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Draft Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) and Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA)
Project Number: 50156-001 July 2016
INO: Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Project
Prepared by PT Greencap NAA Indonesia for PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML)
This biodiversity action plan and critical habitat assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Term of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
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BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
Geothermal Development of
M uara Laboh Power Plant
Solok Selatan Regency,
West Sumatra Province
25 July 2016
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF M AP ................................................................................................................................ vi
ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... vii
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Rationale for this Report ....................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 General Approach .................................................................................................. 1-1
1.4 Project Description ................................................................................................ 1-2
1.4.1 Explorat ion Stage.......................................................................................... 1-2
1.4.2 History of Project .......................................................................................... 1-2
1.4.3 Project Schedule ........................................................................................... 1-3
1.4.4 Project Configurat ion.................................................................................... 1-3
1.4.5 Analysis of Alternat ives................................................................................. 1-8
1.5 Structure of this Document.................................................................................... 1-8
2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Project Scope ......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Scope of This Report .............................................................................................. 2-1
2.3 Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................ 2-1
3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK ........................................................................ 3-1
3.1 International Regulation ........................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.1 Ramsar Convent ion (1971) ........................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 World Heritage Convent ion (1972) ............................................................... 3-1
3.1.3 Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (1975) ................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.4 Convent ion on Conservat ion of M igratory Species of Wild Animals............... 3-2
3.1.5 United Nat ions Convent ion on Biological Diversity (1992) ............................. 3-2
3.1.6 Regional Regulat ions .................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 National Regulation ............................................................................................... 3-3
3.3 Third Party Requirements ...................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.2 Internat ional Finance Corporat ion (IFC) Standards and Guidance ................. 3-6
3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards .................................................... 3-7
4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE .................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 M ethodology ......................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Study Area .................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Desktop Informat ion..................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 Field Surveys ................................................................................................ 4-2
4.1.4 Species Habitat M apping .............................................................................. 4-3
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4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values ........................................... 4-3
4.2 Environmental Setting ........................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008 ........................................................................ 4-3
4.2.2 Species of Conservat ion Value ...................................................................... 4-9
4.2.3 Nat ional and Internat ional Protected Areas ................................................ 4-37
5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT ...................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Background Information ........................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach................................................................................. 5-1
5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat ............................. 5-2
5.3.1 Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global
and/ or nat ional level; Endemic and/ or restricted-range species; and
M igratory and/ or congregatory species ........................................................ 5-3
5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems ............................................... 5-3
5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internat ionally Recognized Areas ............................... 5-4
5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features .............................................................................. 5-13
5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features ............................................................................ 5-13
6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION ......................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Impact Evaluation .................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats ....................... 6-3
6.2.1 M igratory and/ or congregatory species and crit ically endangered
and/ or endangered species at global and nat ional level ............................... 6-3
6.2.2 Evaluat ion of Impacts on Protected Areas ..................................................... 6-3
6.2.3 Evaluat ion of Impacts on Ecosystem Service ................................................. 6-3
6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations ....................................................................... 6-3
6.3.1 Avoidance..................................................................................................... 6-3
6.3.2 M inimizat ion ................................................................................................ 6-3
6.3.3 Restorat ion ................................................................................................... 6-3
6.3.4 Offsets .......................................................................................................... 6-3
6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats .................................................................................. 6-6
6.5 Impacts on Priority Species .................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.1 Plants ........................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.2 M ammals ..................................................................................................... 6-6
6.5.3 Birds ............................................................................................................. 6-6
6.5.4 Amphibians and Rept iles .............................................................................. 6-7
6.5.5 Summary of Impacts ..................................................................................... 6-7
7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................ 7-1
7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.1 BAP Object ives ............................................................................................. 7-1
7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats ....................................................... 7-1
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7.2 External Engagement and Consultation ................................................................. 7-2
7.3 Activity Plans ......................................................................................................... 7-2
7.3.1 AP 1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats
surrounding the Project area ....................................................................... 7-3
7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the Nat ional Park area
surrounding the Project area ........................................................................ 7-6
7.3.3 AP3: Collaborat ion with stakeholders to protect the landscape
surrounding the Project area ........................................................................ 7-8
7.3.4 AP4: Socializat ion to community for endangered species awareness .......... 7-10
7.4 Role and Responsibilities ..................................................................................... 7-12
7.5 M onitoring, Evaluation and Reporting ................................................................. 7-15
7.5.1 M onitoring during Construct ion.................................................................. 7-15
7.5.2 Post Construct ion M onitoring ..................................................................... 7-15
7.5.3 Report ing ................................................................................................... 7-15
7.5.4 Evaluat ion .................................................................................................. 7-16
8 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 8-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Project Schedule ................................................................................................. 1-3
Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project ........................................................................... 1-7
Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulat ions regarding Biodiversity ...................................................... 3-3
Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment........................................................... 4-1
Table 4-2 Land Cover Classificat ion .................................................................................... 4-3
Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016 ............................................. 4-4
Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetat ion Species before Explorat ion ......................................... 4-4
Table 4-5 Aquat ic Biota on River (Survey 2008) .................................................................. 4-6
Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area ............................................................................ 4-16
Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species ........................................................................ 4-23
Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEM L Working Area and Conservat ion Status. .... 4-25
Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area ................................................... 4-26
Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding M ethodology ..................................... 4-27
Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area ............................................ 4-28
Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed M acaque Presence in Study Area ................... 4-28
Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locat ions ..................................................................................... 4-30
Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping. ................................................ 4-33
Table 4-15 Populat ions of IBA Trigger Species .................................................................... 4-40
Table 5-1 Gradient of Crit ical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Crit ical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3. .......... 5-2
Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internat ionally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U ......... 5-4
Table 5-3 Crit ical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3 ..................................................... 5-6
Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features M eet ing Threshold for Crit ical Habitat of DM U ................ 5-13
Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which M eet the Threshold for Crit ical Habitat that
Found Around Project Area ................................................................................ 6-2
Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species
and Crit ically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and nat ional
level ................................................................................................................... 6-4
Table 7-1 Detailed Act ion Plan for M onitor IUCN Endangered Species and their
Habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1) ....................................................... 7-4
Table 7-2 Detailed Act ion Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect Nat ional Park
area surrounding the Project area (AP2) ............................................................. 7-7
Table 7-3 Detailed Act ion Plan for Collaborat ion with Stakeholders to Protect the
Landscape surrounding the Project area (AP3) .................................................... 7-9
Table 7-4 Detailed Act ion Plan for Socializat ion to community for endangered species
awareness (AP4) ............................................................................................... 7-11
Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Act ion Plan and Responsibilit ies ................................... 7-12
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Facilit ies Layout ..................................................................................................... 1-4
Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulat ions Development .................................................. 3-3
Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review .................................................. 4-1
Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP ...................................................................................... 4-9
Figure 4-3 Vegetat ion Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest ............................ 4-10
Figure 4-4 Vegetat ion Families Found in Primary Forest ....................................................... 4-10
Figure 4-5 Deforestat ion on Surounding Project Area .......................................................... 4-11
Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia) ... 4-15
Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (M icrohierax fringillarius) perching .................................. 4-16
Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ict inaetus malayensis) hunt ing over the canopy .................... 4-17
Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunt ing .............................. 4-17
Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area ...................... 4-18
Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard ....................................................................................... 4-18
Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area ................................................. 4-19
Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area .............................................. 4-19
Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left ) and Breeding
Scene (right) ..................................................................................................... 4-20
Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon ................................................................................................. 4-20
Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B ....................................................... 4-21
Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family ......................................................... 4-22
Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit .............................................. 4-22
Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps ......................... 4-25
Figure 4-20 Siamang migrat ion by walking on the access road to Wellpad A. ......................... 4-26
Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is melalophos) ................................................................ 4-27
Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) ............................................................................ 4-27
Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina) .............................. 4-28
Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings ................................................................... 4-30
Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area .............................................................................................. 4-31
Figure 4-26 Community Act ivit ies in Forest Area .................................................................... 4-31
Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey ................................................. 4-32
Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos .......................................................................................... 4-32
Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area .................................................................... 4-39
Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP ................................................................................ 4-40
Figure 6-1 Locat ion of the Project and the Zonat ion of KNSP.................................................. 6-1
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 vi
LIST OF M AP
M ap 1 Habitat M ap before Explorat ion Stage ...................................................................... 4-8
M ap 2 Habitat M ap on Development Stage ....................................................................... 4-12
M ap 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem M ap ..................................................................................... 4-13
M ap 4 Distribut ion of Primate Groups ............................................................................... 4-29
M ap 5 Locat ion of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area. ................... 4-35
M ap 6 Distribut ion of Raptor Bird Sight ings. ...................................................................... 4-36
M ap 7 Discrete M anagement Unit....................................................................................... 5-5
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 vii
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
AM DAL Analisis M engenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup
(Environmental Impact Assessment)
AP Act ion Plan
APL Area Penggunaan Lain (Other use Area)
BAP Biodiversity Act ion Plan
BM EP Biodiversity M onitoring and Evaluat ion Program
CITES Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
DM U Discrete M anagement Unit
EBA Endemic Bird Area
EOO Est imated Extent of Occurrence
ESHIA
GoI
Environmental, Social, and Health Impact Asessment
Government of Indonesia
IBA Important Bird Area
IFC Internat ional Finance Corporat ion
IUCN Internat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nature and Nature Resources
KBA Key Biodiversity Area
KSNP or
TNKS
Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park (Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat )
KTPB
M oEF
Kepala Teknik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Technical Head)
M inistry of Environment and Forestry
PLTP
PT SEM L
Pembangkit Listrik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Power Plant)
PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh
PS6 IFC’s Performance Standard 6
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh (PT SEM L) plans to develop a Geothermal Power plant project in
M uara Labuh in Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province (the ‘Project ’). The Project is
expected to support the Indonesian government 's policy of energy diversificat ion and reduct ion in
the consumption of fuel oil (BBM ), reduct ion of electricity and fuel subsidies, as well as ut ilizat ion
of geothermal resources, which have high economic potent ial in M uara Laboh.
