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8Campaigns and ElectionsDeciding Who Governs
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Learning Objectives
Evaluate the role of elections in American democracy
Characterize the various factors that motivate people to pursue a political career
8.1
8
8.2
Explain the advantages of incumbency8.3
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Learning Objectives
Identify the main components of campaign strategies
8
8.4
Analyze the role of money in campaigns, identify the major sources of funding, assess the motivations of contributors, and evaluate efforts to regulate campaign finances
8.5
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Learning Objectives
Outline candidates’ strategies for primary races and the general election
8
8.6
Assess influences on voters’ choices8.7
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Elections in a Democracy
Elections as Mandates?
Retrospective Voting
Prospective Voting
Protection of Rights
8.1
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Elections in a Democracy
Elections as Mandates?
Retrospective Voting
Prospective Voting
Protection of Rights
8.1
![Page 8: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Elections in a Democracy
Elections as Mandates?
Retrospective Voting
Prospective Voting
Protection of Rights
8.1
![Page 9: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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8.1 What criteria must be met for an election to serve as a policy mandate?
a. Candidates must offer clear policy alternatives
b. Voters select candidates on basis of policy alternatives
c. Elected officials are bound by campaign promises
d. All of the above
8.1
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8.1 What criteria must be met for an election to serve as a policy mandate?
a. Candidates must offer clear policy alternatives
b. Voters select candidates on basis of policy alternatives
c. Elected officials are bound by campaign promises
d. All of the above
8.1
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Power and Ambition
Communication Skills
Professionalism
Careerism
Lawyers in Politics
Careerists Versus Amateurs
8.2
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power and Ambition
Communication Skills
Professionalism
Careerism
Lawyers in Politics
Careerists Versus Amateurs
8.2
![Page 13: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power and Ambition
Communication Skills
Professionalism
Careerism
Lawyers in Politics
Careerists Versus Amateurs
8.2
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Insurgency? 8.2
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8.2 From what profession do over half of elected officials hail?
a. Medicine
b. Academia
c. Law
d. Acting
8.2
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8.2 From what profession do over half of elected officials hail?
a. Medicine
b. Academia
c. Law
d. Acting
8.2
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Advantages of Incumbency
Name Recognition
Quality of Challengers
Campaign Contributions
Resources of Office
Advantages of State and Local Incumbents
8.3
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Advantages of Incumbency
Name Recognition
Quality of Challengers
Campaign Contributions
Resources of Office
Advantages of State and Local Incumbents
8.3
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Advantages of Incumbency
Name Recognition
Quality of Challengers
Campaign Contributions
Resources of Office
Advantages of State and Local Incumbents
8.3
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TABLE 8.1: In the money: Incumbent advantage in fund-raising
8.3
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Advantages of Incumbency
Name Recognition
Quality of Challengers
Campaign Contributions
Resources of Office
Advantages of State and Local Incumbents
8.3
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8.3 Which of the following is not an advantage of incumbency?
a. Franking privilege
b. Full-time staff
c. Bringing federal funding home
d. No record of mistakes
8.3
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8.3 Which of the following is not an advantage of incumbency?
a. Franking privilege
b. Full-time staff
c. Bringing federal funding home
d. No record of mistakes
8.3
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Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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News management 8.4
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Campaign Strategies
Selecting a Theme Negative Campaigning: “Defining” the
Opponent Targeting Voters Using Focus Groups and Polling Incumbent Versus Challenger Strategies News Management Paid Advertising Free Airtime Effects of Campaigning
8.4
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8.4 What is a focus group?
a. An intensive form of polling
b. A meeting of voters to select a nominee
c. A type of debate used in primary campaigns
d. A staff of paid political consultants
8.4
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8.4 What is a focus group?
