1
CONTEMPORARY
ISLAMICARCHITECTURE
2
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1) Time line. 2) Exemplary Monuments.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1) Design Principles
Introduction .A. Unity .B. Functionality.C. Pursuit of Knowledge.D. Creativity.E. Professionalism. F. Identity and Diversity.G. Sustainability.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE 1) Classification Universal Architecture . Developed Islamic Architecture . 2) Directions of Application . FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONCLUSION
CONTENTS
(1)
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
History of Islamic Architecture
4
مرى بن الحمام الشاعر
ل,م* ف, ي,اة, ال*ح, ي ت,ب*ق6 س*أ, ت> ر* ت,أ,خ?
د* ج6أ,
ث*ل, م6 Hي,اة ح, ي س6 ل6ن,ف*ا د?م, ,ت,ق, أ أ,ن*
I waited for things to happen.I found out it is best to move forward for things to happen.
PROPHET MOSQUE
Medina-KSA(1AH/621AD)
DOME OF THE ROCK
Jerusalem- Palestine
(79AH/684AD)
GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS
Damascus- Syria(92AH/706AD)
CITY OF SAMURRA
Samarra- Iraq(232AH/847AD)
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
(1) Early Years
5
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
6
MOSQUE OF UQBA
Kairowan- Tunisia
(261AH/875AD)
AL AZHAR UNIVERSITYCairo-Egypt
(361AH/971AD)
QUTB COMPLEX
AND MOSQUEDelhi-India(523AH/1129AD)
JANNATUL-UREIF
GARDENSGranada-Spain
(688AH/1290AD)
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
(2) Maturity
6
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
AL-HAMBRA PALACE
Granada-Spain(738AH/1338AD)
SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE
Cairo-Egypt(756AH/1356AD)
HERAT FRIDAY
MOSQUE Herat-
Afghanistan(849AH/1446AD)
SELIMIYE COMPLEX
Edirne-Turkey(976AH/1569AD)
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
(3) Glory
7
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
SHAH MOSQUE
Isfahan- Iran(1038AH/1629AD)
TAJ MAHALAgra-India(1057AH/1648AD)
BADSHAHI MOSQUE
Lahore- Pakistan(1083AH/1673AD)
AHMADIYYA MADRASSAAleppo- Syria
(1165AH/1752AD)
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
(4) Passiveness
8
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
MUHAMMAD ALI CITADELCairo- Egypt(1264AH/1848AD)
LAHORE MUSEUM
Lahore-Pakistan(1311AH/1894AD)
AL-GOURNA VILLAGE
Gourna- Egypt(1367AH/1948AD)
PROPHET MOSQUE-
Reconstruction Medina- KSA(1410AH/1990AD)
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
(5) Reawakening
9
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
10
ExampleProphet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. In 621 A.D., the mosque was simple andsmall adjacent to Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) house.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
11
Example
Madinah, during the late 19th century, was enclosed by a wall
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
12
Example
Madinah, in the late 19th century Madinah, in the mid 20th century
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
13
Example
Madinah is expanding and developing in radial direction but the central district still lies around the old city.
Today, Prophet’s mosque is built over an area equaling to area of the Madinah in 621 A.D.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
14
Example
The Prophet’s Mosque is planned to expand further in future in the west and the north directions. The green highlighted area shows the existing mosque, whereas, the white highlighted area shows the planned expansion of the mosque.
The model of Prophet’s Mosque showing the complete mosque after the planned expansion.
(2)
EXEMPLARY MONUMENTS
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
History of Islamic Architecture
16
Jerusalem, 79AH/684AD Founded by Umayyad Caliph
“AbdulMalik bin Marwan”. Part of Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, to
shade the worshippers close to the “Rock” in the centre of the mosque.
Project Manager was “Raja’ bin Hayawa”
Octagonal plan, composed of three galleries around the rock, surrounded by a wall with four gates. The central space is constructed over 4 piers and four arcades, covered by a gilded dome.
Construction: the walls were built of local stone, with cedar wood trusses for the roof and the dome.
Highly decorated from outside and inside, originally with mosaics. Decorations included calligraphy and flowering context.
Exemplary Monuments (1-a) Dome of the Rock
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
Dome of the Rock; a plan. It shows the unique octagonal shape of the layout, which is connected to Islamic references by some researchers.
Reserved several times, external decorations were replaced with ceramics in the 19th century reservation works.
17
Exemplary Monuments (1-b) Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock, Interior view. Rich Umayyad decorations in marble and mosaics, that included calligraphy and floral patterns.
Dome of the Rock, Exterior view. Mosaic and marble geometric decorations applied by the Ottomans in the 19th century. That included several calligraphic banners in the Thuluth style.HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
18
Granada- Andalus, 1333 AD A palace complex that was
originally constructed as a fortress in 889, and was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I; a local Sultan of Granada.
Post-Islamic modifications include Royal Palace of Charle’s V & St. Marry Church
Architect: Nasrid Rulers, Calligraphers & artisans
Plan: Court of lions, Court of Myrtle Trees, Royal Baths, Hall of Ambassadors, Hall of two sisters.
