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MESOPOTAMIA
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Mesopotamia
“Land between the rivers” Between the Tigris River and Euphrates
River Fertile Crescent
Little rain Silt from river
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Mesopotamia
Flooding Snow melt
Irrigation and drainage ditches Allowed for systematic agriculture Abundance of food Allowed for large cities, civilization
Assyria Akkad Sumer
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Mesopotamia
The rampant flood which no man can oppose,
Which shakes the heavens and causes earth to tremble,
In an appalling blanket folds mother and child,
And drowns the harvest in its time of ripeness.
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Religion
Harsh climate and frequent famines Polytheism (poly = many, theos = god)
Belief in many gods Nearly 3000 gods and goddesses
Humans obey and serve gods Work hard to keep them happy
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Sumerian Gods
Anu Sky god Father of gods, evil spirits, and demons
Enki God of water Created man Assign roles to each god Established civilizations
Enlil God of wind and agriculture
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Sumer
3000 BCE Established many cities in southern
Mesopotamia Eridu Ur Uruk
City-states City and surrounding lands
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Cities
Uruk (2700 BCE) Walls 6 miles long Towers every 30-35 feet Population: 50,000 Social stratification
Small houses for peasants Larger buildings for city officials, priests, etc. Social identity
Mud-brick houses
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Ur (2100 BCE)
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Religion
Ziggurat Massive stepped tower on which temple was
built Center of city
Physically Economically Politically
Surplus food stored in temple
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Government
Theocracy Believed gods ruled cities Priests and priestesses very powerful
Divine authority Kings
Led armies Public works Organized workers
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“You in your judgment, you are the son of Anu. Your commands, like the work of a god, cannot be reversed. Your words, like rain pouring down from heaven, are without number”
-- Anonymous Sumerian
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Economy
Farming Industry
Textiles Pottery Metalworking
Weapons Jewelry
Trade Import
Copper Tin Timber
Export Fish Wool Barley Wheat Metal goods
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Trade
Land Wheel
Invented around 3000 BCE Made transport much easier
Water Seas and rivers
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Social Classes
Nobles Royalty Religious officials
Commoners Palace workers Farmers Merchants Fishers Craftsmen
Slaves
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Writing
Cuneiform Clay tablets Stylus
Tool for writing Record-keeping
Trade records Day-to-day activities
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Writing
Scribes Accounting and record-keeping Educated males
Training Sunrise to sunset Copy texts Probably boring Very harsh
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Ancient Near Eastern Text
In the tablet-house, the monitor said to me:“Why are you late?” I was afraid, my heart beatFast. I entered before my teacher, took my place.My “school-father” read my tablet to me,Said, “The word is cut off,” caned me.He who was in charge of drawing said “Why whenI was not here did you stand up?” caned me.He who was in charge of the gate said “Whywhen I was not here did you go out?” caned me.My teacher said “Your hand is not good,” caned me.
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Ancient Near Eastern Text
“What did you do in school?”“I read my tablet, wrote it, finished
it; then my prepared lines wereprepared for me and in the
afternoon, my hand copies were prepared for me
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Literature
The Epic of Gilgamesh
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Technology
Wheel Transport people and goods more easily
Potter’s wheel Make pottery more easily
Sundial Keep time
Arch Stronger construction
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Technology
Metalwork Bronze = copper + tin
Mathematics 60-base number system Geometry
Astronomy Charted constellations Hour = 60 minutes