Based on the AM DAL document , the geothermal development plans generally include
construct ion and operat ion of the geothermal power units, construct ion of support ing
infrastructure, and electricity distribut ion. These act ivit ies have potent ial to cause environmental
impacts such as reduced air quality and water quality, changes in land use and biodiversity,
improved transportat ion, increased job and business opportunit ies, and modified public
percept ion.
The Project site is direct ly adjacent to Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park (KSNP) or Taman Nasional
Kerinci Seblat (TNKS) and to Protect ion Forest . KNSP is one of the important habitats on the Island
of Sumatra. Some protected species use KSNP area as a major habitat , one being the Sumatran
Tiger. Project act ivit ies potent ially provide edge effects in the KSNP area.
A Biodiversity Act ion Plan (BAP) was prepared for the Project in accordance with Internat ional
Finance Corporat ion (IFC) Performance Standards Guidelines and Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Safeguards, so as to assess whether the Project meets relevant internat ional environmental
standards.
1.2 Rationale for this Report
Land status of PT SEM L geothermal project is located in other use area (APL). Although its locat ion
is not a protected area, but biodiversity study -- both literature review and detailed field data
collect ion -- showed that on the site were found species and their habitats that become a crit ical
habitat t rigger. Therefore, the development of the BAP document is necessary to describe
Project ’s potent ial impacts and direct mit igation efforts, as well as the overall efforts to control
the impact of the Project .
The BAP will be used as a reference in managing biodiversity in the Project area of PT SEM L. The
BAP is a plan that includes a set of act ions that lead to the conservat ion or enhancement of
biodiversity for the Project site. The report is not rigid and can be improved in accordance with
exist ing condit ions in the area of study.
1.3 General Approach
This Project will be approached using field recognit ion, biodiversity studies, literature study, and
workshops to maximize the ut ility of the BAP for PT SEM L.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-2
1.4 Project Description
1.4.1 Exploration Stage
In the pre-construct ion stage covers land use permit process, socializat ion act ivit ies, land
acquisit ion and land measurement that planned for explorat ion act ivit ies in the area of
geothermal WKP Liki Pinangawan M uara Laboh South Solok.
Construct ion stage is preparat ion act ivit ies include land (land clearing), civil construct ion,
manufacture and repair of access roads, preparat ion of drilling site and other support ing facilit ies.
The total t ime required for the construct ion phase is about 6.5 months.
The operat ional stage and product ion test is comprised of rig mobility act ivit ies, explorat ion well
drilling and well test ing. Time required of stages of drilling and product ion test reached ± 6
months.
Post operat ion stage is covering rig demolit ion act ivity, demobilizat ion, closure of wells
temporarily or permanent ly, and well locat ion clearence. Post operat ion stage act ivity may take
durat ion up to 4 months and specifically for demolit ion rig and mobilize to another locat ion within
the same prospect area takes about 10 days.
1.4.2 History of Project
PT SEM L is a Joint Venture of Supreme Energy, Engie, and Sumitomo to develop a Geothermal
Power Plant in M uara Labuh, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province, approximately 150
km from Padang, the capital city of West Sumatra (the ‘Project ’).
The Geothermal Working Area (Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi, WKP) of Liki Pinangawan M uaralaboh
is located in Pauh Duo and Sangir Kecamatans, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province. It
lies at alt itudes from 450 to 1,560 meters above sea level (asl), having an area of approximately
56,000 hectares (ha) stated on the Geothermal Permit (Izin Panas Bumi, IPB). The Project borders
the KSNP on the west and south.
