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Hominid Evolution & Classification
Chapter 16
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Hominid Skulls
Subject A = ChimpanzeeSubjects J-L = Neanderthal (70,000 to 45,000 years ago)Subject M = Cro Magnon (30,000 years ago)Subject N = Modern Man
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Human ClassificationDomain: EUKARYA
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Phyla: CHORDATA
Subphyla: VERTEBRATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Subclass: EUTHERIA
Order: PRIMATA
Suborder: ARTHROPOIDEA
Family: HOMINIDAE
Genus: HOMO
Species: SAPIENS
Humans are members of an order of mammals: primates.
Primates first appeared about 65 million years ago.
The first primates lived in trees, and we have inherited some of their characteristics.
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Characteristics of Primates
o Highly diverse group with the following general features in common
o Manual dexterity: an opposable first digito Senses:
• Binocular vision (eyes on the front of the face allowing for overlapping fields of vision)
• Color vision (if diurnal) and black/white vision (if nocturnal)
• More brain power devoted to vision than smello Locomotion: flexible bodies that allow for easy
movemento Complex brain and behaviors: problem-solving,
socializing, and communicatingo Reproductive rate: fewer offspring; single births
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Other Primates
Great ApesChimpanzeesHumans
Male orangutanFemale orangutan
OrangutansGorillas
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Suborder: Arthropoidea
Arthropodoidea: all non-monkey primates
Genetically speaking, humans are most closely related to apes.o These primates lack tails and
have forelimbs longer than their hind limbs
Domain: EUKARYA
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Phyla: CHORDATA
Subphyla: VERTEBRATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Subclass: EUTHERIA
Order: PRIMATA
Suborder: ARTHROPOIDEA
Family: HOMINIDAE
Genus: HOMO
Species: SAPIENS
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Chromosome Analysis
We share more than 97% of our genes with chimpanzees.
Our behavior also has some similarities.o Chimpanzees make
and use simple tools.
o They seem to have a sense of self.
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Primate Evolution Cladogram
Domain: EUKARYA
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Phyla: CHORDATA
Subphyla: VERTEBRATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Subclass: EUTHERIA
Order: PRIMATA
Suborder: ARTHROPOIDEA
Family: HOMINIDAE
Genus: HOMO
Species: SAPIENS
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Hominid Evolution
The human branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old. Apes and hominids diverged from a common
ape-like ancestor between 8 and 5 million years ago.
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Hominid Characteristics
• Big brain with more complexity in areas responsible for reasoning
• Thinner face with smaller teeth
• Long thumbs and flexible wrists
• Bipedal (upright walkers):• Shorter arms• Restructured pelvic and
foot bones• Hole for spinal cord at the
base of the skeleton rather than the back
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Genus: Homo
Continued structural changes:o Larger brainso Thinner faceso Smaller teeth
Significant advances:o Used toolso Hunted and gathered foodo Used fireo Built shelters o Developed culture and
communication
Domain: EUKARYA
Kingdom: ANIMALIA
Phyla: CHORDATA
Subphyla: VERTEBRATA
Class: MAMMALIA
Subclass: EUTHERIA
Order: PRIMATA
Suborder: ARTHROPOIDEA
Family: HOMINIDAE
Genus: HOMO
Species: SAPIENS
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Species: sapiens Binomial classification: use the genus and
species names to refer to an organism Homo sapiens (modern human) appeared in
Ethiopia about 195,000 years ago.
200,000 years ago,
many species of the Homo
genus were
present.
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Out of Africa Hypothesis (1988)
200,000 years ago, many species of the Homo genus were present.
30,000 years ago, only homo sapiens remained.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE OTHER SPECIES?
1988 Out of Africa Hypothesis: modern humans evolved in Africa and then migrated to other parts of the world.
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Out of Africa Hypothesis (1988)
In the 1990s, scientists learned about mitochondrial DNA.o Mitochondrial DNA is a smaller fragment of DNA found in the
mitochondria of eukaryotes. Only 37 genes are located on human mitochondrial DNA. All of these genes are related to mitochondria function.
o Mitochondrial DNA is ONLY inherited from mothers as sperm mitochondria are destroyed by the egg after fertilization.
Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time. It takes many years for mutations to occur.o Remember molecular clocks? The more mutations…the
longer the species has existed. Scientists have studied mitochondrial DNA from humans all
over the earth. They found that people in Ethiopia have the most mutations in their mitochondrial DNA.
Therefore, humans likely originated in Ethiopia from a “Mitochondrial Eve.”
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Migration of Descendants of Mitochondrial Eve
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Final Overview of Family Hominidae Evolution
Million
s o
f years
ag
o
Australopithecusanamensis
Ardipithecusramidus
Ardipithecusramidus kadabba
Orrorin tugenesis
Australopithecusafarensis
Australopithecusafricanus
Australopithecusrobustus
Australopithecusboisei
Homoergaster
Homohabilis
Homoerectus
Homoneanderthalensis
Homosapiens
?