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© T. M. Whitmore
Exam 1 on Tuesday•Covers text reading (Chapters 1-3) &
class lectures through North America only (i.e., nothing on Latin America)
•Multiple choice – thus needs a scantron sheet & pencil
•Review session:Monday OR Sunday? 7 PMHere? or Saunders 220?Email to advise
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Today•Latin America & the Caribbean
Very Diverse Physical environment
Legacies of Indigenous (pre-Columbian) peoples
The Columbian “encounter”
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Last Time -- QUESTIONS? •North America
PovertyDefining “regions” – the “South”
•Latin America & the Caribbean (combined)Very Diverse Physical environment
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© T. M. Whitmore
South America sub-regions
•Andes mountains•Shield rock highlands of Brazil
and Venezuela/Guianas•Lowlands and major river basins
AmazonOrinocoParana & Paraguay (Río de la Plata)
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3 physiographic regions1) Andes2) “highlands”3) lowlands
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NASA WorldWind
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Río de la PlataModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image of the Rio de la Plata estuary (Argentina), with input of river water from the Uruguay and Parana rivers notably visible. Buenos Aires is the semi-circular gray area southeast of the inland end of the estuary. Click on the image for a larger version.
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South American Climates•Equatorial Amazonia
•Wet-dry tropical forest and savannah
•Temperate humid SE South America
•Semi-arid Southern cone
•Andean mountain climates
•Western coastal deserts
•Chilean Mediterranean & Marine West coast
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Equatorial Amazonia & Wet-dry tropical forest and savannah•Abundant rain in Equatorial rainforest
•Seasonal rainfall in wet-dry tropical savannahSavannah vegetation
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savanna
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© W.H. Freeman & Co.
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Temperate humid SE South America & Semi-arid Argentina•Temperate humid SECfa climate (temperate, i.e., non-tropical) (like NC)
Pampas grasslands
•Semi-arid Southern ConeRain shadow E of Andes in Patagonia and along foothills farther N
Grasslands
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Andean mountain climates & Western coastal deserts
•AndesPrinciple of altitudinal vegetation zones
Tectonics
•Coastal DesertsEl Niño phenomena (warm water instead of cold along coast)
Many areas with no rain at all – except in El Niño events
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winds
windsDry ---- Wet
Dry ---- Dry
Wet ---- Dry
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Terraces near Tarma, Peru
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N. AtlanticGyre
S. AtlanticGyre
Trade winds
Trade winds
S. PacificGyre
Peru
(Hum
bo
ldt)
Current
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El Niño Conditions
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Chilean Mediterranean & Marine West coast
•N Chile = Atacama desert;
•Mid Chile = a Mediterranean climate (like Spain or Italy or S California!);
•S Chile = cool wet “marine west coast” climate (like Oregon or Washington or W Europe!)
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Pillars that form modern Latin America: # 1
•Legacies of Indigenous (pre-Columbian) peoples Geography of Indigenous peoples (Amerindians) of Latin America - Pre-Columbian (at time of European arrival)
Amerindian contributions to agriculture
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Indigenous peoples: Northern Mexico
•Bands and small pops - collectively often called Chichimechunting and gathering economies
small populations (1 - 2 m)
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Indigenous peoples: Mesoamerica
•State-like political structures (Aztec, Tarascan, Huastec, Zapotec, Maya, etc)
•Large populations
•Significant urbanization
•Sophisticated agriculture systems
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Chichimec N Mexico
Mesoamerica
Tenochtitlán•
Aztec Maya
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Indigenous peoples: Caribbean
•3 major cultural groupsCiboneyTaino or ArawakCarib
•Large populations
•Special agriculture (conuco) and fishing
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Carib
Taino or Arawak
Ciboney
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Indigenous peoples: Amazonia
•Smallish populations
•Larger pops and sedentary agricultural lifestyle along major rivers
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Indigenous peoples: Southern Cone
•Much like Northern Mexico
•H-G
•Low populations < 2 m
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Inca
Amazonia& Lowland SA
SouthernCone
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Indigenous peoples: Andean highlands and
coast•Inka empire: Columbia to N. Chile
•Well organized conquest state
•Large populations
•Sophisticated agriculture exploiting many elevation niches
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Indigenous peoples III•Andean highlands and coast
Inka empire: Columbia to N. ChileWell organized conquest stateLarge populationsSophisticated agriculture exploiting many elevation nichesTerraces (andenes in Spanish, hence Andes)
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Inca
Amazonia& Lowland SA
SouthernCone
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Amerindian contributions to global agriculture I
•Some major Foods: Maize (corn)Beans (lima, green, black, pinto,
etc.)PeanutsPotatoes (NOT Irish!) Squashes (including pumpkin)Sweet potatoes (what are incorrectly
called yams)ChiliesVanillaCacao (Chocolate - that staff of life)Pecan
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Amerindian contributions to global agriculture II
•Foods: PapayaCashewManioc (or cassava, yuca - you know
as tapioca)AvocadoTomatoes (what did the Italians do
before 1492?)PineappleGuavaand many, many others (especially
fruits)
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Amerindian contributions to agriculture III
•Non-foodsCotton (all commercial types)TobaccoRubber (latex)Coca (source of cocaine)Indigo (blue jeans dye)Hemp/sisal
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Amerindian contributions to agriculture IV
•Animals Guinea pigLlamaAlpacaTurkeyand very few others
•About 1/3 of the world’s total agricultural crops are Amerindian in origin
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Pillar # 2: Legacies of Spanish and Portuguese
colonialism•Conquest of Latin America
•Amerindian population collapse
•Colonial economic systems in Latin America
•Other legacies of colonialism in Latin America
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Conquest of Latin America •Columbus - 1492 (+ 4 other voyages)
•1519 Cortés left Cuba to conquer Aztec state
•Pizarro arrived on Peru coast 1527 and found Inka in civil war => relatively easy conquest in 4 years
•Portuguese conquest confined to Brazil after its “discovery” in 1500 => Brazil speaks Portuguese while most of LA speaks Spanish
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Amerindian population collapse
•Caused primarily by infectious disease brought by Europeans, their African slaves, and animals
•Amerindians never exposed to common Old World diseases such as: smallpox, typhus, plague, severe influenza, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and many others 1st exposure infected everyone (called virgin soil diseases)
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Consequences for Amerindians•Pre-Columbian population of Latin
America ~ 50-60 m
•Horrifying scale of lossAbout 90% of Amerindian pop died in 100-150 yrs
Compare with European Black Death –it killed 25 - 35% in Europe over 100 yrs in 1300s
•Nadir (minimum) population ~ 5 m!
•Contemporary population ~ 40 m
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Amerindian Population Collapse
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AMERINDIAN DEPOPULATION
REGIONPRE- COLUMBIAN
POPULATION (millions)NADIR
POPULATION (millions)CURRENT
POP (millions)
NorthAmerica
3 - 4 0.2519thth C
2 - 3
Mexico 17 217thth C
11
CentralAmerica
5 - 6 0.517thth C
6 - 7
Caribbean 3 virtually extinct16thth C
0
Andes 14 - 15 1.5 - 2 17thth C
17
Lowland SouthAmerica
9 217thth C (?)
2
TOTALS MID 50s < 10 NEAR 40
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Amerindian & Mestizo Populations
•European men and Amerindian women produced mestizos
•Mestizos are a majority in most of Spanish-speaking Latin America
•Large minorities of pop speak Amerindian languages in: Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia, PeruE.g., new president of Bolivia speaks Aymara