Explorat ion commenced in 2012, short ly after signing the Purchase Power Agreement (PPA). By
2013, a total of 6 wellpads (WP A to E and WP H) had been constructed, approximately 2 to 3
hectares in size each, and 6 wells were drilled (M L-A1, M L-B1, M L-C1, M L-E1, M L-H1, and M L-H2).
For Phase 1 of Project development, Wellpads A and H will be used as production wellpads;
wellpads D and E will be used as brine inject ion wellpads; and Wellpad B will be used for
condensate inject ion. Future development act ivit ies include developing Wellpad F as a product ion
wellpad and drilling a total of 13 wells (including 2 cont ingency wells in case the first 11 wells
provide insufficient steam).
Phase 1 of Project development is to develop a power plant (PLTP) with a design capacity of 80
M W using dual flash technology, a proven technology with reliability close to 100% and its
support ing facilit ies that include pipelines (product ion, re-inject ion, and fresh water); access
roads; office buildings and storage yard; switchyard, substat ions (built and operated by PLN); and
water t reatment facilit ies.
The Project aims to address some of the electricity needs of the Sumatra region, which will be
supplied through the Indonesian Government ’s Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) t ransmission lines
and grid.
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To meet the country’s increasing energy needs, the Government of Indonesia init iated “ fast-
t rack” power generat ing programs. PT SEM L is included in the President ial Decree no 4 / 2010 for
2nd
fast t rack program of 10,000 M W and listed in Decree of M inister of M ines and Energy no 21 /
2015. PT SEM L is one of the pioneers to capitalize the opportunity under the new regulat ion.
Developing geothermal energy is also of strategic importance to the Government of Indonesia
(GOI) which targets to generate a total of new 35,000 M W by 2025 of which 23% (8,100 M W) are
aimed to be from renewable resources. Of the total renewable energy by 2025 it is expected that
geothermal energy will contribute about 80% (or 7,150 M W).
1.4.3 Project Schedule
The PLTP is planned to be ready for operat ion in 2019. Physical construct ion for the development
phase will start by early 2017. The current Project schedule depicted in Table 1 assumes that
there are no delays in further Project act ivit ies, in EPC contracts, or in provision of funds for
Project implementat ion.
Table 1-1 Project Schedule
Activity Current Expected Date
Permit s & Agreement s August 2016
Financing Apri l t o November 2016
EPC & Development Dri l l ing December 2016
COD Apri l 2019
1.4.4 Project Configuration
The M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant taps into a hydrothermal system; inject ion wells are to
be drilled to re-inject brine and condensate water.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-4
Figure 1-1 Facilities Layout
1.4.4.1 Capacity
The proposed power plant has an ult imate total capacity of 250 M W. Based on init ial evaluat ion
of explorat ion results and numerical modeling of the reservoir, init ial power plant capacity will be
of 80M W in total, using dual flash steam cycle technology.
The largest part of the total capacity, or 65M W, will stem from high pressure (HP) steam and
15M W from low pressure (LP) steam.
Capacity will be increased in accordance with the harvest ing of the addit ional wells.
1.4.4.2 Dual Flash Power Plant as Preferred Option
The select ion of technology will largely depend on the total proven heat energy and its variat ion
of produced geothermal fluid (steam and brine) and well product ion capacit ies. Other factors will
also influence technology select ion: topography and land availability, availability of equipment,
and economic considerat ions (e.g., required capital and operat ing costs). The select ion of
technology will aim to balance costs and benefits.
With results obtained from the init ial explorat ion act ivit ies, a dual flash steam cycle is being
considered. Steam entering the steam turbine is delivered from two sources of different pressure:
high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) steam. M ost of the LP steam is generated from the HP
brine, supplemented by one explorat ion well that produces LP steam.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-5
Figure 1-2 Illustration of Dual Flash Power Plant
1.4.4.3 Project Components
The main project components of the M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant are:
Production Wells, Injection Wells, and Wellpads
It is est imated that about 27 product ion wells are required for operat ion of the Geothermal
Power Plant at future full capacity of 250M W (PLTP). The Phase 1 power plant capacity is 80 M W
using dual flash technology will need addit ional 9 product ion wells and 4 addit ional inject ion
wells.
