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DepartmeSchool of Faculty of
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EXECU
Pedest
have b
corone
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UTIVE SUM
trian fatalit
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ses potentia
ajority of ca
42%). The
rial or Cons
Heavy Tra
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ver alights
pts to start
g system o
trian; and (
e or plant/m
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machinery
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incorporat
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investigat
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c Medicine nd Preventive M
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No:0611005
MMARY
ties occurri
r examined
ralia and ex
al interven
ases ident
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ansport Veh
nomy of pe
ve text and
from the v
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occurs and
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ential interv
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ysical barr
tion of safe
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ion of the e
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Medicine Sciences
5008 Ju
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xamines th
ntions.
tified were
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Area (n=30
hicle (n=21
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vehicle or p
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ety feature
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her resear
une2011
kplaces are
dy identifie
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male (n=8
tion of the
, 34%), an
1, 24%).
deaths in w
ta, and tw
plant/mach
e from the g
ine rolls fo
machine fai
backwards
were identif
asks to elim
esignated
es into mac
or operator
ess of reve
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80, 91%) an
incident le
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workplaces
wo hazard s
hine and ei
ground, an
rwards or
ils to see t
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minate ped
pathways;
chine desig
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forcing or t
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ly preventa
strian fatal
ading to th
nd occurre
eading to fa
t frequent o
was creat
scenarios w
ther parks
n inappropr
backwards
he pedestr
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ing:
estrian con
gn, such as
ts;
ms; and
training of g
Page4of
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atality was
object invo
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were ident
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them.
ntact with h
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good pract
38
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ria
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olved
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ine, or
on of the
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IntroduThis re
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A: Review
B: Pedestr
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No:0611005
esses pede
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tion strateg
Medicine Sciences
5008 Ju
estrian fata
uary 2011.
ope of pede
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urring in wo
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Australia, 2
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2000-2011
Page5of
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;
38
a
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SECTIWORK INTRO
Pedest
shell
which t
2000).
Austral
other th
The ob
workpla
employ
2004 (V
owned
except
vehicle
It is hyp
workpla
et al (1
First,
recogn
vehicle
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forklift.
A numb
control
identifie
1997; B
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land (i.e. r
where it w
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pothesised
ace differ f
999a) note
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..is much l
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Baron et a
c Medicine nd Preventive M
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No:0611005
VIEW OF
N AND LIT
considered
ealth Organ
ope for imp
st to road-re
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ad.
this study i
ed as ... a
lf-employe
study excl
roads, road
was identifi
laggers (B
d that the c
from those
ed:
perators f
ming hazard
and/or the
a forklift dr
less that th
ustries (e.g
ggers) an
g high risk
l, 1998; Ho
Medicine Sciences
5008 Ju
THE SCO
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d a vulnera
nization, 20
provement
elated ped
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d persons
udes incid
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characteris
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une2011
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able popula
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t in safety
destrian fat
aracteristic
tigate Aust
ether or no
work (s.5
ents causi
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l, 2000).
stics of ped
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on is much
significantl
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gnises a ha
automobile
tion and ag
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strian relate
al, 2004).
ATALITIES
W
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have been
(Australia
talities, little
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travelling
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identified a
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strian deat
estrian fata
ding or stru
onal Health
which occu
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eaths that o
in relation
tricted and
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stopping ca
at a simila
occupatio
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ury (e.g. O
Page6of
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k of protec
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n reported
ths in work
alities in a
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h & Safety
urred on pu
easements
ry barriers,
occur in the
n to forklifts
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ularly when
driving back
apacity of a
ar speed (p
ons (e.g. ro
fts) have b
Ore & Fosb
38
S IN
tive
ation for
Bureau,
in
kplaces
ere
y Act,
ublicly
s),
work
e
s, Collins
bility to
n the
kwards.
a
pp. 510).
