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Overview of Data CenterEnergy UseBill Tschudi, [email protected]
Data Center Definitions
Server closet < 200 sf Server room <500 sf Localized data center <1,000 sf Mid-tier data center <5,000 sf Enterprise class data center 5000+ sf
Focus today’s training on larger data centers—however most principles apply to any size
center
EPA report to Congress—Breakdown of Space
Data Center Efficiency Data Center Efficiency OpportunitiesOpportunities
Benchmarking of over 25 centers consistently lead to opportunities
No silver bullet
Lots of silver bb’s
Server Load/ComputingOperations
Cooling Equipment
Power Conversion & Distribution
AlternativePower
Generation
• High voltage distribution
• Use of DC power
• Highly efficient UPS systems
• Efficient redundancy strategies
• Load management
• Server innovation
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Energy Efficiency Opportunities Are EverywhereAre Everywhere • Better air management
• Better environmental conditions
• Move to liquid cooling
• Optimized chilled-water plants
• Use of free cooling
• On-site generation
• Waste heat for cooling
• Use of renewable energy/fuel cells
IT Equipment Load DensityIT Equipment Load Density
IT Equipment Load Intensity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Data Center Number
Watts/sq. ft.
2003 BenchmarksAve. ~ 25
2005 BenchmarksAve. ~ 52
Benchmarking Energy End UseBenchmarking Energy End Use
local distribution lines
to the building, 480 V
HVAC system
lights, office space, etc.
UPS PDU computer racks
backup diesel generators
Electricity Flows in Data CentersElectricity Flows in Data Centers
computerequipment
uninterruptible
load
UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply
PDU = Power Distribution Unit;
Overall Electrical Power UseOverall Electrical Power Use in Data Centers in Data Centers
Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation
Performance Varies
Data Center Server Load
51%
Data Center CRAC Units
25%
Cooling Tower Plant4%
Electrical Room Cooling
4%
Office Space Conditioning
1%
Lighting2%
Other13%
Computer Loads67%
HVAC - Air Movement
7%
Lighting2%
HVAC - Chiller and
Pumps24%
The relative percentages of the energy actually doing computing varied considerably.
High Level Metric— High Level Metric— Percentage of Electricity Percentage of Electricity Delivered Delivered to IT Equipmentto IT Equipment
IT Power to Total Data Center Power
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Data Center Number
Ratio
Average .57
Higher is better
Source: LBNL Benchmarking
Alternate High Level Metric – Data Center Total Electrical Demand/ IT Equipment Demand (PUE)
Total Data Center Power/IT Power
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Center Number
Ratio
Average 1.83
Lower is better
Source: LBNL Benchmarking
HVAC System EffectivenessHVAC System Effectiveness
HVAC Effectiveness Index
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Data Center Number
Ratio of IT Equipment Power to HVAC Power
We observed a wide variation in HVAC performance
Benchmark Results Can Help Benchmark Results Can Help Identify Best PracticesIdentify Best Practices
The ratio of IT equipment power to the The ratio of IT equipment power to the total is an indicator of relative overall total is an indicator of relative overall efficiency. Examination of individual efficiency. Examination of individual systems and components in the systems and components in the centers that performed well helped to centers that performed well helped to identify best practices.identify best practices.
Best HVAC PracticesBest HVAC Practices
Air ManagementAir Management Air EconomizersAir Economizers Humidification Humidification
ControlControl Centralized Air Centralized Air
HandlersHandlers Low Pressure Low Pressure
Drop SystemsDrop Systems Fan EfficiencyFan Efficiency
Cooling Plant Cooling Plant OptimizationOptimization
Water Side Water Side EconomizerEconomizer
Variable Speed Variable Speed ChillersChillers
Variable Speed Variable Speed PumpingPumping
Direct Liquid Direct Liquid CoolingCooling
Best Electrical PracticesBest Electrical Practices
UPS systemsUPS systems Self-generationSelf-generation AC-DC AC-DC
distributiondistribution Standby Standby
generationgeneration
Best Practices and IT Best Practices and IT Equipment Equipment
Power supply Power supply efficiencyefficiency
Standby/sleep Standby/sleep power modespower modes
IT equipment IT equipment fansfans
VirtualizationVirtualization Load shiftingLoad shifting
Best Practices—Best Practices—Cross-Cutting and Misc. IssuesCross-Cutting and Misc. Issues
Motor efficiencyMotor efficiency Right sizingRight sizing Variable speed Variable speed
drivesdrives Lighting Lighting MaintenanceMaintenance Continuous Continuous
Commissioning Commissioning and Benchmarkingand Benchmarking
Heat RecoveryHeat Recovery Building Building
EnvelopeEnvelope Redundancy Redundancy
StrategiesStrategies Methods of Methods of
charging for charging for space and powerspace and power
Potential Savings
Electrical bill will exceed the cost of IT equipment over its useful life
20-40% savings typically possible Aggressive strategies – better than
50% savings Paybacks are short – 1 to 3 years are
common
Scenarios of Projected Energy Use from EPA Report to Congress 2007 - 2011
The Good News:
Industry is taking action– IT manufacturers– Infrastructure equipment manufacturers
Industry Associations are leading:– ASHRAE– Green Grid– Uptime Institute– Afcom– Critical Facilities Roundtable– 7 X 24 Exchange
IT Industry Taking Action
www.climatesaverscomputing.org.
www.thegreengrid.com
More Good News:
Utilities are getting involved:– PG&E, SCE, San Diego– CEE
CA incentive programs are aggressive California Energy Commission, DOE,
EPA all have data center initiatives
Design Guidelines Were Design Guidelines Were Developed in Collaboration Developed in Collaboration With PG&E With PG&E
Guides available through PG&E’s Energy Design Resources Website
Design Guidance is Design Guidance is Summarized in a Web Based Summarized in a Web Based Training Resource Training Resource
http://hightech.lbl.gov/dctraining/TOP.html
Resources summary sheet available
Take Aways
Various meanings for “data centers” Benchmarking helps identify
performance Benchmarking suggests best practices Efficiency varies Large opportunity for savings Resources are being developed