Inject ion (or reinject ion) wells are required to discharge brine and condensate back to the
format ion. This will avoid brine pollut ion to the surrounding environment as well as providing
closed water cycle to the geothermal system. The inject ion wells will be located outside the target
hydrothermal zone, to minimize risk of product ion wells cooling.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-6
Source: Energy Informat ion Administ rat ion, Geot hermal Energy in the Western United Stat es and Hawaii: Resources and Project ed
Elect ricity Generat ion Supplies, DOE/ EIA-0544, Washingt on DC, 1991
Figure 1-3 Illustration of Geothermal Energy Production.
The geothermal drilling process will use water-base mud (WBM ) to prevent boreholes from
collapsing during drilling and also to protect the environment. Water demand for drilling is
matched by surface water and/ or collected runoff water, amount ing to up to 30 – 100 l/ sec, a
very small amount compared to river discharges, which can reach more than 1,000 l/ sec. This
water will be taken from a river that is not used by its surrounding populat ion, or taken in limited
amounts from a river that is used by the populat ion for irrigat ion and other purposes.
Pipelines
Pipeline consists of pipes for wet steam, dry steam, and for draining brine and condensate to
inject ion wells as well as pipes for fresh water supply.
The product ion piping system consists of two-phase fluid pipes from wellheads to separator and
three different single-phase fluid pipes: steam, brine and condensate. The steam pipes will divert
steam from the separator stat ions to the Power Plant, the brine will be rerouted to the inject ion
well, while the condensate will be diverted from the Condenser of the Power Plant to the
condensate inject ion well.
The pipeline route will follow exist ing roads or dedicated corridors to facilitate construct ion and
maintenance during product ion operat ion. Cut and fill are necessary in some sect ions of the
pipeline corridors to provide stable slopes and safe operat ing condit ions.
Drainage channels will be built parallel to the pipeline in addit ion to inspect ion roads. At some
sect ions, structures to cross roads, rivers, or other features are to be built .
Power Plant
Steam from the welheads will enter separator to separate steam phase from liquid phase (brine).
Brine will be reinjected to the format ion, while the separated steam will then enter a scrubber to
purify the steam from impurit ies such as silica.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-7
The purified steam then enter a turbine blades so as to spin them, which in turn rotates the
turbine shaft to produce mechanical energy and the generator converts this mechanical energy
into electricity energy that is then channeled to a switchyard and then to PLN's t ransmission
network cable after its voltage is increased from 11 kV to 150 kV using a step-up transformer unit .
Switchyard and Transmission Line
The PT SEM L switchyard is located within the Power Plant area, and is provided to allow
connect ion of future units and to include the Revenue M eters. The interface between PT SEM L
and PLN is at the high voltage gantry of the switchyard, which is used for connect ion to the PLN
transmission line. The switchyard is est imated to occupy 3,500 m2 of land.
The switchyard is the end point of connect ion at a voltage of 150 kV to the PLN transmission and
distribut ion network. Then from this switchyard, PLN will connect a 3.2 km transmission line to
the PLN substat ion at Batang Sangir, which also receives electricity from other power plants. From
this Batang Sangir substat ion, the 150 kV transmission line will be connected to Sungai Rumbai
substat ion, approximately 71.5km away. At the Sungai Rumbai substat ion, the voltage will be
stepped up to 275 kV and then joins the Sumatra 275 kV transmission line.
Access Roads
Access roads and wellpads have been most ly constructed in the explorat ion phase. Improvement
of roads to wellpads and construct ion of new roads for t ransportat ion of equipment and materials
needed in preparing the new wellpad (i.e. Wellpad F) and conduct ing operat ional well drilling will
be carried out as needed.
Additional Supporting Facilities
PT SEM L also build domest ic water supply and treatment, waste water t reatment plant , chemical
storage, warehouse, workshop, firefight ing system, emergency power system, office buildings,
and accomodat ion complex.
1.4.4 Land Requirements
PT SEM L required 140 hectares for the establishment of power plant, wellpads, access roads,
pipeline systems, and support ing facilit ies.
Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project
Item Area (m2)
Access Road 215,465
Wellpad 186,852
Service Water System 8,333
Soil Disposal 139,564
Other Facilit ies 34,379
Stage 1 Development Facilit ies 125,194
Total Facilities 709,787
Total Land Acquired 1,418,444
Total Land Acquired Not Utilized 708,657
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-8
1.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives
PT SEM L have considered feasible project alternat ives in the preliminary site assessment and
subsequent Project design, to avoid or minimize economic displacement while balancing
environmental, social, and financial costs and benefits.
The alternat ives to this geothermal Development Phase are:
Do nothing
Choose an alternate site.