Construction: Stone, marble & wood Decoration: Highly detailed
calligraphy work in stucco, wood, ceramic, marble and metal, which gives an illusion of geometrical patterns from a distance.
Exemplary Monuments (2-a) Al-Hambra
Al Hambra Palace, Plan. Different areas of Nasrid periods demonstrate the space flow, with a unique sequence between the open and closed spaces.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
Exemplary Monuments (2-b) Al-Hambra
19
Al Hambra Palace, Details. This palace was designed with beautifully integrated landscape, light effects, ventilated spaces, with highly detailed interior decorations.It represents the zealous Islamic Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
20
Exemplary Monuments (2-c) Al-Hambra
Poetry about Al-Hambra:
It's materialized, to visit Al-Hamra Palace.Tracing, I was zealous:- Who built ? Who wrote the version??Oh, what a splendid poem and sensation ! Published and nay.What was buried with its narrators !What is identified throughout ages !if birds and roses lament,if trees and rocks utter amazement,Victory is destined by Allah the Creator.Though days and ages alter.Be sage and sedate. Be tolerant, never haste.
Al Hambra Palace, Spain. Court of Lions was the main area of the palace where Sultans lived. The court was designed with central water fountain, which also served the purpose of a clock.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
21
Exemplary Monuments (3-a) Selimiye Complex
Edirne- Turkey, 1569-1575 AD Constructed by Ottoman Caliph Selim
II. The complex (kulliye) includes a
school, a student accommodation, a hospital, a bazar, and other annexed services besides the central mosque.
Project Architect was “Mimar Sinan” The mosque included an octagonal
system for the piers to hold the dome, which was surrounded by four minarets. Both of the dome and the minarets were of the world highest when constructed.
Highly decorated with mosaics and calligraphy from inside, with the multiple dome feature that characterizes the Ottoman style. Selimiye Complex, Plan. This royal complex
included several services for the public; such as a mosque, a school, a hospital, a bazar and a cemetery.HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
22
Exemplary Monuments (3-b) Selimiye Complex
Selimiye Complex, the prayer hall. The interior details show high central dome with ventilators for light and ventilation. The interior is decorated with calligraphy and other patterns. Externally; the four tall minarets define a cubic space that incubates the central dome.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
23
Exemplary Monuments (4-a) Taj Mahal
Agra- India, built 1632-1653AD Constructed by Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan as a memorial complex. The story says that it was in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
The mausoleum, where the emperor and his wife are buried, is the central part of the complex. It is elevated on a central terrace, where two other identical buildings where flanking it from either sides. The western building is a sandstone mosque, while the eastern one is a guesthouse that is called “jawab”. The complex and its gardens were enclosed from three sides with a sandstone wall provided with a monumental gate (darwaza), while a river penetrated the site from the fourth side. External components included additional gardens and an external cemetery.
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The overall master plan shows the following components: (1) Mehtab Garden, (2) Taj Mahal Flanked by Mosque and Meeting House/Library. (3) Main Garden of the Taj Mahal Complex. (4) Entrance Garden with four gates
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
24
Exemplary Monuments (4-b) Taj Mahal
The mausoleum is constructed of white marble, surrounded by four 40m–high minarets. Its form is composed of a chamfered cube topped by an “onion” dome of almost the same height of the base surrounded by smaller domes on the corners.
Constructed Its exterior is highly decorated with flower decorations and calligraphy, with the domes topped by lotus flower.
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Plan view showing the Taj Mahal with the landscape designed on the concept of Char Bagh
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
25
Exemplary Monuments (4-c) Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The intimate details in Taj Mahal complex are not limited to buildings, the gardens also provided one of the most beautiful landscape examples of India. The controlled form design is well integrated within colorful and various decorations and materials.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
26
Exemplary Monuments (4-d) Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The frames, the calligraphic banners, the colorful marble and the engraved marble screens. All of these are parts of the unique architectural design of this complex.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
27
Cairo-Egypt, 1211AH/1796AD Named after its last Sheikh Suheymi,
who died in 1928. Originally built in 1648 by A. Tablawi
along the Darb al-Asfar, a prestigious and expensive part of Medieval Cairo.
It was extended to the north and improved by the then new owner (Ismail Shelebi- from 1211AH/1796AD), incorporating neighbouring houses into its layout.
Currently, it is a three-storied large mansion built of stone, rather considered as a small palace with a total floor area of around 2,000 m2.
Characteristic of the architecture of its period, it was generally divided into two major zones: a semi-public guest zone (Salamlik ) and a private family zone (Haramlik ) around a courtyard (sahn) in the centre.
Exemplary Monuments (5-a) Suheymi House
Suheymi House, Cairo. The spacious house opens its entrance towards the crowded street area.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
28
The simple street elevation hides
several interesting features in the interior. Starting from the majaz in the entrance lobby, the visitor finds a water fountain, delicate wooden latticework (mashrabiyya) on all windows, a Tahtabsh/Maq’ad feature, various halls (Qa’a), and a steam bath (hammam), besides a small garden with plants and palm trees in the courtyard.