a. An intensive form of polling
b. A meeting of voters to select a nominee
c. A type of debate used in primary campaigns
d. A staff of paid political consultants
8.4
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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Campaign Finance (Cont’d) Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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FIGURE 8.1: Sparing no expense: Growing cost of campaigns
8.5
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Billionaire mayor 8.5
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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Celebrities help raise funds
8.5
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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Campaign Finance
Congressional Costs Raising Campaign Cash Public Money Small Donations Large Individual Donors Candidate Self-Financing Issue Ads What Do Contributors “Buy”? Big-Money Contributors Buying Access to Policymakers
8.5
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FIGURE 8.2: Who Gives What?: Twenty Big Independent Spenders in 2012
8.5
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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FIGURE 8.3: Who’s giving? Characteristics of individual political contributors
8.5
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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Political Action Committees (PACs) Individual Contributors Buying Government Assistance Fund-Raising Chores Regulating Campaign Finance Limits on Contributions Independent Organization Spending Reporting Campaign Finance Reform Supreme Court and Campaign Finance Corporations, Unions, and Citizens United
8.5Campaign Finance
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8.5 How much, on average, does a House member have to raise every day toward re-election campaigning?
a. $3,200
b. $1,500
c. $2,500
d. $3,000
8.5
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8.5 How much, on average, does a House member have to raise every day toward re-election campaigning?
a. $3,200
b. $1,500
c. $2,500
d. $3,000
8.5
![Page 53: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
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Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
8.6
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Presidential Campaign Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South
8.6
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8.6Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
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8.6Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
![Page 57: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
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8.6Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
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8.6Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
![Page 59: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
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Comeback kid 8.6
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8.6Presidential Campaign Media Mentions Presidential Credentials Decision to Run Strategy for the Primaries Primary Campaigns Iowa Caucuses New Hampshire Primary South Carolina Primary Front-End Strategy Front-Loading Primaries
![Page 61: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
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Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 62: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 63: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 64: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
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President Obama debates Mitt Romney 8.6
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 66: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
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President Elvis 8.6
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Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 68: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
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FIGURE 8.4: Red states, blue states 8.6
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Presidential Campaign 8.6
Big-State Strategy Primary Debates General Election Battle Targeting the Swing States Tarmac Politics Presidential Debates Hitting the Talk Shows Electoral College Vote The Vital South?
![Page 70: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
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8.6 Which state holds the first primary election?
a. New Hampshire
b. Iowa
c. South Carolina
d. Ohio
8.6
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8.6 Which state holds the first primary election?
a. New Hampshire
b. Iowa
c. South Carolina
d. Ohio
8.6
![Page 72: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
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The Voter Decides
Party Affiliation
Group Voting
Race and Gender Gaps
Candidate Image
The Economy
Issue Voting
8.7
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FIGURE 8.5: How we vote: Party, ideology, and nature of the times in presidential voting
8.7
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The Voter Decides
Party Affiliation
Group Voting
Race and Gender Gaps
Candidate Image
The Economy
Issue Voting
8.7
![Page 75: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
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FIGURE 8.6: How we vote: Voting in the 2012 presidential election
8.7
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The Voter Decides
Party Affiliation
Group Voting
Race and Gender Gaps
Candidate Image
The Economy
Issue Voting
8.7
![Page 77: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
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TABLE 8.2: Public perception: Obama and Romney images of 2012
8.7
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TABLE 8.3: What mattered most?: Issues the voters cared about in 2012
8.7
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The Voter Decides
Party Affiliation
Group Voting
Race and Gender Gaps
Candidate Image
The Economy
Issue Voting
8.7
![Page 80: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
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8.7 Which factor is most important in voter choice?
a. Party affiliation
b. Candidate image
c. Policy positions
d. Group interests
8.7
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8.7 Which factor is most important in voter choice?
a. Party affiliation
b. Candidate image
c. Policy positions
d. Group interests
8.7
![Page 82: © 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Campaigns and Elections Deciding Who Governs](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649f2a5503460f94c438db/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
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Discussion Question
What did you learn in this chapter about political campaigning that you did not know previously? Did you find any aspects of campaigning shocking or disturbing?
8