies.
δs & θt are state and year fixed effects.
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Estimation
S ist = α0+α1Xst+α1Lst+α1FLs∗Lst+α1Tst+α1FTs∗Tst+δs+θt+εst (2)
Lst - cumulative state-level landholding reforms, Besley & Burgess 00
FLs - degree to which landholding reforms favored women, Agarwal 95.
FLs = 0 no daughter recognized; FLs = 1 only married daughtersrecognized; FLs = 2 all daughters recognized.
Tst - cumulative state-level tenancy reforms, BB 00,
FTs - degree to which tenancy reforms favored women, Agarwal 95.
FTs = 0 only male heirs; FTs = 1 daughters and sisters are recognized butvery low; FTs = 2 personal law applies.
δs & θt are state and year fixed effects.Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 22 / 49
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Table 4 - Suicides and Land Reforms - OLSVariable Female Female Female
Landholding Acts -0.07 (0.008)*** -0.07 (0.01)*** -0.07 (0.01)***Tenancy Acts -0.01 (0.005)*** -0.009 (0.005)** -0.01 (0.004)***Female*Landhld Acts 0.03 (0.004)*** 0.03 (0.005)*** 0.03 (0.005)***Female*Tenancy Acts 0.007 (0.003)*** 0.005 (0.003)** 0.006 (0.002)***
Cultural Controls NO YES NOEconomic Controls NO NO YES
R2
0.90 0.90 0.93
Variable Male Male MaleLandholding Acts -0.15 (0.02)*** -0.15 (0.02)*** -0.11 (0.02)***Tenancy Acts -0.03 (0.007)*** -0.03 (0.009)*** -0.02 (0.008)***Female*Landhld Acts 0.07 (0.01)*** 0.07 (0.01)*** 0.05 (0.01)***Female*Tenancy Acts 0.02 (0.004)*** 0.02 (0.005)*** 0.01 (0.005)***
Cultural Controls NO YES YESEconomic Controls NO NO YESObservations 360 354 306
R2
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Table 5 - Relative Suicide Rate and Female Reforms - OLS
Variable Female-Male Female-Male Female-Male
Landholding Acts 0.07 (0.02)*** 0.08 (0.02)*** 0.04 (0.02)***Tenancy Acts 0.01 (0.005)*** 0.02 (0.006)*** 0.01 (0.006)**Female*Land Acts -0.03 (0.008)*** -0.04 (0.008)*** -0.02 (0.008)***Female*Ten Acts -0.009 (0.003)*** -0.01 (0.003)*** -0.008 (0.003)***
Variable Female/Male Female/Male Female/MaleLandholding Acts 0.19 (0.05)*** 0.36 (0.08)*** 0.14 (0.09)Tenancy Acts 0.20 (0.07)*** 0.22 (0.07)*** 0.13 (0.06)**Female*Landhold. Acts -0.08 (0.02)*** -0.13 (0.03)*** -0.07 (0.04)*Female*Tenancy Acts -0.09 (0.04)*** -0.09 (0.04)*** -0.06 (0.03)*
Cultural Controls NO YES YESEconomic Controls NO NO YES
Observations 472 466 403
R2
0.88 0.88 0.92
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Estimation
Unobservables could determine both suicides and property legislation.
→ Follow BB (2000) & instrument for these legislations using lagged seatshares
Ast = γ0 + γ1Xst + γ2Zst−1 + ϕs + ψt + ηst
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Estimation
Unobservables could determine both suicides and property legislation.
→ Follow BB (2000) & instrument for these legislations using lagged seatshares
Ast = γ0 + γ1Xst + γ2Zst−1 + ϕs + ψt + ηst
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 25 / 49
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Estimation
Unobservables could determine both suicides and property legislation.