Plant and geometric decorations in addition to calligraphic lines could be found in several locations of the house.
Exemplary Monuments (5-b) Suheymi House
Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. View of central courtyard showing Mashrabiyas, which provides visual privacy and cools warm air before entering the interior space.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
29
Exemplary Monuments (5-c) Suheymi House
Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. VariousSpaces of the house are shown, expressing the vernacular architecture.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
(1)
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
31
Design PrinciplesINTRODUCTION
Design Principles to be discussed in this chapter are the following:
1)Unity .2)Functionality. 3)Pursuit of Knowledge. 4)Creativity . 5)Professionalism .
6)Identity and Diversity.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
32
Unity in Islam starts from the
unified belief of the entire nation in one God, one Book and one Prophet.
The Islamic nation developed a set of literature very early in its history; Quran and Hedith. They characterized the creed and the lifestyle of the Muslim in much of its details.
Other significant unifying elements of the Muslim Culture were Arabic language (as being the sole language to recite Quran) and the common history of Islam.
Design Principles(A) Unity
1ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Thus, the philosophies of the Muslims (or those accepted by the Muslims) were continuously refined to adhere with the mentioned resources.
33
Design Principles(A) Unity
QuranHedith
HistoryLanguage
Unifying Resources
Islamic Philosophie
s
Cultural Interaction Islamic Architecture
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
34
Design Principles(B) Functionality
Example (1)- The Mosque: The simple plan of the
mosque is distinguished by its circulation flow:1)Clear gateways that lead
from the public context into the mosque.
2)A semi public space, where a courtyard or an arcade are common solutions.
3)The main worshipping hall; which is sometimes covered by a dome.
Other common components of the mosque plan are the minaret, the mihrab and the minber.4) The Minaret: provided to
call for prayers and to guide worshippers to the mosque.
5) The Mihrab (~niche): provided to indicate the orientation of the prayer (qibla) from the mosque inside.
6) The Minber (~pulpit): provided in the grand mosques where the Friday speech is delivered.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
35
Design Principles(B) Functionality
Sulaimaniyya Mosque, Istanbul built on 1558 AD. The flow of spaces and the characterizing components are identical in the common architecture of the mosque .
123
4
5
6
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
36
Design Principles(B) Functionality
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Example (2)- Security and Defense (fortress): The squared plan of the fortress is distinguished by its
main components:1) A clear gate with defensive details2) Security towers on the corners and along the external
walls.3) Garrison quarters at the front.4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the frontal
sectors. 5) A buffering court for circulation organization.
6) beyond the court: Leader’s reception and offices.
7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.
8) Upper Floor: Leader’s quarters + Defensive services
37
Design Principles(B) Functionality
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Example (3)- The Bimarstan (hospital): The squared plan of the palace is distinguished by
its main components:1) A clear gate with defensive details2) Security towers on the corners and along the
external walls.3) Garrison quarters at the front.4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the
frontal sectors. 5) A buffering court for circulation organization.
6) Leader’s seat and employees sector beyond the court.
7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.
38
Design Principles(B) Functionality
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Example (3)- The Caravansaray (Inn): It provided accommodation for commercial,
pilgrim, postal, and especially official travelers.
The term kārvān-sarā was commonly used in Iran and is preserved in several place names.
The normal caravansary consisted of:
1) a square or rectangular plan
2) centered around a courtyard
3) with only one entrance
4) arrangements for defense if necessary.
5) at least provided security against beasts of prey and attacks by brigands.
39
A constant research process was
initiated by Muslims to respond to the needs of the Muslim community.
The earliest example of a construction feature adapted from other cultures was in the days of the Prophet SAAS (year 5AH/624AD), which was a defensive trench in Medina. The idea was introduced by a Persian companion (Salman) according to a public consultancy process upheld by the prophet himself.
Early Islamic Architecture in Syria and Iraq also show the influence of previous styles and techniques.
Design Principles(C) Pursuit of Knowledge
This process took place in two directions, either by adapting the previous techniques or by employing their expertise and workmanship.
As abovementioned in section 2 (Functionality); the Muslims were aware of the purposes of their buildings, thus they were not passive-copiers to the works of others.
A constant effort of modification took place to approach high quality and to settle efficient professionalism. Additionally, reviewing the contributions of other nations was uninterruptedly held without sensitivity.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
40
Design Principles(C) Pursuit of Knowledge
Salman Farsi, a Persian companion of Prophet (PBUH) gave the idea of creating trench as a defense strategy.
Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunis, built on 670 AD was designed and built with the influence of Roman Architecture.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
41
Islamic state spread over a vast geographical area in the range of 100 years after the Prophet. Its extension from today’s France to China enriched its cultural resources, and widened its architectural views.
The Muslim builders started to assign their well-defined design programs to the experienced architects of the time. The latters couldn’t have transferred these programs into designs without an enormous input of creativity.
These architects managed to create several monuments for the first time in history in the early years of Islam, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Lahore Fort, in addition to the Ruling Palaces of Kufa, Damascus and Medina.
