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United States United States HistoryHistory
Standard 8 ReviewStandard 8 Review
Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents
Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon
Issues:
Desegregate theArmed Forces
Result:
Southern Democrats break and form the Dixiecrats
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement
Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents
Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon
Issues:
Brown v. Board of Education,
Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960.
Result:
First Civil Rights Legislation since Reconstruction
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement
Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy Johnson
Nixon
Issues:
Proposed Civil Rights Legislation
Result: Southern Democrats blocked legislation in Congress
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement
Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents
Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon
Issues:
Proposed Civil Rights Legislation
Result:
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Fair Housing Act of 1968
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement
Civil Rights and the PresidentsCivil Rights and the Presidents
Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon
Issues:
Southern Strategy
Result: Conservative Southerners leave the Democratic Party for the Republican Party
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement
Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.
Non-violent
South
Montgomery Bus boycott sit-ins
Birmingham campaignMarch on Washington
Freedom SummerSelma March
Civil Rights LeadersCivil Rights Leaders
Malcolm XMalcolm X Stokely Stokely CarmichealCarmicheal
“By any means
necessary”
Militant-- Black Power
North North
Media coverage of urban riots and the radical ideas
undermined the movement.
Civil Rights LeadersCivil Rights Leaders
Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education
Established “Separate but Equal”
Overturned “Separate but Equal”
Civil Rights and the Supreme Civil Rights and the Supreme CourtCourt
Civil Rights and the Supreme Civil Rights and the Supreme CourtCourt
De jure segregation
De facto segregation
Segregation by law Segregation by fact
(not till 1974)(not till 1974)
The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the women’s women’s rights movement with the passage of the rights movement with the passage of the
Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment. The landmark Supreme . The landmark Supreme Court cases of Court cases of
Gideon v. WainwrightGideon v. Wainwright, and , and Miranda v. Miranda v. ArizonaArizona
further protected the rights of accused. further protected the rights of accused.
Impact of the Civil Rights Impact of the Civil Rights MovementMovement
Lyndon Johnson “Great Society”
1963-1969
Goals of the “Great Society”
1. Domestic Goals
A. Medicare & Medicaid
B. War on Poverty
C. Civil Rights Act of 1964
D. Voting Rights Act of 1965
E. Fair Housing Act of 1968
F. Education Legislation
1) Head-start
2) National Endowment for the
Arts and Humanities
Domestic Policies were very successful over time. Johnson
is still considered a failure due to VIETNAM
Richard Nixon “New Federalism”1968-1974
Goals of the “New Federalism”
1. Domestic Goals
A. Limit the Executive Branches ability to enforce civil rights
B. Southern Strategy- limit civil rights to attract Southern conservative voters. Turned the South into a Republican stronghold
C. Environmental Efforts 1) Clean Air and Water Act 2) Endangered Species Act 3) First Earth Day 4) Environmental Protection Agency
Domestic policies were successful, but Nixon is
considered a failure due to WATERGATE
John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon
Serve as advisors
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution—
escalated the war
Johnson becomes unpopular and does not see re-election
Vietnamization—turning the war over
to the South Vietnamese and
removing U.S. troops
Vietnam Vietnam
Major Events of Vietnam Era
Mai Lai Massacre
Nixon’s Bombing of Cambodia and Laos
Pentagon Paper s
Agent Orange
Kent State
War Powers Act
Tet Offensive
Impact of Television
Credibility gap
Vietnam Vietnam
Daniel Ellsberg’s leak Daniel Ellsberg’s leak of theof the Pentagon Pentagon PapersPapers, a government , a government study that revealed study that revealed widespread deception widespread deception about the situation in about the situation in Vietnam. Nixon Vietnam. Nixon organized a special organized a special White House unit, White House unit, nicknamed the nicknamed the PlumbersPlumbers, to stop , to stop government leaks. government leaks.
WatergateWatergate
The PLUMBERS made plans to wiretap The PLUMBERS made plans to wiretap the Democratic National Headquarters at the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate complex. The PLUMBERS the Watergate complex. The PLUMBERS were arrested and tied to were arrested and tied to NIXONNIXON. This . This
became known as the Watergate Scandal. became known as the Watergate Scandal. Nixon Nixon resignedresigned to avoid to avoid impeachment.impeachment.
WatergateWatergate
During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the Supreme Court ruled in favor of school Supreme Court ruled in favor of school integrationintegration. The Supreme Court also ruled that . The Supreme Court also ruled that busing was allowed to stop de facto segregation busing was allowed to stop de facto segregation in in Swain v. Mecklenburg.Swain v. Mecklenburg.
The Supreme Court expanded women’s right to The Supreme Court expanded women’s right to chose in chose in RoeRoe v. Wade v. Wade in 1973. in 1973.
