Motivation
The direction and intensity of effort
Direction= types of activities a person likes
Intensity= how much work an individual puts forth in the situation
Trait-centered
Behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics (needs, goals, personality)
Can we change it?
Guidelines for Building Motivation
1. Both situation and traits motivate people2. People have multiple motives for
involvement (and some of these compete or change over time)
3. Change the environment to enhance motivation
4. Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly
5. Use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives
Types of Motivation
EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC
Influenced by outside factors such as rewards and punishment
Activity has inherent value because it is fun, interesting, or worthwhile
Extrinsic Motivation
Operant Conditioning- Type of learning where behavior is
strengthened by rewards and diminished by punishments
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWyZHSZf3TM
How does operant conditioning relate to extrinsic motivation?
Operant conditioning creates extrinsic motivation
Problems?
Intrinsic Motivation
Wanting to complete an activity because it is fun, worthwhile, or interesting
Also called achievement motivation because those who have it: Strive for success Persist in the face
of failure Experience pride in
accomplishments
Competitiveness
A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of others
Social-comparison
Interest
Situational- evoked temporarily by something in the environment
Ex. Playing games in class
Personal- long-term, relatively stable, based on personality
Ex. Your favorite sport
Expectancy
Belief about the likelihood of success in a given activity
Based on: Present ability level External
circumstances that may help or hinder performance.
4 Parts of Value
Important- associated with desirable personal qualities
Utility- how useful it is in the short run and the long run
Interest- brings pleasure and enjoyment Cost- effort versus reward
Attribution
Causal explanation for an event
How someone explains successes and failures
Types: Internal vs.
External Stable vs. Unstable Uncontrollable vs.
Controllable
So What?
there are emotional reactions to success and failure
how we see the world affects our expectations for future success or failure
future choices effort and persistence learning strategies and performance
Influences Attribution
past successes and failures situational cues messages from others image management-telling people what
they want to hear
How Others Influence US
We behave based on how others see us
Expectations of others influence how we see ourselves
“I am not who I think I am. I am not who you think I am. I am who I think you think I am.”
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Expectations for an outcome either directly or indirectly lead to the expected result
Achievement Goal Theory
Behavior depends on the type of goal and perceived ability
Types of goals: Outcome (whether you win or lose) Task (improve performance comparative to
past) Social (affiliation with group and being liked
by others)
Competence Motivation Theory
People want to feel worthy and competent
Feelings + Control= Motivation
High Achievers
high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure
focus on the pride of success
ascribe success to stable, internal, and controllable factors
ascribe failure to unstable, external, and uncontrollable factors
adopt task goals have high
perceived competence
seek out challenges, able competitors, and demanding tasks
perform well in evaluative conditions
Low Achievers
low motivation to achieve success and high motivation to avoid failure
focus on shame and worry that may result from failure
ascribe success to unstable, external, and uncontrollable factors
ascribe failure to stable, internal, and controllable factors
adopt outcome goals low perceived
competence avoid challenges,
seek out very easy or very hard tasks
perform poorly in evaluative conditions
5 Types
Learned Helplessness Fear of Failure Fear of Success Pathological Perfectionism Underachievement
Stages of Achievement
autonomous competence stage social comparison stage integrate (self- and social comparison)
stage