oad
been
roke,
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Constr
for ped
vehicle
al (200
United
of heav
betwee
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worker
betwee
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Pedest
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Both in
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are fata
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agricult
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trian fatalit
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ally injured
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c Medicine nd Preventive M
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No:0611005
d in particu
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stantly cha
an average
th just ove
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ehicles intr
cles (espe
ations have
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h risk to pe
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rry et al, 20
an increas
o pedestria
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1985 and 2
ng been ide
stry (Miller
jury deaths
result of ru
Medicine Sciences
5008 Ju
ular, road c
o the close
anging con
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er two-third
ehicles. The
ruding into
ecially whe
e been rec
aggers) slo
are vulner
avy machin
also been a
(e.g. forklif
edestrians
Australia, f
occupation
004). Howe
se in other
ans, due to
al, 1999b)
her 20,000
2004). In V
2010 (Wor
entified as
and Fraga
s in Austra
un over inc
une2011
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o the work
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ow road tra
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analysed b
fts and trac
s.
forklift use
nal health a
ever these
safety haz
o the weigh
). In the Un
0 are seriou
Victoria, for
rkSafe Vict
a major is
ar, 2006). F
lia 2003-06
cidents.
on, has bee
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ratt et al, 2
per year in
orkers on f
f the fatal in
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g) (McCan
s at risk f
affic throug
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onstruction
y examinin
ctors) have
has increa
and safety
manual ha
zards, espe
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nited States
usly injured
rklifts have
toria, 2010
ssue for pe
For examp
6 found alm
en highligh
machinery
2001; McCa
n highway
foot, fatally
ncident wa
heavy equ
n, 2006).
for pedestr
gh work zo
ntinuously c
n (Baron et
ng the obje
e been iden
ased in rec
y benefits o
andling ben
ecially whe
nd inheren
s, approxim
d in forklift
been asso
).
edestrian fa
le, a report
most 50%
Page7of
hted as haz
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ann, 2006)
work zone
y injured as
as evenly s
uipment an
rian related
nes to pro
changing p
t al, 1998;
ect causing
ntified in th
cent years,
of reducing
nefits have
en the mac
nt instabilit
mately 100
related inc
ociated wit
atalities in
t (Herde &
of tractor r
38
zardous
g motor
). Pratt et
es in the
s a result
split
nd
d injury.
tect
position
Pratt et
g death.
he
, due to
g manual
e been
chine is
y of
0 workers
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& Lower,
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No:0611005
series of f
ollowing inc
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s of a pede
walking on
defined by
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, railways a
workplace
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d not have
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fatalities of
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inclusion.
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f pedestria
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by a
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Table 1: Work-RWorkingBystand (ChildVolunteOther* Total * The Ot
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8 (9) 6 (7)
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Of the
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38
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5. Con
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inciden
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where
finding
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Hazard
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entation, a
on pathway
ed by this
trian who w
d Scenario
consistent
juries relat
tion of the
ed a fourth
ated with in
2011) wher
e vehicle th
c Medicine nd Preventive M
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No:0611005
nt locations
ruction site
g. Collin et
ng, consid
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t, Machinently involve
hout attach
onsistent w
4; Miller & F
Factors tributing fa
and are de
ys of event
taxonomic
was also th
(1): Pedes
t with prev
ted to forkl
fatalities o
h contributi
nappropria
re a scenar
hen rolling
Medicine Sciences
5008 Ju
s of the fat
es) were co
t al, 1999c
dering thes
ery, and in
roke, 1997
e ed vehicle,
hments, Fr
with earlier
Fragar, 200
actors were
scribed he
ts (Hazard
cal analysis
he driver; a
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occur as th
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ate operatio
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onsistent w
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7).
plant or m
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e identified
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also the d
arch undert
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e driver ge
to this scen
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non crash r
t (Industria
with finding
osbroke, 19
s require w
road cons
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oaders/Bul
eported lite
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cenarios w
os Figure 2
sed on the
edestrian w
driver
taken in Vi
et al (1994
ets off and
nario wher
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related hea
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997; Miller
work with a
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were identif
2). The two
distinction
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ictoria spec
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vehicle rol
e cases we
stem. This
functionin
avy vehicle
Page20of
ruction Are
ernational r
& Fragar,
and alongs
tes are exp
nsport Veh
Bobcats and
g. Larsson
the case
fied that inv
o hazard s
n between:
not the driv
cific to sev
surprising
lls. This s
ere additio
is similar t
ng appropri
e driver fata
38
ea, Farm
research
2006).
ide
posed to
hicles,
d
&
volved
scenarios
(1) A
er.
vere and
ly great
tudy
onally
to Jones
iately
alities.
