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Important gases in atmosphere as they relate to atmospheric pressure
State Change of water Humidity and dew points affecting weather Explain motion of hot and cold particles
› Heat stored in water vapor
Condensation of clouds Processes that lift air and cause cloud formation Cloud classification Precipitation processes Air pressure, barometer, annemometer Wind factors
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Precipitation – any form of water that falls from a cloud› Rain, fog, snow, sleet, hail
Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere› Only makes up a small fraction
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3 states of water ? , ? , ? Solid, liquid, gas
Temperatures and pressure allow for the changes
Allows water to freely leave oceans as a gas & return as a liquid (water cycle)
All water passes through the atmosphere as water vapor.
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Solid to Liquid› Energy is transferred in the form of heat› Latent heat – “hidden” heat
Ice melting
Liquid to Gas› Evaporation – motion of molecules enables
escape the surface of the liquid and become a gas (pool/tub – cooling)
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Condensation – water vapor changes to a liquid state.
› Water molecules release their stored heat› Clouds and fog
Solid to a Gas› Sublimation – solid directly to a gas
No liquid state – dry ice› Deposition – vapor directly to a solid
Frost on car window
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Humidity – general term for the amount of water vapor in the air
Saturation – number of vapor molecules leaving the surface equals the number returning› Saturated warm air contains more water
vapor than saturated cold aid› dew, fog & clouds require saturation
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Relative Humidity – ratio of air’s actual water-vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor air can hold at that temperature.› How near saturation air is
› Can be changed in 2 ways Adding or removing water vapor Temperature
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When water vapor content of air remains constant, lowering air temperature causes and increase in relative humidity, and rising air temperature causes a decrease in relative humidity
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Dew Point – important measure of humidity› Temperature to which a parcel of air would
need to be cooled to reach saturation
High dew point temperatures indicate moist air
Low dew point temperatures indicate dry air
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Hygrometer –› measures humidity
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Heat can be quickly exchanged between the ground and the air above.› Night – surface radiates heat causing cooling
When air is compressed gas molecules increase movement and air temperature increases.
When air is allowed to expand, it cools.
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Adiabatic Temperature Changes – temperature changes when no heat is added or subtracted. › adiabatic cooling
As molecules spread out with increase height and decreased pressure, they become less agitated and vibrate slower.
As a result, the temperature drops
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› adiabatic warming- as air cools down, it begins to fall towards the Earth’s surface As it sinks, the pressure pushes air
molecules closer together, causing them to become more agitated and heating them up again.
As a result, their temperature rises, even though no heat has been added.
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Processes that lift air – › 4 mechanisms –
frontal wedging convergence orographic lifting localized convection lifting
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› Frontal Wedging – masses of warm air rise and collide with cold air. The colder air acts as a barrier and less dense air rises
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Convergence – air in the lower atmosphere flowing together resulting in an uplift. (clouds and adiabatic cooling)
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› Orographic lifting: elevated terrains act as a barrier to air flow
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› Localized convection lifting – unequal heating may cause warmed pockets of air to be heated more than the surrounding air. Air moves upwards causing thermals
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Clouds – form of condensation best described as visible mixtures of tiny droplets of water of tiny crystals of ice.› Show what is going on in the atmosphere› Classified based on form and height
Cirrus Cumulus Stratus
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› Cirrus – high clouds, white and thin, whispy fibers, feathery
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› Cumulus – rounded individual cloud masses “cauliflower “ structure
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› Stratus – sheets or layers; no distinct individual cloud unit
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3 levels of clouds› High – above 6000 meters› Middle – 2000-6000 meters› Low - below 2000 meters
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High Clouds – thin and white often made up of ice crystals› Not precipitation makers› 3 clouds
Cirrus - Cirrostratus - flat Cirrocumulus - fluffy
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Middle Clouds › Large and dense› White to grayish sheet covering› Infrequent light snow or drizzle› Altocumulus – rounded masses
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Low Clouds › May produce light precipitation› Scalloped bottom› “rainy cloud”› 3 members
Stratus Stratocumulus nimbostratus
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Vertical Development › Clouds not fitting in other categories› Bases in low height range and extent
upward› Cumulonimbus – rain and thunderstorms
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Fog – clouds with base very near the ground› Radiation cooling or the movement of air
over a cold surface› Appearance and structure almost identical
to clouds
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Fog Types› Caused by cooling
Earth’s surface cools rapidly by radiation
› Caused by Evaporation Cool air moves over warm water Rising water vapor meets cold air –
condenses and rises
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To form – could droplets must grow in volume by roughly one million times
Types – depends on the temperature of the atmosphere
› Rain, snow, sleet, glaze, hail
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2 precipitation processes:› Bergeron process› Collision-coalescence process
Bergeron Process› Supercooling and supersaturation
Readily freezes if impacts a solid surface Ice crystals grow until they are large enough to
fall
Collision-Coalescene process› Rain drops in warm clouds › Smaller droplets collide with smaller slower
droplets