Design Principles(D) Creativity
The spark of creativity was delivered to the later generations of architects, so that no “Order” for design was ruling the profession anymore.
Unlike most of the previous civilizations, the Muslim architect was free from any pre-imposed models to judge his performance.
Late Islamic states attempted to establish some order for there architectural styles, such as the Ottoman Architect Sinan, which did not last and did not spread.
As a constant review for their products; they were closely watched by their employers and by the scholars as well.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
42
Design Principles(D) Creativity
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Palestine, an innovative design with well proportions and intricate decoration.
Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, shows creating in designing of the main gate to Fort
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, The Naulakha Pavilion is a prominent white marble personal chamber with a curvilinear roof, located beside the Sheesh Mahal Courtyard, in the northern section of the Lahore Fort.
43
Experience: The great Muslim builders used to employ experienced architects for their major buildings, such as the Dome of the Rock which was designed and managed by Yezid b. Sallam and Raja b. Haywa. Sinan is another famous example who provided the Islamic Architecture with great master peices over the 16th century including Taj Mahal. Even non-Muslim architects were employed for their expertise (e.g. Umayyad Prophet Mosque in Medina, Kufa Complex, Qusair Amra).
Procedures: The design in the Muslim practice followed a well-defined procedure. A great example is the design of kufa city in the 638AD, which followed the steps of:
Design Principles(E) Professionalism
Regulations: Strict regulations ruled the practice of architecture in the traditional Muslim practice. Some of these regulations were imposed by the state (such as the width of roads and the neighbor rights. Other regulations were following non-written norms, such as privacy and environmental issues.
- Design Strategy (by Omer I, the caliph)- Design program (by Saad, the ruler)- Design Concept (by Abul-Hayyaj, the principal designer)- Detailed design (by local architects)
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
44
Design Principles(E) Professionalism
Respect: It is obvious how the traditions of each state were established early in these states and respected by younger generations of architects. Examples of the Persian and Ottoman styles are not unique in that sense. In India, Morocco, Andalusia, the Mamlouks any almost all other examples the steadiness of the style outlines appear.
Prophets’ mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia, was design and constructed by employing non Muslim architect
Taj Mahal, Agra, India, an example of perfection and professionalism.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
45
Muslims lived within an active interaction with external cultures, which also influenced their Architectural products into diversity, supported by the freedom of creativity practiced by Muslim architects.
Consequently, the architectural manifestations of those Muslim communities shared certain directions, which affected the design lines throughout the Muslim history.
A significant identity for the Islamic Architecture was developed by the uninterrupted practice for centuries. which created unique Architectural procedures, technologies and archive for the Muslim nations.
Design Principles(F) Identity and Diversity
Palace of Seville, Spain, which shows the influence of Gothic Architecture, yet maintains the identity of Islamic Architecture
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
46
Sustainability is another design factor which is
reflected in Islamic Architecture.
Sustainability of a building refers to its ability to comfort the building by using passive design techniques without using fossil fuel energy and to reduce negative impacts on the environment by using locally harvested materials.
In addition to this, it also refers to provide improved indoor environment quality by using daylight and natural ventilation, and to provide water for the end users from endless sources.
Lastly, it also refers to sustain its structure over hundreds of years. Sustainable buildings are economical to built, operate and maintain.
The buildings were designed as climate responsive by using passive design techniques such as:
- Ventilative cooling - Radiative cooling, - Evaporative cooling, - Mass effect cooling, - Minimizing temperature variations and - Solar heating.
Design Principles (G) Sustainability
Al Hambra Palace, Spain, a master piece of early Islamic Architecture, which was designed on the concepts of sustainability
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
47
The buildings of Islamic Architecture were designed as
climate responsive by using passive design techniques such as:
- Ventilative cooling - Radiative cooling, - Evaporative cooling, - Mass effect cooling, - Minimizing temperature variations by massive walls
and cladding façade cladding material. - Solar heating.
Bin Yousef Madrassa, Morocco. An example of climate responsive building, using radiative, ventilative and evaporative cooling
Design Principles (G) Sustainability
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Al Hambra Palace, Granada, Spain. Passive Solar Heating, evaporative and ventilative cooling was used by using wide and low height courtyards with high arches
48
These buildings were also environment friendly as they used:
- Locally harvested materials - Building interior spaces were responsive to out door environment. - Sustainable water sources were used for landscape
and bathing.
These buildings were constructed with massive walls to:
- Give structural stability - Provide insulation for the buildings to keep the interiors cool in summer & warm in winter.
Generalife, Spain, an example of integrated indoor and outdoor spaces.
Shalimar Bagh, Pakistan. Sustainable water source (Canal originating from River Ravi) was used for fountains and irrigation
Design Principles (G) Sustainability
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
Madrassa Tilla Kori, Samarkand. Built with massive walls to give structural stability and provide insulation
INTRODUCTION
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
50
Introduction
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– INTRODUCTION
The professional mediums has not yet established a set of standards to be called “Contemporary Islamic Architecture”.