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Hazard
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forklifts
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The da
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d Scenario
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e nearly fo
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eteness of
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c Medicine nd Preventive M
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No:0611005
(2): Pedes
sibility has
a et al (19
erry et al (2
dents invo
driving in re
s involved t
om the inte
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an data wa
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entation an
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antial unde
gs. Enhanc
the attach
s by coron
NCIS and V
autopsy an
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fatality. Cu
ce and othe
vention. Pr
rian fataliti
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other aspe
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5008 Ju
strian was
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2006) foun
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literature (
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destrians a
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loads. The
orward (n=
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and details
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collect the
ion.
th machine
are due to
ccounted f
as forklifts)
e current st
10) rather
ann, 2006).
s construct
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ard.
thical appr
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d to the NC
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sources: p
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elicitation o
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Page21of
ery such as
insufficien
for a signif
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tudy found
that in rev
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study]. A l
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kely to hav
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police repor
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ce officer(s
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38
s
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ficant
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ack of
me states
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N STRATE
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emes of Pe
ach to this
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edestrian fa
mendation
es to includ
ntify and m
multiple
rictions for
s from mov
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fore any wo
be regularly
ew its inve
with a tea
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vestigation
c industrie
he literatur
on and Rec
e been mad
erson, Plac
persisting
proaches to
ddons ten
y, 1989a, b
atalities in w
de latest sa
manage
physical
ving machi
separation
ork
y monitore
estigating
m approac
vices of ex
n guide for
s
e to addre
chnitzer, 19
de in relati
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b).
workplaces, A
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Page22of
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of person/m
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Australia 20
To Who
ompanies
egulator
ompanies;
uthorities
ompanies;
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uthorities
uthorities;
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olice
38
c risk
a
estrian
machine
ensive
ategies,
000 - 2011
om
ffice;
-
DepartmeSchool of Faculty of
Resear
Policy
(cont.)
Plant
Haddo
Counte
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ent of ForensicPublic Health aMedicine, Nurs
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risks
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manu
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sider a risk
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assessme
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o be develo
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ent to ensu
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vehicles
updated to
drafted re
and loaded
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nufacturer
akes on fo
r modifying
multiple
protection
supported
mobile plan
cturers stan
stigation o
r plant/ma
gs to users
rategies
along a pa
ilitate the o
ommonly k
2003). Inte
mendations
ure approp
eloped aro
include kn
quiring veh
within the
nown risk
s to design
our-wheel d
g design a
(for
as a safet
nt to ensure
ndards
of incident b
chine invo
s
ath from pre
object of da
known as H
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Page23of
ompanies
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uthority
anufacture
anufacture
ompanies;
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anufacture
creation of
addon iden
ten
in the ped
ccording to
38
nment
ers
ers
er
f the
ntified
destrian
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-
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Tabl
co
1c
2am
3r
Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici
ReportNo:06110
le 9: Haddon's te
Haddons untermeasure
strategy
. Prevent the reation of the
hazard
2. Reduce the mount of hazard
brought into being
3. Prevent the release of the
hazard
Forensic Medicine Health and Preventivene, Nursing and Healt
005008 Jun
en countermeasu
Eliminate pedRedesigning th
possible interv
forklift and ped
eliminate the n
Reduce the amMcCann (2006
related to the n
appropriate) co
working during
The current stu
worksite.
