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Set of widely held beliefs, values, and norms concerning how political and economic life are carried out
Defines relationship of people and government
De Tocqueville America is…
Abundant in fertile land Has countless opportunities to get land and make
living Independent spirit
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Shared Enlightenment theory
Core Liberty – life liberty and pursuit of happiness Equality – “All men are created equal” Individualism – dignity of individuals Democracy – people rule; consent of governed Rule of law – law is supreme to all people Civic duty – sense of community and
responsibility
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Changing Values Industrial revolution – inequality of wealth
Capitalism and Free Enterprise Different from equality of earlier times
Values since 1930s “Promote general welfare” is purpose of
government “Second Bill of Rights” – economic security
and independence (Civil Rights, Great Society, Health Care)
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Americans must be tolerant of opinions and actions of others
Most Americans… Agree with free speech, religion, petition
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1950s and 1960 high trust End of 1960s – today
Significant decline in trust Vietnam, Watergate
Political Efficacy – dropping recently Citizens understanding and influence political
events Internal Efficacy – understand and take part in political
affairs External Efficacy – belief government will respond to
needs and beliefs
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Explosive issues – abortion, gay rights, drugs, school prayer, terrorism, US role in world affairs
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Distribution of individual attitudes about a particular issue, candidate, or political institution.
Measuring Gallup – Polls Answer a political question
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Measuring cont’ Representative Sample – representative of the
population Random sampling – each person has equal
probability of being selected – 1000-1500 polled Respondent knowledge – need some knowledge,
can’t answer “I don’t know” Careful and objective wording – no loaded questions Cost efficiency v. accuracy Variances between samples
Sampling errors – same poll conducted with different random samples will produce slightly different results
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Political Socialization – lifelong process through which an individual acquires opinions through contact with others or media
Determines how we participate, vote, parties to support
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Family – most important, especially for party identification
Gender – men = military, women = sexual harassment; since 1960s women vote democrat
Married v. Unmarried – singles = democrat, married = republican
Religion – Protestant = conservative, Jews = liberal, Catholics= liberal on economics, but not social
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Education – In general higher education = conservative political views, yet college education = more liberal social and economic attitudes. Overall the more education the more liberal attitudes
Social Class – less clear
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Race – Blacks = democrats (Civil Rights); Hispanics = Liberal, Democrat; Asians more conservative in thought but supported Kerry and Obama
Geographic Region – East and west Coasts are a bit more conservative, but major cities on each support liberal, Democrats
Age – under 30 =democrat
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Political Ideology – coherent set of beliefs about political policy
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Issue Liberal Conservative
Health care Available to all, national health system
Private ins companies
Crime Cure economic and social causes
Punishment
Business Regulation Government regulation
Free market
Military Spending Spend less Spend more
Taxes Tax rich, government should reduce economic inequality
Low taxes
Welfare State Govt helps poor Rugged individualism
Civil rights Pro civil rights Limited govt role
Abortion Pro choice Pro-life
Religion Separation of church and state
Faith based political initiatives
Same Sex marriage Legalize it Ban it, no civil unions
Offshore Drilling Prevent it; environmental costs
Prefer it
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Some people may have a combination of both especially between economic and social issues
Neo-Con – Conservative movement after 9/11; counter global terrorism, affiliate as Republicans – Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld
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# identifying as Democrats increased slightly But…Liberal 28% Conservative 38% Moderate 36%
People under 30 liberal 27%
People over 65 45%
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Various activities citizens employ in their efforts to influence policy making and selecting leaders
In general, comparatively active in politics
Low voter turn out
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Types of participation Follow presidential campaigns, voting in
presidential elections Who participates
Education – more education=more likely to vote Religious Involvement – increase of religious
involvement=higher political activity Race/Ethnicity – depends on education and
wealth Age – 45 and above vote!
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Gender – since 1992, women exceeded men in voting
2 party competition – more competitive=higher turnouts
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Expanding suffrage (in order) States decide qualifications of voters; white,
male, over 21, own property Lift Property restrictions – Universal
Manhood Suffrage (voting for all white males)
Suffrage for Black Men – 15th amendment Jim crow, Literacy tests, Poll taxes – Federal Voting
Rights Act 1965, 24th Amendment – no Poll taxes Women’s Suffrage – 19th Amendment 18+ can vote – 26 the Amendment
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Registered voters # that actually vote in an election v.
eligible voters 75 to 80% of Registered voters vote But…. Only 50% of Eligible voters vote
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Motor Voter Act (National Voter Registration Act) Register while applying for or renewing a
driver’s license Help America Vote Act- improve state
voting systems; in response to Florida election fiasco in 2000
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Difficulty of absentee voting Number of offices to elect Weekday voting Weak political parties Impact of 2000 election
Help America Vote Act Election Assistance Commission
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Provisional Voting Used when it is not clear if the voter is
registered Early Voting
Vote before election day in person or by mail Same day voter registration
Register and vote on same day On-line voting
Scanning, uploading submitting the ballot on computer