→ Follow BB (2000) & instrument for these legislations using lagged seatshares
Ast = γ0 + γ1Xst + γ2Zst−1 + ϕs + ψt + ηst
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 25 / 49
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Table 6 - Suicides and Female Inheritance - IV-2SLS
VarsFirst-Stage
AmendmentFemaleSuicides
MaleSuicides
Female/MaleSuicides
Amend. 0.04 (0.01)*** 0.10 (0.03)*** -0.45 (0.13)***
Hard Left -0.12 (0.17)Soft Left -0.67 (0.16)***State Part 0.33 (0.12)***Congress 0.13 (0.07)**
Cult Ctls YES YES YES YESEcon Ctls YES YES YES YES
F-stat 9.76
Obs. 486 485 485 485
R2
0.68 0.91 0.89 0.62
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Estimation
For land and tenancy reforms, need to instrument both cumulativeindexes of reforms: Lst , and Tst and interaction with female orientedpolicy indices, FLs ∗ Lst and FTs ∗ Tst .
→ following Angrist and Pischke (2009), first estimate :
Lst = δ0 + δ1Xst + δ2Zst−1 + πs + σt + µst
then use predicted values, Lst & interaction with female policy index,FLs ∗ Lst as instruments in 2 first-stage estimations of Lst & FLs ∗ Lst in2SLS procedure:
Lst = λ0 + λ1Xst + λ2Lst + λ3FLs ∗ Lst + τs + χt + ιst
FLs ∗ Lst = ρ0 + ρ1Xst + ρ2Lst + ρ3FLs ∗ Lst + ωs + δt + ζst
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Estimation
For land and tenancy reforms, need to instrument both cumulativeindexes of reforms: Lst , and Tst and interaction with female orientedpolicy indices, FLs ∗ Lst and FTs ∗ Tst .
→ following Angrist and Pischke (2009), first estimate :
Lst = δ0 + δ1Xst + δ2Zst−1 + πs + σt + µst
then use predicted values, Lst & interaction with female policy index,FLs ∗ Lst as instruments in 2 first-stage estimations of Lst & FLs ∗ Lst in2SLS procedure:
Lst = λ0 + λ1Xst + λ2Lst + λ3FLs ∗ Lst + τs + χt + ιst
FLs ∗ Lst = ρ0 + ρ1Xst + ρ2Lst + ρ3FLs ∗ Lst + ωs + δt + ζst
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Table 7 - Suicides and Female Landholding Acts - IV-2SLS
VariableFirst-Stage
LandholdingFirst-Stage
LandholdingFirst-Stage
Female*LandholdingHard Left 3.20 (0.65)***Soft Left -3.03 (0.50)***State Parties -0.87 (0.18)**Congress -0.17 (0.11)
Landholding -0.58 (0.18)*** -0.86 (0.45)**
Female* Landholding 0.53 (0.07)*** 0.95 (0.17)***
Cult Ctls YES YES YESEcon Ctls YES YES YES
F-stat on Instr 30.25 45.7 23.4
Observations 441 441 380
R2
0.92 0.94 0.92
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Table 8 - Suicides and Female Landholding Acts - IV-2SLS
VariableFemaleSuicides
MaleSuicides
Female/MaleSuicides
Landholding Acts -0.07 (0.04)* -0.19 (0.07)*** 0.72 (0.45)Female*Landholding Acts 0.04 (0.01)*** 0.10 (0.03)*** -0.27 (0.18)
Cult Ctls YES YES YESEcon Ctls YES YES YES
Observations 380 380 380
R2
0.91 0.91 0.88
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Table 9 - Suicides and Female Tenancy Acts- IV-2SLS Estimations
VariableFirst-Stage
TenancyFirst-Stage
TenancyFirst-Stage
Female*TenancyHard Left 5.35 (0.97)***Soft Left 1.60 (2.05)State Parties -0.21 (0.24)
Tenancy 1.82 (0.33)*** 2.76 (0.71)***
Female* Tenancy -0.45 (0.14)*** -0.43 (0.31)
Cultural Controls YES YES YESEconomic Controls YES YES YES
F-stat on Instruments 10.8 17.8 13.6
Observations 333 310 310
R2
0.91 0.92 0.91
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Table 10 - Suicides and Female Tenancy Acts - IV-2SLS
Variable Female Suicides Male SuicidesFemale-Male
SuicidesTenancy Acts -0.02 (0.008)*** -0.05 (0.01)*** 0.02 (0.008)***Female*Tenancy Acts 0.01 (0.005)** 0.02 (0.008)*** -0.01 (0.005)**
Cult Ctls YES YES YESEcon Ctls YES YES YES
Observations 310 310 310
R2
0.93 0.93 0.92
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Due to Conflict?