Use of ProximImproved meth
plant/machines
workplace (Ho
application of i
e Medicine th Sciences
e2011
ure strategies an
destrian workershe task so that pe
vention (Horberry
destrian moveme
need for flaggers
mount of vehicu6) found workers
number of vehicle
onsider limiting th
g less busy hours
udy identified 16
mity/location senhods of identifyin
s can reduce the
rberry et al, 2006
dentifying and al
nd generated pot
s from the task edestrians and p
y et al, 2006). For
ent should ever ta
s)
ular traffic passon foot to be at r
e intrusions into t
he amount of veh
s.
road constructio
nsors g pedestrian wor
risk of pedestria
6). In the United S
larming pedestria
Page24 of38
tential interventio
Inte
lant/machines do
r example, Larsso
ake place at the s
ing through worrisk of pedestrian
the work zone. T
hicular traffic that
n deaths, four of
rkers (and memb
an fatalities. A nu
States mining co
ans in hazardous
ons
ervention
o not come into c
on and Rechnize
same level, in the
rk sites n fatal injury parti
herefore it is sug
t passes through
which were caus
bers of the genera
mber of proximity
ontext, researche
s locations near fi
contact at all (i.e.
er (1994) recomm
e same space. (N
cularly in road co
ggested that road
the site for exam
sed by light trans
al public) in perilo
y-sensing device
rs have studied i
ixed machinery (
elimination of the
mend that in a fre
NB Detours wou
onstruction and e
d construction (an
mple by an increa
sport vehicles pas
ous proximity to v
es are currently a
ntelligent video s
Ruff et al, 2010).
e hazard) is the b
ight terminal, no
ld presumably
explained this wa
nd others as
ase in detours or
ssing through the
vehicles or
vailable for the
systems for the
.
best
o
s
e
-
ResearchR
3rh
Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici
ReportNo:06110
3. Prevent the release of the hazard (cont.)
Forensic Medicine Health and Preventivene, Nursing and Healt
005008 Jun
Use of DeviceMachinery ope
fatalities. Ruff
and GPS techn
be researched
Hurwitz et al (2
audible sensor
The current stu
operator situat
Trained SpottSpotters or o
McCann (2006
Teizer (2011) n
important facet
Correct lightinExcessive or in
standard for in
intent to facilit
and wellbeing
drivers acclima
if they have no
e Medicine th Sciences
e2011
es to monitor operators limited vis
et al (2010) ident
nology as potent
to address issue
2010) found there
r system. Encour
udy identified 18
tional awareness
ters or Observerbservers are enc
6) recommended
noted that the ab
t of safe procedu
ng of the work snsufficient lighting
nterior and workpl
tate the creation
in the illuminated
atise before ente
ot acclimatised to
perator blind sposion of surrounds
tifies technologie
ially useful in ale
es such as driver
e was evidence f
raging drivers to
cases in which a
could be a prom
rs couraged in certa
spotters for work
bility of spotters to
ures and their imp
site g has been cited
lace lighting (AS
of visual environ
d space. Specific
ring an area whe
o the lighting leve
Page25 of38
ots s has been identi
es such as sonar
erting operators o
r distraction (Horb
for the mitigation
use the cameras
a barrier to the op
mising intervention
ain work condition
kers who are req
o maintain consta
portance cannot
as a cause of vi
1680.1-2006) pr
ments that exclu
c to pedestrians,
ere there are ped
els.
ified as a contribu
, radar, radio tran
of pedestrian prox
berry et al, 2006)
of reversing colli
s was revealed as
perators vision w
n.
ns (e.g. working n
uired to work wit
ant communicatio
be overstated.
sion-related fatal
rovides general p
de or, at least, co
WorkSafe Victor
estrians and en
uting factor in thi
nsponders, tag d
ximity. However t
). In a study look
isions, especially
s a challenge.
was noted, sugge
near electrical lin
th, and alongside
on with machine
lities (Hinze and
principles and rec
ontrol visual fatig
ria (2010) recom
nsure pedestrians
s, and other, stud
etection systems
the use of such te
ing at rear-view c
y when paired wit
esting that device
nes, working in co
e heavy machiner
operators and dr
Teizer, 2011). Th
commendations f
gue and thereby p
mends ensure v
s cannot enter ar
dies on pedestria
s, video cameras
echnology needs
cameras in vehic
th an appropriate
es to enhance
onfined spaces).