However, “Contemporary Islamic Architecture” refers to the current practice with Islamic references or serving Muslim functions or communities.
Such a scheme is expected to work as an endeavor to re-establish the links between heritage and recent practices (Agha Khan Award for Architecture 1995)
It should also respond to the current problems of the practice; such as architectural expression, quality of design, humanitarian concepts and place identification (Agha Khan Award for Architecture 1995).
(1)
CLASSIFICATION
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
52
ClassificationCriteria
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
As a criteria to indicate the current practices of Islamic architecture, it is
supposed that the Contemporary Islamic Practice of Architecture has the
following characteristics:
It shows reference to some style(s) of the Islamic Architecture.
Might show a mixed Islamic style (not necessarily local) in the
components selection.
Influenced by of the modern styles in architecture.
Accommodates modern technologies of construction.
Follows the contemporary design philosophies and procedures.
53
Architectural practice in the Muslim World is divided into three lines:
Universal Architecture:This line represents the practice that follows the recent universal styles of architecture, with no interest in incorporating any regional or traditional elements or lines.
Developed Islamic ArchitectureIncludes a certain amount of references to the Islamic Architecture or to the local/regional heritage.
Traditional Architecture:The architectural output has an overwhelming reference to the traditional/regional components.
ClassificationLines of Practice
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
54
This line of practice is meant to be an extension to the common universal practice, following the lines of the day; such as Modernism, Post-Modernism, International or the current Formic styles.
In this direction this line has no intended reference to the Islamic Architecture, where it follows the principles and the factors of practicing Architecture of the Modern world.
This style was strongly introduced in the post-colonial period. That was encouraged by the new construction technology of the modern world, and by the western education and professionals of the time.
ClassificationUniversal Style
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Muslim professionals responded to both the decision makers and the business men of, who were convinced of the style as a symbol of success and development.
Even supposing that a Muslim Architect practiced it, this line would still be culturally disconnected from the basics of the Islamic Architecture.
Therefore, this line of practice could be considered as a “Universal” practice implemented locally, rather than a part of the current practice of an Islamic style.
55
ClassificationUniversal Style
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
The contribution of such architects/designers is appreciated internationally. However, there products cannot be considered as Islamic Architecture rather than an important part of the profession in its universal position.
Saudi Economic Association,Saudi Arabia
56
Zaha Hadid
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre 2007- UAE
King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art 2008- Jordan
ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art, Jordan
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre, UAE
57
Fazlur - Rahman Khan (The Einstein of Structural Engineering) Sears Tower 1973 - Chicago - USA Hajj Terminal 1982 - Jeddah- KSA
ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples
Sears Tower, Chicago, USA Hajj Terminal, Jeddah, KSA
58
ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
SOMKhalifa Tower 2004- Dubai- UAE
Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), musical fountains, Dubai, UAE
Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), tallest building of the world, Dubai, UAE
59
National Bank HQ
Skidmore, Owings and MerrillJeddah- KSA1983
The building is an attempt from the architect to create a monumental building that holds both the characters of modernity and rationality according to its sensitive location in the heart of the traditional city of Jeddah.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
NCB HQ – JeddahShowing the traditional
context of the city in the foreground
Classification Universal Style - Examples
60
"...In the center, three columns allowed
openings and offices to be rotated to any side. The dramatic 100-foot-wide facade openings were designed to provide daylight without direct sunshine. Light filters into the three courtyards through these openings, reaching the inhabited spaces only indirectly. The shaded cavity of the building reduces air temperatures slightly before cooling is completed by air-conditioning machinery. Above the level of the first office floor, warm air is drawn up the building's small triangular core and vented in the center of the roof.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued
Site Plan and floor plans, NCB HQ-Jeddah
Classification Universal Style - Examples
61
The office areas are protected from the
sun's glare by gray glazing, and the glass-walled executive offices on the top floor are shielded by a pierced wall covering a 10-foot recess behind the building's outer surface; these recessed windows are akin to the shuttered of screened balconies of traditional Saudi architecture. A computerized building management system adjusts the climate-control machinery as external thermal conditions change."
— from Carol Herselle Krinsky. Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. p268-271, 273.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued
Section view, NCB HQ-Jeddah
Classification Universal Style - Examples
62
Franco Audrito and SAK
Yanbu Cement Co. Staff Housing- KSA
ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples
Yanbu Cement Co. Staff Housing- KSA
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
63
Franco Audrito and SAK SAK Consultant Yanbu
Cement Co. Administration Building -
KSA
ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples
Yanbu Cement Co. Administration Building- KSA
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
64
This style tries to incorporate the traditional lines and elements
within the recent practice of architecture.
As per Rifaa Chderji, the product shows a hybrid architecture.
This architecture represents the creativity of the architect within a background of keeping his cultural distinctiveness.
The architect in this line accepts the modern construction technology and regulations as effective factors, rather than the recent artistic and architectural trends.
Rifaa Chderji- Iraq and Rasem Bedran-Jordan are of the representatives of this line, via some of their works.