The Conservative Backlash of The Conservative Backlash of the 1980’sthe 1980’s
These events combined with These events combined with the social overtones of the 60’s the social overtones of the 60’s and 70’s, and increased media and 70’s, and increased media coverage caused a conservative coverage caused a conservative movement during the 1980’s.movement during the 1980’s.
Changes in the Supreme Court: Changes in the Supreme Court: The Court becomes more The Court becomes more
ConservativeConservative due to the due to the appointment of 6 judges by appointment of 6 judges by Presidents Reagan and Bush. Presidents Reagan and Bush. President Reagan appointed President Reagan appointed the first female to the Supreme the first female to the Supreme Court when he appointed Court when he appointed Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor
The Conservative backlash of The Conservative backlash of the 1980’sthe 1980’s
Reagan
Reaganomics-- cut taxes,
government spending, cut social programs
Supply-side economics- stimulate
the economy
with surplus of goods
Record
Deficit
Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events
G.H.W. Bush
Huge Deficit
1990
recession
Gulf War
Debt
Recession caused him to lose the election of
1992
Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events
Clinton
Economic growth
Cut government spending
Fall of Communism
Creation of
NAFTA
Creation of European
Union
Impeachment
Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events
G.W. Bush
Election of 2000
War on Terror
Gap between rich and
poor increases
Collapse of the housing
market
Bank failures
Bank bailout
Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events
Obama
Bank bailout
Healthca
re initiative
Troop
withdrawal
Economic Polices/Important Economic Polices/Important Events Events
Change in Job Structure
Mechanization, globalization, and increased immigration caused a loss of manufacturing jobs in the U.S.
Mechanization—machines replaced people –LOSS OF JOBS
Globalization—companies started producing goods in other countries –LOSS OF JOBS
Immigration—immigrants take low paying jobs –LOSS OF JOBS
Loss of manufacturing jobs has led to growth in service industries
80% of Americans work in service industries
Camp David Accords—President Carter Camp David Accords—President Carter negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.Egypt.
Iran Hostage Situation: Islamic Iran Hostage Situation: Islamic fundamentalist over throw the democratic fundamentalist over throw the democratic government of Iran and take 52 Americans government of Iran and take 52 Americans Hostage. They are held for 444 days.Hostage. They are held for 444 days.
CarterCarter
Negotiated the release of the American Negotiated the release of the American Hostages. They were freed one day after Hostages. They were freed one day after
he took officehe took office
ReaganReagan
First Persian Gulf War- First Persian Gulf War-
caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily.caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily. U.S. presence in the Middle East angers many Islamic U.S. presence in the Middle East angers many Islamic
Fanatics. Fanatical groups like Al Qaeda begin to grow.Fanatics. Fanatical groups like Al Qaeda begin to grow.
George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush
Cold War eases with the reunification of Cold War eases with the reunification of GermanyGermany
Berlin Wall is torn downBerlin Wall is torn down
George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush
Attempted to broker peace between Israel and the Attempted to broker peace between Israel and the Palestinians living in Israel. It failed Palestinians living in Israel. It failed
Rise in Global Terrorism-- Rise in Global Terrorism--
• 11stst World Trade Center Bombing World Trade Center Bombing
• Attack on American Embassies in AfricaAttack on American Embassies in Africa
Bill ClintonBill Clinton
End of the Cold War. The End of the Cold War. The Soviet Union collapsesSoviet Union collapses
U.S. humanitarian efforts in U.S. humanitarian efforts in Somalia are stopped after Somalia are stopped after the “Black Hawk Down” the “Black Hawk Down” incidentincident
U.S. and NATO involvement U.S. and NATO involvement in the Balkan Conflictin the Balkan Conflict
Bill ClintonBill Clinton
Continued Rise in Global Terrorism— Continued Rise in Global Terrorism— • Attack on the U.S.S. ColeAttack on the U.S.S. Cole• 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the
United States.United States.
U.S. responds to the attacks by attacking Al U.S. responds to the attacks by attacking Al Qaeda at their base in Afghanistan.Qaeda at their base in Afghanistan.
George W. BushGeorge W. Bush
The U.S. expands the war in Afghanistan to The U.S. expands the war in Afghanistan to include the Taliban leadership of Afghanistan include the Taliban leadership of Afghanistan because they provided safety for Al Qaedabecause they provided safety for Al Qaeda
The U.S. finds evidence that Saddam Hussein and The U.S. finds evidence that Saddam Hussein and Iraq have provided aid to Al Qaeda and the Second Iraq have provided aid to Al Qaeda and the Second Persian Gulf War begins when U.S. Troops attack Persian Gulf War begins when U.S. Troops attack Iraq. Iraq.
George W. BushGeorge W. Bush
Ordered the Execution of Al Qaeda leader Ordered the Execution of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden
Won the Election of 2008 by promising to Won the Election of 2008 by promising to withdraw the U.S troops in Afghanistan and withdraw the U.S troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. This process is still ongoing. Iraq. This process is still ongoing.
Barack ObamaBarack Obama