We can use the suicide rate by ”cause”.
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Table 11 - Suicide Rates from Family Conflict and Female Inheritance- OLSEstimations
Variable Female MaleAmendment 0.005 (0.001)*** 0.008 (0.002)***
Cultural Controls YES YESEconomic Controls YES YES
Obs. 439 439
R2
0.86 0.85
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Table 12 - Proportion of Total Suicides from Family Conflict and FemaleInheritance- OLS Estimations
VariableFemale
(All Suicides)Male
(All Suicides)Amendment 0.06 (0.01)*** 0.04 (0.01)***
Cultural Controls YES YESEconomic Controls YES YES
Observations 438 438
R2
0.58 0.61
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Domestic Violence
National Family Health Surveys of India: married women aged 15-49.
Two measures:Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) thinks that wife
beating (by her husband) is justified under any of a number ofcircumstances (mean around 0.5)
Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) has been beaten byher husband (mean around 0.25)
estimateYis = ψ0 + ψ1Xis + ψ2Ais + αs + εis (3)
where Xis include: education, age, occupation of wives & husbands; caste& religion of wives; rural/urban; and hhd durable good ownership.
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Domestic Violence
National Family Health Surveys of India: married women aged 15-49.
Two measures:Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) thinks that wife
beating (by her husband) is justified under any of a number ofcircumstances (mean around 0.5)
Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) has been beaten byher husband (mean around 0.25)
estimateYis = ψ0 + ψ1Xis + ψ2Ais + αs + εis (3)
where Xis include: education, age, occupation of wives & husbands; caste& religion of wives; rural/urban; and hhd durable good ownership.
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Domestic Violence
National Family Health Surveys of India: married women aged 15-49.
Two measures:Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) thinks that wife
beating (by her husband) is justified under any of a number ofcircumstances (mean around 0.5)
Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) has been beaten byher husband (mean around 0.25)
estimateYis = ψ0 + ψ1Xis + ψ2Ais + αs + εis (3)
where Xis include: education, age, occupation of wives & husbands; caste& religion of wives; rural/urban; and hhd durable good ownership.
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Domestic Violence
National Family Health Surveys of India: married women aged 15-49.
Two measures:Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) thinks that wife
beating (by her husband) is justified under any of a number ofcircumstances (mean around 0.5)
Yis equals 1 if a given female i (residing in state s) has been beaten byher husband (mean around 0.25)
estimateYis = ψ0 + ψ1Xis + ψ2Ais + αs + εis (3)
where Xis include: education, age, occupation of wives & husbands; caste& religion of wives; rural/urban; and hhd durable good ownership.
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Table 13 - Domestic Violence and Female Inheritance (1998 NFHS-2) - ProbitEstimations
VariableWife Beating
JustifiedWife
BeatenYears Amendment 0.01 (0.003)*** 0.03 (0.005)**
Individual Controls YES YESHousehold Controls YES YES
Clustering at State Level YES YES
Observations 70673 70673
R2
0.12 0.07
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Table 14 - Domestic Violence and Female Inheritance (2005 NFHS-3) - ProbitEstimations
VariableWife Beating
JustifiedWife
BeatenYears Amendment 0.008 (0.005)* 0.03 (0.004)**
Individual Controls YES YESHousehold Controls YES YES
Clustering at State Level YES YES
Observations 47095 47095
R2
0.09 0.07
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Model of Intra-household bargaining.