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
65
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Atlantis Hotel, Dubai, UAE
66
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Four Seasons Hotel, Qatar
67
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Jabal Omar Project, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.T.R Hamzah & Yeang
68
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
ElKhereiji Head Office– JeddahSAK Consultant
69
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Al Andalus School – JeddahSAK Consultant
70
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
Examples
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification
Al Andalus School – JeddahSAK Consultant
71
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
ExamplesMosque– Jeddah .SAK Consultant
72
ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-
ExamplesRemal Media House
(2)
DEFINITION
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
74
DefinitionContents
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
Meaning of the Term
Variations of the Term
Origins of the Term
Criteria
75
DefinitionThe Meaning of the Term-
1
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
The definition of Islamic Architecture has been a controversial topic amongst researchers.
Cultural background influences the understanding of the term. Arabs/Muslims see it as their heritage, while others imagine it as exotic, mysterious, and aesthetically curious, carrying the whiff of far-distant lands. (Rabbat 2012: 1)
Traditional Muslim literature did not introduce the term, mainly because their architectural styles were globally leading. The term “Islamic” by then did not provide an accurate definition among other styles in the Muslim regions.
76
DefinitionThe Meaning of the Term-
2
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
The Architecture produced for and by Muslims to serve Islam as a religion, referring, consequently, only to the architecture which did serve a religious function (e.g. mosque, madrasa), or it may mean all the Architecture produced in the Muslim Lands (Michell 1978: 10)
Mostly, the term means that architecture which is recognized as being related to Islam, Islamic civilization or to the Islamic communities.
Practice of the “Islamic Architecture” in its traditional forms faced a major setback by the weakening of the Muslim world since the early 19th century.
77
DefinitionVariations of the Term
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
Islamic Architecture (Grabar 1974, Hillenbrand 1994)
Muslim Architecture (Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932)
Architecture of the Muslim Communities (Agha Khan Award for Architecture - AKAA)
Architecture of Islam (Fletcher 1896)
Muhammadan Architecture (Briggs 1924)
78
DefinitionOrigins of the Term- 1
The term cannot be traced in the traditional Muslim literature. Muslims simply referred to their architecture as Umran, Imarah or any close term.
Because of the western interest in introducing the historic styles of Architecture in the early 19th century, “Architecture of Islam” was introduced as part of the timeline of the history of Architecture (Fletcher 1896, Rabbat 2012).
In the early 19th century, Eurocentric terms appeared in the western literature such as Saracenic, Mohammedan, Moorish and Oriental.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
79
DefinitionOrigins of the Term- 2
By the end of the 19th century; literature about the field (e.g. Fletcher 1896, Reviora 1914, Briggs 1924, Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932, 1952) settled to the term in various expressions related to Islam.
For recognition between historic styles of Architecture; the term “Islamic” was established amongst Art historians, and continued to be widely employed till date (Grabar 1973, Hillenbrand 1994, Hoag 1975, Jairazbhoy 1972).
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION
(3)
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
82
Contents
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Master Plan Plan Layout Façade Design Construction Technology Decorative Elements
83
Master Plan
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
84
Master Plan
Following their involvement in major projects
in the Middle East, several architects (Local
& International) submitted their master-
plans characterized by some local traditions,
habits, culture and other factors that
affected the master- plan.
According the classification mentioned in
Chapter (04-01) above, such projects’ styles
could be classified as “Developed” or
“Traditional”.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
85
ManifestationsMaster Plan- Examples
Qasr Al-Hokm- RiyadhRasem Badran
Gourna – EgyptHassan Fathi
New Gourna Village, Gourna, Egypt
Qasr Al Hokm, Riyadh, Sauid Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
86
ManifestationsMaster Plan- Examples
Al Hasa Urban Planning Project /Hofuf
SAK Consultants
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
87
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
88
Plan Layout
The current plans incorporated several components and their
articulation referring to the traditional plan designs.
Common plan components currently employed include the
gallery, the courtyard and the mall.
Common plan articulation include axiality, solid-void sequences,
bending entrances, etc.
Local culture and tradition affected the life style and use of the
space affected the plan layout.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Use of Entrance Lobby-To provide a transition space.
-To create spaciousness and to welcome the guests.
Plan Layout
Concept of atrium in OKAZ building has been derived from entrance lobby of Islamic Architecture buildings.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Planning on Axis- Circulation is directional and based on axis.
Use of Atrium
-To create a central gathering space with
daylight, ventilation and water element.
Floor Patterns
- Integrated geometrical floor patterns were
used to create visual interest.
Plan Layout
OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Plan Layout
King Fahd Library Building, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaCONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
King Fahd Library Building, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Use of Lobby
-To provide a transition space for users before entering into the main building.
Use of Atrium
-To provide daylight and natural ventilation in the surrounding
corridors.
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Use of Corridors
Courtyard Planning - Naturally ventilated courtyards with daylight provides a healthy space for the students.
- Shaded corridors helps air to circulate through them.
Planning on Axis- Circulation is directional and based on axis.