The do nothing alternat ive means that the opportunity to reduce reliance on greenhouse gas
intensive thermal energy is lost and the Indonesian Government ’s init iat ive is not achieved. The
use of coal is the common alternat ive in Indonesia to generate electricity. Since geothermal plants
do not burn fuel to generate electricity, their emission levels are relat ively low, releasing 1/ 30 or
4% of the carbon dioxide emissions of a coal-fired plant of similar capacity. Geothermal plants
also emit 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than are emit ted by fossil fuel plants.
The choice of an alternate site alternat ive is impract ical given current access to part icular
geothermal resources in Indonesia. Therefore the project is the best choice of the two
alternat ives.
PT SEM L have also considered the best alternat ive in regards to environmental, social and
economy, e.g.:
The use of Dual Flash technology instead of Single Flash permits a more efficient energy
extract ion from the same amount of steam
The relocat ion of power plant from Administrat ion Complex to near Wellpad A makes it
further away from community and will use less length of pipes and less land area opened for
pipeline corridors.
1.5 Structure of this Document
This report is structured as follows:
Chapter 2 presents the scope, aim, and general object ives of the PT SEM L BAP;
Chapter 3 summarises the legislat ive and policy frameworks at internat ional and nat ional
levels together with the PT SEM L AM DAL process and its key findings with regard to
biodiversity;
Chapter 4 describes the biodiversity baseline and includes informat ion on ecoregions, nature
conservat ion areas, habitats, flora and fauna within the study area;;
Chapter 5 includes a Crit ical Habitat Assessment to establish which IFC PS6 requirements are
applicable to this project ;
Chapter 6 describes impact assessment analysis of PT SEM L Geothermal project and
mit igation;
Chapter 7 is the Biodiversity Act ion Plan, object ives include informat ion on the mit igat ion
ranking, BAP implementat ion, monitoring, and report ing.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan 250716-M AT 2-1
2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
2.1 Project Scope
Chapter 1.4 is the Project descript ion of the PT SEM L M uara Laboh Geothermal Project .
2.2 Scope of This Report
The development of the PT SEM L BAP follows IFC Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b). It is important to
recognize that a BAP is not just the product ion of a single document that details act ions needed
for the conservat ion and management of biodiversity. A BAP is a process from which a BAP
document is formulated, through the review of previous studies and from consultat ion with local
stakeholders. The AM DAL and ESHIA are parts of this process in that the ecological assessments of
those studies provide the baseline upon which the BAP object ives and conservat ion priorit ies are
based. A BAP should include eight specific tasks:
Task 1: Determinat ion of the legal, regulatory, planning, permit t ing, and third party requirements
Task 2: Desktop assessment of the project
Task 3: Baseline survey of the biodiversity
Task 4: Biodiversity impact assessment
Task 5: Preparat ion of the BAP
Task 5.1 Establishment of priorit ies for conservat ion
Task 5.2 Ident ificat ion of conservat ion act ions
Task 6: Implementat ion of the BAP
Task 7: M onitoring, evaluat ion and improvement
Task 8: Report ing, communicat ion, and verificat ion of BAP performance
2.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh (PT SEM L) Biodiversity Act ion Plans (BAP) is to
achieve “ no net biodiversity loss” as a result of the Project by ensuring that the biodiversity is
protected and enhanced where possible. The BAP has been developed in consultat ion with the
stakeholders and biodiversity experts.
The General object ive of the BAP is to provide a comprehensive strategy and specific,
implementable act ions aimed at the protect ion and conservat ion of biodiversity during the
construct ion and operat ion of the geothermal power plant. The specific object ives of the PT SEM L
BAP are to:
Review exist ing biodiversity baseline informat ion and legislat ive/ policy frameworks for the
Study Area;
Implement a consultat ion process with relevant stakeholders and biodiversity experts to
inform priorit ies and act ions for biodiversity conservat ion;
Undertake a Crit ical Habitat Assessment to determine the IFC PS6 requirements for the
Project ;
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan 250716-M AT 2-2
Ident ify priorit ies and act ions for biodiversity conservat ion, in consultat ion with stakeholders
and biodiversity experts;
Ident ify inst itut ional partnerships for implement ing the BAP;
Provide awareness raising and capacity building for the relevant stakeholders including local
communit ies and organizat ions involved in BAP implementat ion;
Establish a monitoring and evaluat ion program for biodiversity allowing for the success of the
BAP intervent ions to be assessed;
Develop monitoring and evaluat ion plan to ensure that the measures out lined in the BAP are
implemented;
Ensure no-net loss or a net gain in affected biodiversity.
