Organelles do the work of cellseach structure has a job to do
keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Model Animal Cell
They’re likemini-organs!
Function________________ center of cell________________ DNA
instructions for building proteins Structure
nuclear ____________ nucleolus
________________ factorychromosomes
________________
Determines __________ of cell.
Nuclear DNA is the hereditary blueprint and is attached to proteins, forming long fibers of chromatin.
During reproduction, chromatin coils up into structures called chromosomeschromosomes.
Enclosing the nucleus is a nuclear membrane which is a double membrane perforated double membrane perforated with pores through which with pores through which materials enter and leave the materials enter and leave the nucleus.nucleus.
The ________________ consists of parts of chromatin DNA combined with RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made
Ribosomes on ER
Function__________ factoriesread instructions to build proteins from DNA
Structure some free in __________ some attached to __________
Ribosomes are composed of ________________ RNA RNA (rRNA)(rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (known as a Ribonucleoprotein or RNP)
It translates messenger RNA (mRNA)messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein)
Ribosomes consist of 1 1 ________________ subunit subunit and and 1 1 ________________ subunit subunit and both work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis protein synthesis
ribosomesbuild proteins
Functionworks on _____________helps complete the
proteins after ribosome builds them
makes_____________
Structure _____________ ER
ribosomes attached works on proteins
_____________ ER makes membranes
““Rough”Rough” refers to the appearance of ________________ over the surface of the organelle giving it a bumpy or “rough” appearance.
Network of interconnected flattened sacs with two main functions. One is to ________________ and the second is to make make ________________ that are secreted by the cell.
Ribosomes of R.E.R. synthesize the antibody’s polypeptides, which assemble into functional proteins inside the E.R. that are exported from the ER via a tiny sac called a transport vesicletransport vesicle. This takes the protein to where it will carry out its function in the cell.
Continuous with the R.E.R. and is an interconnected network of tubules that ___________ ribosomes ribosomes
Contains ___________ in its membrane. Actively works to synthesize synthesize ___________, including
fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Each product is made of a particular kind of cell
(SER in cells of ovaries and testis synthesize the steroid sex hormones.)
SER in liver is more extensive as it is a huge regulatory site for metabolism in the bodily system (regulation of blood sugar in the system and regulation of harmful chemicals from drugs and other substances)
As the amount of drug increases in the system, more SER is created to metabolize it and thus a larger dose is required to achieve a similar effect, such as sedation. Leads to tolerance of drugs and foreign substances.
_______________, _______________, and _______________ cell products which are mainly proteins
Named after Italian physician Camillo Golgi
Is a stack of _______________ ___________ called cisternae formed of membranes that are not interconnected
Size and layers of Golgi apparatus depends on how active the cell is in secreting proteins
Performs several functions in close partnership with the SER by receiving and modifying substances created by the ER
One side of it serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles and is referred to as the __________ face__________ face
Takes _______ materials and modifies them chemically
Other side of Golgi is the shipping center and is referred to as the _________ face _________ face and functions to ‘______________ and _______________________________ and _________________’ molecules molecules into different batches for different destinations
When modification is finished, transport vesicles are created for exporting these chemicals out of the plasma membrane or another organelle, such as a lysosome
Function food
used to make energy & recycle
digest broken organelles
Structure membrane sac of digestive enzymes
Also known as a “_________________________”
Produced by the _______________ and the _________________________
Consist of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac.
Process: R.E.R. puts enzymes and membranes together, Golgi apparatus chemically refines enzymes and releases mature lysosomes.
Demonstrates the main theme of _________________________.
Lysosomal membrane encloses a compartment where digestive enzymes are stored safely isolated form the rest of the cytoplasm (similar to stomach lining and HCl acid content.)
Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal system. After the bacterium is enclosed in a vacuole, vesicles containing lysosomal enzymes (sometimes called primary lysosomes) fuse with it. The pH becomes more acidic and this activates the enzymes. The vacuole thus becomes a secondary lysosome and degrades the bacterium.
Lysosomes also degrade worn out organelles such as mitochondria
Lysosomes have several types of digestive functions: 1. Fuse with food vacuoles to release molecules such as amino acids for example and leave the lysosome to be reused by the cell2. Help destroy harmful bacteria (breakdown the bacterial wall inside of white blood cells), serve as recycling centers for damaged organelles (digests parts of organelles and making its molecules available for construction of new organelles), 3. Works in embryonic development to destroy the webbing that joins the fingers of human embryos
If lysosomes lack enzymes to digest particular molecules or organelles, it can lead to very fatal complications (Tay-Sachs disease ravage the nervous system by not being able to digest lipids and they build in excess in the brain and cause major brain damage)
Peroxisomes may resemble a lysosome, however, they are not formed in the Golgi complex.
They bud off from the ER and are self replicating
Peroxisomes in the liver function to rid the rid the body of toxicbody of toxic substances such as fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, purines
Perosixomes also participates in the synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, lipids lipids used to make myelinmyelin.
Peroxisomes in plant cells participate is such functions as
symbiotic nitrogen fixationsymbiotic nitrogen fixation
Functionmoving material
around cellstorage
Structuremembrane sacsmall food
particle
vesicle
vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes
vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients
plant cellplant cell
contractilevacuole contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole food vacuole food vacuole
Function in general cell ____________________ Membranous sacs that come in different
shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions. Plants have large vacuoles and may help cell grow by absorbing water. They also may store chemicals or waste products for metabolism-pigments that attract pollinators, as well as poisons that protect against plant-eating animals.
The control of water concentration in a cell is a major function. Paramecium [single celled water dwelling organism] have two contractile vacuoles that take in water and contract frequently to regulate the concentration of water in the cell to prevent the cell from being too dilute and eventually bursting.
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage
Making more cells to replace, repair & grow,
the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles
between 2 new “daughter” cellsorganelles that do this work…
nucleus centrioles