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Natural Ventilation- Use of natural ventilation in the covered playing areas and corridors.
Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Use of Lobby
-To provide a transition space for users before entering into the main building.
Use of Atrium-To provide a daylight and natural ventilation in the surrounding corridors.
Plan Layout
Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi Arabia
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi Arabia
Floor Patterns
Central Sitting Space-To facilitate people to take rest and enjoy the environment during shopping.
-Integrated geometrical floor patterns were used to create visual interest.
Plan Layout
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
102
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
103
Façade Design
Talking about Sultan Hassan Complex in Cairo: “The proportions of this building are amongst the greatest I have seen.” Frank Lloyd Wright.
The current practice referred to the traditional sources either in elevation components or in the forms of the building.
Components and their articulation:
The arch is one of the commonly employed components to resemble the Islamic style. It is widely found in the current practice.
Wooden and steel screens are widely employed to add Islamic reference to the style.
Gates, riwaqs (porticoes), buttresses, engraves and stone laying was employed as well.
Sultan Hassan Complex, Cairo, Egypt.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
104
Façade Design
Other components take place regionally, such as the vault, several shapes of arches, the material and the color of the façade.
opening/mass rhythms, façade patterns, and proportions of elevations and openings where a rich source for current practice.
Form:
Regarding form, the traditional Islamic compact urban fabric, did
not encourage much to give priority to form design. However, the
symbolic form of the Mosque is frozen by its traditional
components, such as the dome and the minaret.
On the other side, traditional isolated buildings such as pavilions,
mausoleums, palaces and tall buildings where reference to the
current practice.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Use of Atriums
-To provide daylight
-To provide ventilation
-To create spaciousness
Façade Design
Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Façade Design
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Emphasis on Entrance
- Entrances are emphasized to welcome guests- To add an element of unity in the facade
Use of Arches
-To add aesthetic value to the building form
- To provide shade for the pedestrians and to facilitate natural ventilation
Façade Design
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Inspiration from Tilya Kori Madrassa, Samarkand,Great Mosque Damascus
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
King Fahd Library Building, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Use of Geometric Screens
- To provide shade to the fenestration.
- To add aesthetic value to the façade.
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Aramco H.Q. Building, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Marshrabiya
Use of Arches in the Corridors- To provide shade for the pedestrians and
to facilitate natural ventilation.
- To provide a transition space between indoor and outdoor. This helps to reduce the temperature of the air entering into the building.
Façade Design
Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Inspiration from Cordoba Mosque and vernacular mashrabiyas of Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Elkhereiji Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Façade Design
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Water as an EssentialLandscape Element
-To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.
Façade Design
Elkhereiji Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Façade Design
Private Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Façade Design
Part III: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Recessed Panels inElevation
Use of Arches
-To create shadows, depth and rhythm in elevation.
- To create shadows to improve insulation of the walls and keep interiors cool.- To break monotony of flat walls.
Façade Design
International Medical Center,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Part III: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Façade Design
Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
Water as an EssentialLandscape Element
- To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.
Mashrabiya
- To provide a transition space between indoor and outdoor. This helps to reduce the temperature of the air entering into the building.
Façade Design
Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
120
Decorative Elements
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
121
ManifestationsDecorative Elements
Internally and externally, decorations is a part of architecture
universally.
Contemporary Islamic architecture has emphasis on such
elements, with special focus on traditional sources.
Dense decorative elements appear mainly on the mosques’
walls, domes, and minarets especially as calligraphic scripts.
Nevertheless, geometric and flowered lines are also provided
(e.g. King Saud Mosque, Sheikh Zayed Mosque).
Islamic decoration motifs can be found also on residential
buildings (e.g. El-Kheriji House), commercial buildings (e.g. G.
Group Office Tower), Hotels (Elaf Taiba Hotel), hospitals (e.g.
International Medical Center), in addition to other building types.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
122
ManifestationsDecorative Elements-
Examples Calligraphic decorations emphasize mainly on the “Thuluth”
calligraphy style.
Moroccan and Egyptian geometric decorations are common in
the architecture of Saudi Arabia, while Indian decorations appear
on the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, in countries such as
UAE and Oman.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
123
ManifestationsDecorative Elements-
Examples King Saud Mosque - Jeddah
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
124
ManifestationsDecorative Elements-
Examples Sheikh Zayed Mosque - Abu Dhabi
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
125
ManifestationsDecorative Elements-
Examples International Medical Center - Jeddah
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
127
Contents
Adopting Architectural Elements Adopting Concepts of Sustainability
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
128
Adopting Architectural Elements Contents
The following are some of the architectural elements that could be
adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.
Mashrabiyat & Screens Mucarnasat Calligraphy Geometrical Patterns Arches Domes
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
129
Adopting Architectural Elements
Globalization is effecting people, culture, art and architecture. We believe architecture is effected and will be effected continuously in future due to the different forms of media, communication, traveling, technology and other factors. Future Islamic Architecture can still use architectural elements such as mashrabiat, mucarnasat, calligraphy, geometrical patterns, but in a global and creative way.