Surplus generated under cooperation.
Bargain over allocation under threat of separation: ’separate spheres’.
Asymmetry of Information: private satisfaction from the marriage.
→ bargaining failure occurs
Rejecting offers initiate conflict.
conflict is costly to both spouse, cost uncertain ex-ante.
Suicide is a way out of the pain.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 38 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Consistent with the main views in psychology on suicide: Leenars(1996), Schneidman (1985).
suicide often linked to events involving loss or conflict in existinginterpersonal relationships.
it is not just the stress or pain but the inability to cope
unendurable psychological pain is stimulus & person desperately wantsa way out
cognitive constriction (ie, rigidity in thinking, narrowing of focus, tunnelvision, etc.) is common.
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Main Elements of the Model
Consistent with the main views in psychology on suicide: Leenars(1996), Schneidman (1985).
suicide often linked to events involving loss or conflict in existinginterpersonal relationships.
it is not just the stress or pain but the inability to cope
unendurable psychological pain is stimulus & person desperately wantsa way out
cognitive constriction (ie, rigidity in thinking, narrowing of focus, tunnelvision, etc.) is common.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 39 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Consistent with the main views in psychology on suicide: Leenars(1996), Schneidman (1985).
suicide often linked to events involving loss or conflict in existinginterpersonal relationships.
it is not just the stress or pain but the inability to cope
unendurable psychological pain is stimulus & person desperately wantsa way out
cognitive constriction (ie, rigidity in thinking, narrowing of focus, tunnelvision, etc.) is common.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 39 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Consistent with the main views in psychology on suicide: Leenars(1996), Schneidman (1985).
suicide often linked to events involving loss or conflict in existinginterpersonal relationships.
it is not just the stress or pain but the inability to cope
unendurable psychological pain is stimulus & person desperately wantsa way out
cognitive constriction (ie, rigidity in thinking, narrowing of focus, tunnelvision, etc.) is common.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 39 / 49
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Main Elements of the Model
Consistent with the main views in psychology on suicide: Leenars(1996), Schneidman (1985).
suicide often linked to events involving loss or conflict in existinginterpersonal relationships.
it is not just the stress or pain but the inability to cope
unendurable psychological pain is stimulus & person desperately wantsa way out
cognitive constriction (ie, rigidity in thinking, narrowing of focus, tunnelvision, etc.) is common.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 39 / 49
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
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PreferencesPreferences depend on the status of the marriage.
If the marriage is intact
V h(Ih + Iw , x , θh) & V w (Ih + Iw , x , θw )
Ij for j ∈ {h,w} represent the resources of the husband & wife
x indicates how pro-wife the division of non public goods are within thehousehold.
θj for j ∈ {h,w} are the husband and wife’s private level of satisfactionwith the marriage, drawn from distribution Gj .
If the husband and wife separate or revert to ”separate spheres”(Lundberg and Pollak (2003))
Uh(Ih) & Uw (Iw ).
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 40 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Timing
Personal levels of satisfaction with the marriage are revealed.
Husband makes an offer x .
Wife accepts or rejects.
If she accepts, they enjoy the utilities V h and V w .
If she refuses, it triggers marital discord or conflict within thehousehold:
husband and wife incur costs κh and κw drawn from distribution F .
then they separate and enjoy utilities Uh and Uw .
At any point in this process, individuals may instead choose to exit:end the pain and commit suicide → get 0.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 41 / 49
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 42 / 49
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Decisions
Assume that an offer has been rejected
Costs of conflict κh and κw are realized
j stays alive if κj ≤ U j(Ij) for j ∈ {w , h}
this assumes that cost of conflict and cost of dealing the spouse’ssuicide are the same, to remove any strategic aspect.
