4
2
1 (homosphere)
90
()
2 (heterosphere)
90 10,000
(km) (km)
700-2000
800
H2 H
2
He2 He
2
O2
N2, O
2
3500
1100
200
90
O�NO�O�2
N�2 e�
1.1
90
5
1.4
90-200
- 200-1,100 O�, NO�, O�
2 , N�2
- 1,100-3,500 - 3,500
4
(pause)
1 (troposphere)
15 6.5 1
-
(tropopause)
2 (stratosphere) 2 20 50
( ) (temperature inversion) �60
�3 (stratopause) 50
6
3 (mesosphere) 50 80 �5
�90 (noctilucent cloud)
75-90
1.2
1.2
(mesopause)
4 (thermosphere) 90-500
1,000
200
(exosphere)
7
1.3
(ionosphere)
60-600
(ultraviolet) (X-ray) (cosmic ray)
8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
1 1
9
(energy) (ability to do work)
3 1. (conduction)
( )
2 (convection)
( ) 3 (radiation)
(absolute temperature) 0 -273.15
3
10
1.4 3
( ) (electromagnetic wave)
1.5
1.5
(Electromagnetic wave) 3�108
1.6 0.39-0.74 340-740
( ) ( )
Radiation
ConductionConvection
11
1.6
45 2 8 47
( ) ( )
(black body)
(E) T
- (Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law)
E � �T4 (1.1)
E T (W/m2)
� - 5.67�10�8 W/m2�K4
T ( )
6,000 288 20 - 160,000 (204 � 160,000)
105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020
103 102 10 1 10�1 10�2 10�3 10�4 10�5 10�6 10�7 10�8 10�9 10�10 10�11 10�12
1
(Hz)
(m)
E � �T4
12
(105 ) (10�14 )
(Wien’s law) (�
max) T
�max
� 2897T
(1.2)
�max
T (m)
T (K)
6,000 K
�max
� 28976000
� 0.48 m
0.4-0.7
288 K
�max
� 2897288
� 10 m
1.7
1.7
�max
� 2897T
13
1. 2.
3. 1
4. 5. 310
99
0.1 – 3.0 (shortwave energy)
1.1
1.1
0.1 – 0.4 (UV) 2 – 3
0.4 – 0.7 (visible light) 46 – 47
0.7 – 1.5 (near IR) 38
1.5 – 1,000 (far IR) 11
� 0.15 � 1,000 - 1
1. 2.
3. 1
4.
5. 310
1 2
3
14
- (0.1-0.4 m) 2–3
- (0.4-0.7 m) 46 – 47
- (0.7-1.5 m) 38
- (1.5-1,000 m) 11
- 1
1 2,000,000 (
) (Solar constant)
1,367 (W/m2) 2
(cal/cm2)
1.8
23.5
15
2
(albedo)
0 1 (
1 100% 0)
0.9 0.1
0.9 90 1.2
1.2 (albedo)
( ) (fresh snow) 0.75 – 0.95
0.30 – 0.40
0.70 – 0.90
0.60 – 0.84
0.44 – 0.50
(Venus) 0.78 (Earth) 0.3
0.07 0.35 – 0.45
0.25 – 0.30
0.17 – 0.27
( ) 0.10 ( ) 0.15 – 0.25
: Oliver and John (2002)
16
(scattering) ( )
1.9
1.9
(Scattered power)
(particle)
P � k D6
�4 (1.3)
P D � k
7 380-760
( 78) 0.15 (0.00015 ) ( 20.9) 0.14 (0.00014 )
100
P � k D6
�4
17
(randomness motion)
0.5
1.11
1.10 CIMSS (2017)
18
(insolation)
3
15 288
99 3 100
10 ( ) 20
(surface emissivity)
97
1. (latent heat)
(evaporation) (condensation)
2. (sensible heat)
1.11
(conduction-convection) (sensible temperature)
19
1.11
Means (2018)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 3
20
(
)
( )
1.12
1.12
: Watt (2013)
21
1.13 ( 100%) 23.2%
6.7% 22.9% 47.2%
23.2%�6.7% � 29.2% (earth’s albedo) 0.292
47.2% (Back radiation) 97.7%
144.9% (greenhouse effect) 116.1%
28.5% 144.6% 0.3%
( ) (
) (global energy balance)
1. 2. 3.
1.
2. 3.
1 4
22
1. 6 2.
3. 4.
5.
1.
2. 3. 4.
23
K nowledge
•
•
• 2 1.
2. 90 10,000
• 4
1.
2. 20 50 ( )
3. 50 80
4. 90-500