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& the Advent of the Scientific Method
ASTRONOMY
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ASTRO DAY 1
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ASTRONOMY – SCIENTIFIC* STUDY OF SPACE
Observations and explanations of celestial bodies, universe geography, movement, formation, energy…
Includes cosmology, the study of the origin of and the behavior of the universe.
* Not to be confused with Astrology a pseudoscience that uses celestial positions to predict events on Earth
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Ancient Peoples Studied the Skies
Built physical calendars - need to know the time of the year for planting & harvesting
Community cultural centers - pagan celebrations of the solstices
South America
Europe Asia
North America
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They Observed, and Inferred
Scientific observatory (Incan) Mythical explanation (Mayan)
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Observation 1=Sun, Moon, Stars in Motion
http://vimeo.com/42576356
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ASTRONOMY & WESTERN THOUGHT
Observed: stars/moon/sun in motion but no
evident Earth motion
Inferred: geocentric universe-all object revolve in perfect circles around Earth
Why circles?-the perfect geometric shape
No experimentation; Aristotle's reasoned explanation was enough
Aristotle 384-322 BC
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‘Wandering’Stars Pose a Challenge
Mars in Gemini December
Mars in Leo July
Planets Move Independent of ConstellationsPlanet= wanderer in Latin
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‘Wanderers’ Change Course
Retrograde motion
http://www.davidcolarusso.com/astro/http://www.lasalle.edu/~smithsc/Astronomy/retrograd.html
Planets Appear to move backwards (Retro) and then forward again
What might cause this?
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New Observations Dictate a New Hypothesis
Ptolomy creates epicycles- orbits on orbits - to explain retrograde motion
Many tries but can’t make epicycles work (80+!) Still, a lasting hypothesis
http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ssm/animations/ptolemaic.swf
Ptolomy 140 AD
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ASTRO DAY2
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Need a New Hypothesis
Unable to make epicycles work also
Instead: Proposes the universe is heliocentric (sun centered); orbits are still perfect circles
Waited until old age to publish, and then in Italian, not Latin why?
Copernicus 1473-1543 AD
http://science.larouchepac.com/kepler/newastronomy/part1/copernicus.html
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Copernicus -no evidence it just made sense
Its an optical illusion -
• the planets simply move at different speeds
• like passing a slower car on the freeway: it appears to go backwards
Possible Explanation to Retrograde
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The Advent Of Empiricism
Used a telescope to generate evidence in support of heliocentric model
1. Discovered Jupiter had moons
2. Phases of Venus make clear Venus orbits the sun
Gailileo Galilei 1564-1642
Venus phases diagram and animation
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Data Makes The Difference
Tycho Brahe 1546-1601
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630
Inferred the movement of the planetary orbits & made 3 laws
Couldn‘t make sense of it
35 yrs of detailed data on planet positions
Inherited and analyzed the data
Video summary
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Kepler’s 1st Law of Planetary Motion:
‘ovalness’ = eccentricity
http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/tomley/Kepler12.html
The planets orbits are ellipses with the sun at one of two foci
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Kepler’s 2nd Law of Planetary Motion
Planet must go faster when closer to sun and slower when farther from sun
Almost worked out gravity!
http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/tomley/Kepler12.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072482621/student_view0/interactives.html#
The planets sweep out equal areas in equal time
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Kepler’s 3rd Law of Planetary Motion
p2=d3
p = period in years
d = distance in astronomical units (AU)
1AU = distance between sun and Earth
(150,000,000km)
boojum.as.arizona.edu