→ E j(Ij), for j ∈ {w , h}, is j ’s expected utility if the wife rejects an offer
E j(Ij) ≡ Fj [Uj(Ij)]U j(Ij)−
∫ U j (Ij )
0κdFj(κ)
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Wife accepts offer x if
V w (I , x , θw ) ≥ Ew (Iw )
where I = Iw + Ih.
→ threshold θ(x)
→ Gw [θ(x)] is the probability that an offer x is rejected.
Husband chooses an offer x that maximizes his expected utility[1− Gw [θ(x)]
]V h(I , x , θh) + Gw [θ(x)]
[Eh(Ih)
].
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Wife accepts offer x if
V w (I , x , θw ) ≥ Ew (Iw )
where I = Iw + Ih.
→ threshold θ(x)
→ Gw [θ(x)] is the probability that an offer x is rejected.
Husband chooses an offer x that maximizes his expected utility[1− Gw [θ(x)]
]V h(I , x , θh) + Gw [θ(x)]
[Eh(Ih)
].
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Wife accepts offer x if
V w (I , x , θw ) ≥ Ew (Iw )
where I = Iw + Ih.
→ threshold θ(x)
→ Gw [θ(x)] is the probability that an offer x is rejected.
Husband chooses an offer x that maximizes his expected utility[1− Gw [θ(x)]
]V h(I , x , θh) + Gw [θ(x)]
[Eh(Ih)
].
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Wife accepts offer x if
V w (I , x , θw ) ≥ Ew (Iw )
where I = Iw + Ih.
→ threshold θ(x)
→ Gw [θ(x)] is the probability that an offer x is rejected.
Husband chooses an offer x that maximizes his expected utility[1− Gw [θ(x)]
]V h(I , x , θh) + Gw [θ(x)]
[Eh(Ih)
].
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 43 / 49
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 44 / 49
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 44 / 49
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 44 / 49
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Pro-women Redistribution
Pro-women redistribution of wealth, an increase in Iw that is exactlycompensated by a decrease in I h.
Suicides rates are the expected probability of conflict times thelikelihood of suicide in case of conflict.
→ Proposition: When suicide rates are positive, pro-womenredistribution decreases the ratio of female to male suicide rate.
Effect of a pro-women redistribution on suicides for both genders isambiguous.
It depends crucially on the effect on the likelihood of conflict.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 44 / 49
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Example with linear utility
Assume linear utilities
V w (I , x , θw ) = xbI + θw & V h(I , x , θh) = (1− x)bI + θh.
and uniform distribution of θs between 0 and θ.
When wives own nothing they’ll accept anything → husbands offerx = 0 & no conflict.
If relatively small surplus, (b − 1)I < θ, husbands with low valuationsoffer nothing as long as women’s share of wealth is low enough→ Conflictnecessarily rises over this interval.
As we keep on raising women’s share of wealth, conflict will thendecrease as women and men are becoming more equal.
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Example with linear utility
Assume linear utilities
V w (I , x , θw ) = xbI + θw & V h(I , x , θh) = (1− x)bI + θh.
and uniform distribution of θs between 0 and θ.
When wives own nothing they’ll accept anything → husbands offerx = 0 & no conflict.
If relatively small surplus, (b − 1)I < θ, husbands with low valuationsoffer nothing as long as women’s share of wealth is low enough→ Conflictnecessarily rises over this interval.
As we keep on raising women’s share of wealth, conflict will thendecrease as women and men are becoming more equal.
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Example with linear utility
Assume linear utilities
V w (I , x , θw ) = xbI + θw & V h(I , x , θh) = (1− x)bI + θh.
and uniform distribution of θs between 0 and θ.
When wives own nothing they’ll accept anything → husbands offerx = 0 & no conflict.
If relatively small surplus, (b − 1)I < θ, husbands with low valuationsoffer nothing as long as women’s share of wealth is low enough→ Conflictnecessarily rises over this interval.