ry, and Hinze and
rivers was ...an
he Australian
for lighting with th
promote efficienc
vehicles stop and
reas of vehicle tra
an
s to
cles,
e
d
he
cy
d
affic
-
ResearchR
4. Mof ha
Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici
ReportNo:06110
Modify the rate f release of the azard from its
source
Forensic Medicine Health and Preventivene, Nursing and Healt
005008 Jun
Intelligent speA recent Austr
identified prev
investigated th
application of
required to eva
There was insu
machines were
the target popu
AdministrativIt is a requirem
Safety Regulat
operator trainin
extended to pe
pedes
hazard
and Fa
This recomme
vehicles, and D
It is not possib
relate to system
e Medicine th Sciences
e2011
eed limiting conralian study inve
venting excessiv
he use of a loa
this new techno
aluate this and ot
ufficient consiste
e loaded or unloa
ulation.
ve controls: e.g. ment for operators
tions 2007 in Vic
ng should be con
edestrian workers
strians represent
ds associated with
arrow, 2009).
ndation is based
Dicketys (2002) f
le to evaluate the
matic failings, rat
ntrols/load sensstigating Intellige
e forklift speeds
ad sensing/speed
ology successful
ther potential ITS
nt information av
aded to allow for
training and cos of high risk mac
ctoria. A number o
ntinued and emph
s as:
a high risk-group
h working in clos
on the observat
finding that pede
e usefulness of th
ther than identify
Page26 of38
ing devices. ent Transport Sy
s as the highes
d limiting system
ly decreases the
S interventions.
vailable in the cur
meaningful comm
ompetency chinery to have a
of writers (e.g. C
hasised in safety
p in the workplac
se proximity to po
ion that there are
estrian error acco
his proposed inte
ing individuals at
ystems (ITS) cou
t priority interve
m for forklifts at
e severity of pe
rrent study samp
mentary to be ma
a Licence for High
ollins et al, 1999a
y programs. Maje
ce because they a
owered industrial
e a large number
ounted for 9.8% o
ervention for the c
t fault.
untermeasures fo
ention (Horberry
two Australian
destrian/forklift i
ple on speed of ve
ade on the suitab
h Risk Work und
a; Ruff et al, 201
kodunmi and Far
appear to lack a f
vehicles (Dicke
of employees wo
of workplace tran
current case seri
or industrial mob
et al, 2006; Ho
manufacturing s
nteractions altho
ehicles or machin
bility of these cou
er the Occupatio
0) have suggeste
rrow (2009) sugg
fundamental awa
ty, 2002, quoted
orking with or ne
sport accidents.
ies as coroners f
ile equipment sa
orberry et al (20
sites and found
ough further wor
nery or whether
untermeasures fo
onal Health and
ed that improved
gest this training
areness of the
in Majekondunm
ear workplace
findings tended t
afety
004)
the
rk is
or
d
be
mi
o
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ResearchR
5.ha
wpro
Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici
ReportNo:06110
. Separate the azard from that which is to be otected in time
and space
Forensic Medicine Health and Preventivene, Nursing and Healt
005008 Jun
Workplace/sitWorkplace/site
include one wa
dome mirrors m
from work area
Exclusion zonExclusion zone
example, durin
is for these are
Limiting plantCollins et al (1
times, such as
restricting use
There was insu
possible to com
e Medicine th Sciences
e2011
te design and tre design and traff
ay roads/isles; se
mounted overhea
as; grade separa
nes es are particular
ng truck loading o
eas to be clearly
t use during pea999c) found pede
during shift chan
of machinery (su
ufficient informat
mment of the pot
raffic managemefic management
eparate parking a
ad at intersection
tion between ped
areas where ent
operations, forklif
defined, marked
ak pedestrian timestrians were mo
nges, meals brea
uch as forklifts) d
ion available in th
tential usefulness
Page27 of38
ent systems systems are well
areas for persona
ns and other area
destrian and mac
ry by pedestrians
ft movement (par
, and enforced (W
me ost likely to be str
aks and other pla
uring these perio
he current study
s of this counterm
l documented so
al and work vehic
as of limited visib
chinery traffic (e.g
s is prohibited. Th
rticularly when fu
WorkSafe, 2008;
ruck by a powere
ant wide breaks. T
ods.
