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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional
ApproachChapter 7
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Turning Back the Clock
• Discovery that diseases could be caused by dietary deficienciesScurvyRicketsPellagra
• Discovery of vitamins
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Two Classifications of Vitamins
• Water-soluble vitamins• Fat-soluble vitamins
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The Minerals
• Vitamins vs. minerals• The two classifications of mineralsMajor mineralsTrace minerals
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients
• Antioxidants = “anti-oxygen”• Vitamin C, vitamin E, & beta-carotene
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients
• Vitamin CRole as antioxidantOther roles for vitamin C
•Collagen•Stress•Immunity
Sources of vitamin C in foods
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients
• Vitamin ERole as an antioxidant
•Heart disease•Cell membranes
Sources of vitamin E in foods
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients
• The vitamin A precursor: beta-caroteneAntioxidant roleOther roles for vitamin A
•Vision•Epithelial tissue
Sources of vitamin A & beta-carotene in foods
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients
• SeleniumAntioxidant functionsRole in chronic disease prevention
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Color Your Plate with Vitamin-Rich Foods--& Handle Them with
Care• Shop for produce weekly• Store produce properly
Most belong in the refrigeratorStore whole
• Eat frozen vegetables within 1-2 months of purchase
• Cook in the least amount of water for the shortest time possible
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• FolateDNA & red blood cellsNeural tube defectsSources of folate in foods
• B vitamins & heart diseaseHomocysteine
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• Vitamin B12 Nerve fiber sheathsRed blood cellsDeficiencies
•Vegans•Lack of intrinsic factor•Atrophic gastritis
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• Vitamin B6 HemoglobinProtein metabolismFood sources
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• Vitamin KCoagulationSources - food & intestinal flora
Deficiency in newborns
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• IronHemoglobinIron-deficiency anemiaWays to enhance iron absorption
•Absorption-enhancing factors•Absorption-inhibiting factors
Iron toxicity
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood
• ZincMetabolismImmunitySexual developmentFood sources
• CopperRoles in metabolic & physiological processes
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones
• Trabecular bone vs. cortical bone
• Bone development & remodeling• Peak bone mass
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones
• Vitamin DCalcium absorptionSynthesis in the bodyDeficiency
•Rickets•Osteomalacia
Toxicity
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones
• Vitamin K’s role in bone health
• CalciumBone/teeth materialCirculating in body fluidsOsteoporosisFood sourcesAlternative sources of calcium
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones
• PhosphorusBone/teeth materialDNA & RNAMetabolismPhospholipidsFood sources
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones
• MagnesiumMuscle relaxationBone/teeth material
• FluorideRole in bone/teeth healthWater fluoridation
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism
• Energy metabolism• Thiamin
Coenzyme functionsDeficiency - beriberiFood sources
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism
• RiboflavinCoenzyme functionsFood sources
• NiacinCoenzyme functionsDeficiency - pellagraFood sources
• Niacin equivalents (NE)
Supplements
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism
• Pantothenic acid & biotinCoenzyme roles
• SulfurRole in protein structure
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism
• IodineThyroid hormonesDeficiency
• Goiter• Cretinism
Food sourcesTrends in intake
• ChromiumRole in carbohydrate metabolism
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance
• WaterEssentialityRoles in the bodyWater balance
•Movement into & out of cells
• Electrolytes
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance
• Sodium, potassium, & chlorideSodium
•Hypertension
Potassium•Deficiency•Relationship with sodium•Supplements
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance
• Sodium, potassium, & chlorideChloride
•Roles in the body
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond• Risk factors for hypertension
Salt (sodium) intakeObesityAlcohol intakeUnhealthful lifestyle
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond• An eating plan to reduce high blood pressureDASH diet
• PreventionHealthful diet & weight management
Physical activityModerate drinking & not smoking
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Choose & Prepare Foods with Less Salt
• At the supermarketRead food labelsFresh, whole foods
• At homeHerbs & spices instead of salt
• When eating outAsk for no-salt preparation
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Phytonutrients in Foods: The Phytochemical
Superstars• Phytochemicals• Mechanisms of actions of phytochemicals
• How to optimize phytochemicals in a daily eating planFruits, vegetablesWhole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds
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Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Research on the association of diet with cancer
• Nutrition is one of several lifestyle factors involved
• Results of studies on diet & cancerColon cancerBreast cancer
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Dietary concerns for consumersTotal calorie intakeFatProteinCarbohydrateBeta-caroteneVitamin C
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Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Dietary concerns for consumersCruciferous vegetablesOther vitamins & mineralsCalciumFiber
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Plant-based diets linked with lower cancer rates
• Association of alcohol with cancer
• Association between beta-carotene & other carotenoids & cancer
• Phytochemicals & cancer
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Prevention strategiesBe as lean as possible without becoming underweight
Be physically active for at least 30 minutes/day
Avoid sugary drinks & limit energy-dense foods
Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, & legumes
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Prevention strategiesLimit consumption of red meats & avoid processed meats
Limit alcohol consumptionLimit consumption of salty & high-sodium foods
Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer
Do not smoke or chew tobacco
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2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention
• Foods are better than supplements
• Green & black tea• High-temperature cooking• Variety in the diet