What disease killed 300-500 million people worldwide but has since been eradicated from the human population?
Progression:› Rash› Pus-filled blisters› Disfiguration and/or
blindness› Death rate = 30%
Man with smallpox; Public Health ImagesLibrary. Source: CDC
The first vaccine
Edward Jenner 1749 - 1823
Made with cowpox virus Side effects: red spot, pustules, scabs,
leaves a scar. Fever is common, swelling. Fatal complications are rare:
› 1 death per million vaccines
1967: WHO announces global smallpox eradication program.› Still 15 million new cases a year then
1977: Last reported naturally occurring case in Somalia.› Smallpox is the only disease totally
eradicated in humans
Routine vaccination discontinued in 1972
Vaccines controversial today
Project BioShield Act of 2004
Ring around the rosy,A pocket full of posies,
Ashes… Ashes,We all fall down!
Written in London in 1665
Great fire of London finally killed the rats
The brown rat, house rat, sewer rat, Norway rat = carriers of Bubonic Plague
Gangrene caused by plague
CDC
13 cases reported in Oregon (5 fatal) since 1970.
Mostly spread from fleas of infected rodents.
E. coli normally live in the intestines.› Most strains of e.
coli are harmless› Harmful e. coli are
transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected person.
Severe stomach cramps
Diarrhea (usually bloody)
Vomiting Fever (low grade)
Treatment / Prevention
42,000 cases reported every year.
Causes diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps
A result of contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.
Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left untreated.
Five types of botulism:› Foodborne› Wound› Infant› Adult intestinal› Iatrogenic
Symptoms include:› Double vision, blurred vision, drooping
eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness.
Antitoxin is available for treatment
Proper food handling› Especially in food preservation
› Be wary of dented, bulging cans
Botulism’s not all bad….
Caused by parasite› Transmitted by mosquito
› Once injected into the human, the parasite grows and multiples first in the liver and then the red blood cells.
About 1,500 cases reported every year in the U.S.› From travelers and/or immigrants› Malaria considered eradicated from U.S. in
1950’s. 3.3 billion people diagnosed worldwide
› Thrives in tropical and subtropical areas.
Fever Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy
nose Muscle or body
aches Fatigue Headaches
Flu seasons vary from year to year
About 20% of US population infected every year› Higher among susceptible populations
Three main types of flu virus: Types A, B & C› Type A causes the greatest morbidity and
mortality Example: H1N1 (2009 Epidemic)
Since the late 19th century, four occurrences of pandemics› 1889-1891; 1918-1920; 1957-1958; 1968-
1969 2009; H1N1
› Was that the pandemic for our time??
Type A cycles every 50-100 years
What’s different about Type A influenza?
20-33% world’s population is infected with TB› Majority of the above = “Dormant TB”
Can be dormant for 30 years
› Only 5-10% will become “active” TB
TB bacteria produces nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing› Airborne
Public.health.oregon.gov
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus› Staph bacteria resistant to certain
antibiotics called beta-lactams.
Often appears as pustule or boil› May think of a spider bite at first.
HA-MRSA = Health care acquired› More serious and potentially deadly
CA-MRSA = Community acquired› Anyone is at risk
Contaminated Surfacesand Shared Items
Frequent Contact
Cleanliness
Crowding
Compromised Skin
Antimicrobial Use
(CDC, 2012)
Newberg, Oregon… › High schooler spread MRSA through
tattoos, several students infected.› Mainly spread through unclean needles.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus› April 2012 – present› Currently under investigation
› SARS-like virus
› Symptoms: fever, cough, shortness of breath
Ebola
Flesh-eating disease
Mad cow
Kissing disease
African Sleeping Sickness
Acne
Ulcer
Bad breath
Giardia
HAV HBV HCV
U.S. Stats 25,000 new infections/yr
43,000 new infections/yr
17,000 new infections/yr
Transmission Ingestion of fecal matter
Contact w/ infectious body fluids
Contact w/ infected blood
Severity Usually no lasting damage, rarely fatal
Most fully recover; Some develop liver disease; ~3,000 die / yr
60-70% develop chronic liver disease; 1-5% will die from liver cancer
Vaccine? Vaccine available
Vaccine available
No vaccine
Symptoms Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice
CDC, 2012
Human Immunodeficiency Virus = The cause of AIDS
AIDS = the end-stage of HIV disease
What exactly is HIV / AIDS?› How does it affect the immune system?
About 30-40 million people worldwide are living with HIV› How many of those live in the US?
Approximately 1 million
› Approximately 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have HIV
ELISA, confirmed with Western Blot Positive P24 antigen test Home tests
› Recently approved
The Affordable Care Act of 2010› Reduce number of new
infections› Increase access to care› Reduce HIV-related
disparities
2013 Budget› Estimated $28.4 billion
for domestic and global HIV/AIDS activities
Prevention campaigns
Gonorrhea
Syphilis