to identify pedes
measure for the ta
lutions to preven
cles; clearly mark
ility; location of s
g. Horberry et al,
hey may be used
lly laden) or durin
WorkSafe undat
ed industrial vehic
They recommend
strian density at ti
arget population.
nting pedestrian fa
ked pedestrian wa
storage sheds an
2004; Collins et
d in a range of sit
ng live electrical
ted).
cle during peak p
ded traffic planni
ime of death, the
atalities. Exampl
alkways; signs;
d amenities away
al, 1999a, b & c
tuations, for
work. Best pract
pedestrian flow
ng should consid
erefore it is not
es
y
).
ice
der
-
ResearchR
6.ha
wp
ph
req
Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici
ReportNo:06110
. Separate the azard from that which is to be protected by a hysical barrier
7. Modify elevant basic ualities of the
hazard
Forensic Medicine Health and Preventivene, Nursing and Healt
005008 Jun
Physical sepaPhysical separ
strategy for pe
2007). If the ta
between mach
Improved signHorberry et al
can be approa
throughout the
context, Fosbr
intrusion into th
Modification/rSince their intr
Despite this, a
incident, but fo
reversing alarm
time (i.e. on a
localising and
made such as
congestion. Th
involved an au
unable to make
e Medicine th Sciences
e2011
aration of plant/ration through the
destrian safety (e
ask cannot be red
hinery and worke
nage and contro(2006) identified
ched in machine
e work site, and s
oke and Ore (199
he work zone. Fo
redesign of reveroduction, Ruff et
number of studie
or some reason th
ms were made le
busy worksite). R
prioritising alarm
modification/rede
he current study i
udible reversing a
e comment on th
machine and pee use of barriers,
e.g. Horberry et a
designed to elimi
rs on foot, where
ols limiting speed fo
e design (see veh
speed cameras m
97) recommend
or example, signs
ersing/backup at al (2010) conten
es (including in o
he pedestrian did
ess or ineffective
Ruff et al (2010) s
ms in congested w
esign audible rev
identified 15 case
alarm to which the
he remaining case
Page28 of38
edestrian , guardrails, fenc
al, 2004; Collins
nate pedestrian w
e possible.
or forklifts as an im
hicle factors, belo
may assist with id
improving signag
s should not be o
alarms nd that audible re
our case series) i
d not hear, or rea
to workers when
suggest a numbe
work areas; worke
versing alarms so
es where the ma
e deceased eithe
es as this inform
ing, barricades, b
et al, 1999c; Ore
workers altogethe
mportant interven
ow) or through ad
entifying inappro
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obscured and lan
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nvolved cases w
act appropriately
multiple alarms
er of explanations
ers wearing hear
o they are more n
chine or vehicle w
er did not hear or
ation was not do
boom-gates is wi
e & Fosbroke, 19
er, another altern
ntion in the preve
dministrative work
opriate operator d
ntrols for motorist
e markings easy
have decreased t
where an audible a
to the alarm. Hin
were issued from
s: worker habitua
ring protection. T
noticeable in wor
was driven in rev
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cumented).
idely regarded as
97; Bryden et al,
native is to provid
ention of pedestr
kplace controls. I
driving. In a road
ts to prevent the
y to interpret.
the occurrence o
alarm was functio
nze and Teizer (2
m multiple machin
ation to alarms; d
herefore improve
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verse. Of the 15,
act appropriately
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2000; WorkSafe
de a physical bar
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chance of vehicle
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benefits of high
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y clothing clothing is encour
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09).
ntial pinch poin
sign must conside
such as a wall, a
tective equipmeective equipment
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(Teizer et al, 201
tal outcome. Effo
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Page29 of38
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