This BAP includes both long-term biodiversity conservat ion act ions and on-site mit igat ion
measures linked to the construct ion and operat ion act ivit ies of the Project . The biodiversity
baseline, conservat ion act ions, and mit igat ion in this BAP supplement the informat ion in the PT
SEM L AM DAL, ESHIA, and Biodiversity Reports. Addit ional conservat ion opportunit ies/ act ions will
be ident ified during the BAP process, following a comprehensive desktop review and consultat ion
with stakeholders and biodiversity experts.
The biodiversity act ion plan covers no net loss/ net gain measures as defined in the IFC PS6. The
net reduct ion is analyzed based on project impacts on individual species with conservat ion
significance. No net loss/ net gain measures are quant ified based on project adaptat ion and
mit igation efforts in minimizing impacts.
The conservat ion act ions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to
biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a, 2012b). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the
mit igation hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is priorit ized, and that offsets are
measurable and only applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 3-1
3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK
3.1 International Regulation
Indonesia has rat ified various internat ional laws and convent ions in conservat ion and biodiversity,
as described below.
3.1.1 Ramsar Convention (1971)
The Ramsar Convent ion also known as the Convent ion on Wetlands is an internat ional t reaty for
the conservat ion and sustainable use of wet lands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran,
where the Convent ion was signed in 1971. The Convent ion’s mission is conservat ion and wise use
of all wet lands through local and nat ional act ions and internat ional cooperat ion, as a contribut ion
towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world. The Convention uses a broad
definit ion of wetlands. It includes all lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and
marshes, wet grasslands, peat lands, oases, estuaries, deltas and t idal flats, mangroves and other
coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs
and salt pans.
3.1.2 World Heritage Convention (1972)
The World Heritage Convent ion (WHC) adopted in the General Conference of UNESCO on 16
November 1972 aimed to protect the world’s cultural and natural heritage. The “ natural heritage”
defined in the WHC may be in line with biodiversity conservat ion, which should have (Art icle 2):
“ Natural features consist ing of physical and biological format ions or groups of such
format ions, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthet ic or scient ific point of
view;
Geological and physiographical format ions and precisely delineated areas that const itute the
habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the
point of view of science or conservat ion;
Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the
point of view of science, conservat ion, or natural beauty.”
The WHC addresses that each State Party should be commit ted to the conservat ion of its
respect ive heritage sites. Heritage sites located within a State Party’s sovereignty will be the
responsibility of the State. The State is commit ted to the protect ion and conservat ion of their
heritage sites, to the utmost of its own resources, and where appropriate, with internat ional
assistance and cooperat ion
3.1.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(1975)
Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, also
known as the Washington Convent ion. The convent ion is a mult ilateral t reaty to protect
endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolut ion adopted in 1963 at a
meet ing of members of the Internat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nature (IUCN). The
convent ion was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim
is to ensure that internat ional t rade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten
the survival of the species in the wild.
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3.1.4 Convention on Conservation of M igratory Species of Wild Animals
The Convent ion on the Conservat ion of M igratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the
Convent ion on M igratory Species (CM S), aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory
species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental t reaty, concluded under the aegis of
the United Nat ions Environment Program, concerned with the conservat ion of wildlife and
habitats on a global scale. The CM S covers a great diversity of migratory species. The Appendices
of CM S include many mammals, including land mammals, marine mammals and bats; birds; fish;
rept iles and one insect. Among the instruments, AEWA covers 255 species of birds that are
ecologically dependent on wet lands for at least part of their annual cycle. EUROBATS covers 52
species of bat, the M emorandum of Understanding on the Conservat ion of M igratory Sharks
seven species of shark, the IOSEA M arine Turt le M oU six species of marine turt le and the Raptors
M oU 76 species of birds of prey.
3.1.5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
United Nat ions Convent ion on Biological Diversity Flora, also known as the Biodiversity
Convent ion, was signed by 157 country leaders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Indonesia is the 8th
country to have rat ified this regulat ion. The Convent ion has three main goals:
Conservat ion of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
Sustainable use of its components; and
Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genet ic resources.
In other words, its object ive is to develop nat ional strategies for the conservat ion and sustainable
use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable
development.