Globalization is effecting people, culture, art and architecture.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
130
Adopting Architectural Elements
Mashrabiyat & Screens Mashrabiyat can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Providing a transition space for the building to allow hot air to cool down before entering into it.
- Providing shade for the window.
- Providing visual privacy.
Top: Elaf Taiba Hotel, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.Left: King Fahad Library, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Right: Community Center,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
131
Adopting Architectural Elements
Mucarnasat Mucarnasat can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Adding aesthetic value to the interior space
- Enhancing acoustics of interior space
Alhambra Palace, Garnada, Spain
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
132
Adopting Architectural Elements
Calligraphy Calligraphy can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Delivering messages to the end users and educating them
- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking the monotony of walls
Right: Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaLeft: Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
133
Adopting Architectural Elements
Geometrical Patterns Geometrical patterns can be used in
the future Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Creating floor patterns and guiding the people to find their way.
- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking the monotony of walls
Examples of geometrical patterns used for flooring and for wall decoration
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
134
Adopting Architectural Elements
Arches Arches can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Creating interest and enhance aesthetics of the building facade.
- Adding depth to the building façade
- Casting shadows and increasing façade insulation
- Facilitating natural ventilation to take place
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
135
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
136
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
137
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
138
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
139
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
140
Adopting Architectural Elements
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
141
Adopting Architectural Elements
142
Adopting Architectural Elements
Domes Domes can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Increasing volume of interior space and facilitating natural ventilation to take place.
- Enhancing acoustics of the interior spaces.
- Enhancing visual appearance of the building.
A private House, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaFUTURE DIRECTIONS
143
Adapting Architectural Element of Domes
144
Adapting Architectural Element of Domes
145
Adapting Architectural Element of Domes
146
Adapting Architectural Element of Domes
147
Adapting Architectural Element of Domes
148
Adapting Concepts of Sustainability Contents
The below mentioned concepts of sustainability could be
adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.
Passive Design Strategies Environment Friendly Buildings Strategies Indoor Environment Quality Strategies
149
Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Passive Design Strategies
Future Islamic Architecture can incorporate passive design strategies such as:
Ventilative cooling, Radiative cooling, Evaporative cooling and Earth Mass Effect CoolingMinimizing Temperature Variations by using InsulationSolar Heating
To reduce:
Energy ConsumptionGlobal warmingOzone Depletion
Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
150
Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Environment Friendly Building Strategies
In addition to this, future Islamic Architecture can also followthe principles of environment friendly buildings such as:
- Using locally harvested and manufactured materials-Reusing building instead of demolishing and constructing new buildings
To reduce:
-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with transportation of materials from foreign countries-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with harvesting and manufacturing new materials- Demolition waste storage in landfill areas- Reduce time and money- Global warming- Ozone Depletion
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
151
Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Indoor Environment Quality Strategies
Furthermore, future Islamic Architecture can also use Indoor Environment Quality strategies such as:
- Daylight penetration in the interior of the buildings- Fresh air supply in the interior spaces
To reduce:
- Electricity consumption- Carbon emissions- Ozone Depletion- Global Warming- Suffocation (Carbon dioxide level) in the interior spaces
Ministry of Petroleum Building, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONCLUSION
CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
153
Conclusion
A successful Architect in any place and time is the Architect who can apply the following equation successfully
Function + Beauty + Economy = Successful Project
154
Conclusion
The architecture that consider the human scale and environment gives satisfaction and enjoyment to the users and viewers, this could be seen in many of the works of Sinan, Frank Lloyd Wright, Hasan Fathi, Le Corbusier.
155
Conclusion
The Relation Between Art & Architecture
Here are some architects that were successful in applying this relation:
Miss Van Der Rohe
Walter Gropius
Abdul Wahed Al Wakil
Abdul Aziz Kamel
156
Conclusion
Creative Design Process
Think
Creative Production
Study
Design
Review
157
Conclusion
A New World of architecture is possible
We need to set an Architecture and Art Compass in our societies to show the direction we are moving to. We need to have the knowledge and vision that help us rebuild our environment. We are part of the World but we should not be a copy of any other World or city or society.
Cultural Museum in China reflects Islamic Architecture in North Western China. 5 Story, 25,302 m2, a massive atrium in the middle, green design elements, automatic shading to help keep the building cool. It is a landmark designed by Sure Architecture
158
Conclusion
Architectural Styles can be developed using our Knowledge and Creativity.
A knowledge based society is an important step for change of the individual and society.
A new era of Islamic Architecture and Art can be establish that could have a positive and rewarding effect on people’s life. Green environment and sustainable architecture and products, Water and Energy Saving technologies could be part of the new era of Architecture.
Arab Cultural Center in USA.Design by Monalab for the Mosaic Foundation Islamic Web
159
Symbolic Architecture
160
H اال, ت6م, اح* ف, Hا اط6ر, خ, ف, Hا ل>م, ح> ك,ان, Hة يق, ق6 ح, ح,ى أ,ض* ث>م?
H ي,اال, خ, ال,It was a dream, then an idea then a possibility
Then it became a reality