As we keep on raising women’s share of wealth, conflict will thendecrease as women and men are becoming more equal.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 45 / 49
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Example with linear utility
Assume linear utilities
V w (I , x , θw ) = xbI + θw & V h(I , x , θh) = (1− x)bI + θh.
and uniform distribution of θs between 0 and θ.
When wives own nothing they’ll accept anything → husbands offerx = 0 & no conflict.
If relatively small surplus, (b − 1)I < θ, husbands with low valuationsoffer nothing as long as women’s share of wealth is low enough→ Conflictnecessarily rises over this interval.
As we keep on raising women’s share of wealth, conflict will thendecrease as women and men are becoming more equal.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 45 / 49
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Example with linear utility
Assume linear utilities
V w (I , x , θw ) = xbI + θw & V h(I , x , θh) = (1− x)bI + θh.
and uniform distribution of θs between 0 and θ.
When wives own nothing they’ll accept anything → husbands offerx = 0 & no conflict.
If relatively small surplus, (b − 1)I < θ, husbands with low valuationsoffer nothing as long as women’s share of wealth is low enough→ Conflictnecessarily rises over this interval.
As we keep on raising women’s share of wealth, conflict will thendecrease as women and men are becoming more equal.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 45 / 49
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Example with linear utility
Let b = 1.2, θ = 50 and U j(I ) = I for j ∈ {h,w}.
Costs of conflict follow a Pareto distribution (κ = 0.5 and α = 1.1
I = 100
We progressively raise the level of resources owned by the wife Iw from1 to 99.
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Example with linear utility
Let b = 1.2, θ = 50 and U j(I ) = I for j ∈ {h,w}.
Costs of conflict follow a Pareto distribution (κ = 0.5 and α = 1.1
I = 100
We progressively raise the level of resources owned by the wife Iw from1 to 99.
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Example with linear utility
Let b = 1.2, θ = 50 and U j(I ) = I for j ∈ {h,w}.
Costs of conflict follow a Pareto distribution (κ = 0.5 and α = 1.1
I = 100
We progressively raise the level of resources owned by the wife Iw from1 to 99.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 46 / 49
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Example with linear utility
Let b = 1.2, θ = 50 and U j(I ) = I for j ∈ {h,w}.
Costs of conflict follow a Pareto distribution (κ = 0.5 and α = 1.1
I = 100
We progressively raise the level of resources owned by the wife Iw from1 to 99.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 46 / 49
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Wife Wealth
Probability of Conflict
(a) likelihood of conflict
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5x 10−3
Wife Wealth
Female Suicide RateMale Suicide Rate
(b) suicide rates
Figure: Effect of Pro-Women Redistribution
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Other Possible Explanation
Brothers and Sisters
Theoretically similar
Marital discord more relevant in stylized evidence
Women pushed to suicides
Does not explain men’s suicides
Indian Evidence Act: when a woman commits suicide within 7 years ofher married life, her husband quickly come under suspicion.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 48 / 49
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Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
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Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
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Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49
![Page 152: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49
![Page 153: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49
![Page 154: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49
![Page 155: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49
![Page 156: 01.17.2013 - Garance Genicot](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042813/54bddcd84a7959bb608b459c/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Conclusion
We study the impact of female property rights on male and femalesuicides in India.
State level variation in women’s property right generated by stateAmendments to the Hindu Succession Act and to agricultural land rights
Better property rights for women are associated with a decrease in thedifference between female and male suicide rates,
but an increase in both male and female suicides.
We build a model of intra-household bargaining with asymmetry ofinformation and conflict.
Pro-women redistribution decreases the female:male suicide ratio
Pro-women redistribution can raise marital conflict.
In which case male suicides increase and female suicides can increase ordecrease.
Garance Genicot & Siwan Anderson (GU) Suicide and Property Rights January 17,20132 49 / 49