Download - 002 Course Slides
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Geophysicist
Basic tools:
Magnetic surveys Gravity surveys Seismic surveys
Surface - land or marine
Borehole
Interpretation of data in 2D, 3D and 4D :
Provides structural information on the large scale Seismic bright spots indicate potential hydrocarbons Field wide data
Plan and QC seismic acquisition program
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rinciples of Seismic
Reflection of of acoustic energy by sub surface boundaries
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2D Seismic
Structure
Line spacing = 500 m - 2 km
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D Section - Stacked and Migrated
Potential Hydrocarbon
Trap
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3D Seismic Concept
Crossline >
Inline
>
Parallel grid pattern shoot
25m spacing
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D Cube for Interpretation
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eismic-Well Ties
Initial Synthetic-Seismic TieInitial SyntheticInitial Synthetic--Seismic TieSeismic Tie
Final Synthetic-SeisFinal SyntheticFinal Synthetic--SeisSeis
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Surface
sourceSurface
geophone
Weatheredlayer
Boreholegeophone
Reservoirunit Borehole
source
1-Crosswell
2-VSP3-Reverse VSP4-Surface5-Single well
43
2
1
5
Borehole Seismic
D Ti l S i i
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4D Time lapse Seismic
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ec no ogy s xpec e o
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Before 1980:2-D 25-30%of oil recovered
1980-95:3-D 40-50%recovered
SlicesVolumes
*BP/Shells estimate,
Petroleum Engineer International; January, 1996.
1996 - future:4-D 65-75%recovery*
Changes
- ec no ogy s xpec e oImprove Recovery
G l i
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Geologist
Basic tools:
Rock Samples - Outcrops, Cores, Well Cuttings Well Log Data - LWD or Wireline Borehole Image Logs & Dip Meters Fossils and Palynology
Interpret all available data to provide : Geological Dating Sequence Stratigraphy Depositional Environment Sedimentology
Geological Structure Rock Mecanics and In Situ Stress
Plan and QC Coring Program
h i f S di E i
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AlluvialFans
LakeDelta
Lake
Exaggeratedvertical scale
TurbiditeChannels
ContinentalSlope
ContinentalShelf
Coastal
Continental
MeanderingStream
Delta
BraidedStream
DesertDunesBay
Beach
BarrierIsland
TidalShoals
DeepSeaFan
Bigelow et al.,1987
chematic of Sedimentary Environments
lk d l 1978
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Feeder Channel
Slope into Basin
Lower Fan
Debris
Flows
D-B
CGLS.
Slumps
Upper
Fan
Massive ssts.Pebbly ssts.
Thin bedded turbiditeson levee
Thin bedded
Mid Fan
Classical turbidites
Graded-stratified
Graded-bed
Conglomerates:Inverse-to normallly
gradedTerrace
Proximal
New suprafanlobe
Incisedchannel
Braided
Supra Fan Lobes
Basin
Plain No relative scale implied
alker model, 1978
t t l U t i ti
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tructural Uncertainties
Structural Dip Determination
Where to drill well to have as good or
better structural position
Fault Identification and Analysis
Determine strike and dip of the fault
Determine rock displacement along
the fault Fracture Identification and
Characterization
Closed or open , Natural or drillinginduced
Orientation, spacing, frequency
Characterization of In-Situ Stresses
Optimal borehole stability
Drilling induced fractures
Potential & artificial fracturing
1 Km.
-7720
G l i l M d l
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Geological Model
Petrophysicist
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Petrophysicist
Basic tools:
Borehole Logging Tools (LWD or Wireline) :
Caliper
Gamma Ray
Resistivity
Density and Neutron
Acoustics NMR
Formation Test
Core Data
Interpret well log data to provide Matrix type Fluid Types & Pressure Gradients Fluid Saturations & Volumes Porosity & Permeability
Plan and QC logging programs
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GR
GAPI0 150
BS
IN6 16
VSH
V/V0 1
BADHOLE
0.5 0
4600
4700
4800
DEPTH
F E E T
RP2000
0.2 200
RP400
0.2 200
RA400
0.2 200
RHOB
G/C31.66 2.65
NPHI
V/V0.6 0
PHIT
V/V0.6 0
PHIE
V/V0.6 0
VOL
V/V1 0
PHIE
V/V1 0
PHIT
V/V1 0
MATRIX
0 1
Reservoir Engineer
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Reservoir Engineer
Basic tools:
Well Test / Production Data - Pressure, Temperature, Rates Fluid Samples Core
Interpret all available data to provide :
Rock Properties - permeability, capillary pressure, wettability Fluid Properties - viscosity , compressibility Fluid Behaviour - relative permeability Reservoir Properties - pressure, volume, temperature,
- permeability & skin
Reservoir Model - recoverable reserves, productivity Reservoir Simulation - Production scenarios
Plan and QC Well Test and PVT Tests
Plan and monitor production
Reservoir Engineer
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Reservoir Engineer
Surface Separator
Water
Oil
Gas
Bottom Hole Sample
(at reservoir conditions)
Surface Sample
Reservoir
Borehole
Well Test :
Take : Fluid Samples
Measure : Flow Rates (bbl/day)
Pressure and Temperature
Derive : Productivity (bbl/day/psi)
Near Well Conditions (skin)
Reservoir Conditions (permeability)
Boundary Conditions (Tested Volume)
Reservoir Engineer
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Reservoir Engineer
Bottom Hole Sample
Surface Sample
PVT
Analysis
Reservoir Engineer
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Reservoir Engineer
Reservoir Simulation Model :
Predict production v time Predict drainage patterns Predict onset of water cut and / or gas breakthrough Determine optimum recovery techniques
primary = natural flow
secondary = pumping or pressure maintenance tertiary = alteration of reservoir conditions
eg steam (temp), chemical (viscosity)
Reservoir Engineer
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Reservoir Engineer
Time
Productio
n
bbl/day Plateau
Decline Curve
Constrained by :
No. wells, Surface Facilities,
Contracts, Critical Rates, etc.
Affected by :
Total Reserves, Recovery mechanism Reservoir Complexity