3.1.6 Regional Regulations
Asia Plant Protect ion Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region (1955)
Indonesia is a member of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protect ion Commission. The Plant Protect ion
Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region is an intergovernmental t reaty administered by the Asia
and Pacific Plant Protect ion Commission. The Plant Protect ion Agreement for the Asia and Pacific
Region (formerly the Plant Protect ion Agreement for South-East Asia and Pacific Region) was
approved by the 23rd Session of the FAO Council in November 1955 and entered into force on 2
July 1956. The FAO Council approved amendments to the Agreement in 1967, 1979, 1983, and
1999. This agreement aims to prevent the introduct ion into and the spread within the Asia and
Pacific Region of destruct ive plant diseases and pests. Introduct ion of exot ic species is considered
to as a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
ASEAN Declarat ion on Heritage Parks and Reserves (1984)
M ember States of ASEAN established the ASEAN Heritage Parks to generate greater awareness
and conservat ion of the ASEAN region’s natural heritage. The declaration was issued after
M ember States proposed criteria and guidelines for the establishment and management of
protected areas in the ASEAN region. The declarat ion’s contextual message is declared as:
“ Recognizing that conservat ion areas should be managed to maintain ecological processes
and life support systems, preserve genet ic diversity; ensure sustainable ut ilizat ion of species
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 3-3
and ecosystems; and maintain wilderness that are of scenic, cultural, educat ional, research,
recreat ional and tourism values;”
Similar to the WHC, this declaration addresses that M ember Part ies are responsible for the
conservat ion and management of heritage parks located in its sovereignty.
Agreement on the Conservat ion of Nature and Natural Resources (1985)
Apart from the establishment of ASEAN heritage parks, ASEAN M ember States also have agreed
upon conserving nature and natural resources. This agreement addresses, among others,
integrat ing conservat ion and development, species and ecosystem protect ions, and
environmental planning.
3.2 National Regulation
Indonesia legislat ion comprises the Const itut ion, environmental laws, internat ional agreements,
subordinate legislat ion, normat ive acts, president ial orders and governmental decrees, ministerial
orders, instruct ions and regulat ions. Along with the nat ional regulat ions, Indonesia is signatory to
a number of internat ional convent ions, including those related to environmental protect ion (see
Table 1).
Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulations Development
Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulations regarding Biodiversity
No Regulation Substance
1. President ial Decree No. 43 of
1978 on Convent ion Internat ional
Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
Indonesia Government had rat if ied Convent ion on
Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna And
Flora. This convent ion also known as the Washington
Convent ion. Washington Convent ion is a mult ilateral t reaty
to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a
result of a resolut ion adopted in 1963 at a meeting of
members of the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN). The convent ion was opened for signature in
1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to
ensure that internat ional t rade in specimens of wild animals
and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the
wild. Restrict ions, prohibit ion and monitoring of species of
f lora and fauna, especially endangered.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 3-4
No Regulation Substance
2. Law No. 5 of 1990 on Biological
Natural Resources Conservation
and its Ecosystems
Stressing safeguards such as buffer system protect ion,
preservat ion of biodiversity, prohibited act ivit ies and
sanct ions. The Act also gives a description of the nature
reserve zone, community and conservation area. Emphasizes
land conservat ion.
3. President ial Decree No. 48 of
1991 on the Ratification of the
Convent ion on Wet lands
(Ramsar)
The provisions on the conservation of wet lands. Determining
wet land sites that have international interest.
4. Law No. 5 of 1994 on Rat if ication
United Nat ions Convent ion on
Biological Diversity
Regulate the conservat ion and sustainable use, equitable
benefit sharing and t ransfer of technology.
The protect ion of traditional knowledge and biosafety.
5. Government Regulation (GR)
No. 68 of 1998 on Wildlife
Reserve and Natural
Conservat ion Zones
The aim of this regulat ion is to managing of Wildlife Reserves
and Nature Conservation Zones, to establish and foster the
protection of biological resources and ecosystem balance, so
that efforts to raise the prosperity and quality of life of the
community can be supported.
6. Government Regulation (GR)
No. 7 of 1999 on Flora And Fauna
Species Conservation
The conservat ion of f lora and fauna has the following
object ives: to avoid ext inct ion of f lora and fauna species; to
safeguard genet ically purity and species diversity of f lora and
fauna; to conserve the equilibrium and stability of the
ecosystem so as to be useful for the sustainable well-being of
mankind.
7. Government Regulation (GR)
No. 8 of 1999 on Exploitation of
Wild Animals and Plants
The exploitation of plants and wildlife’s can be done in the
following form of activit ies: Study, research and
development ; Breeding; Sports Game; Trade; Exhibit ion;
Exchange; Cultivat ion of plants for its medical properties; and
Pets.
8. Law No. 25 of 2000 on the
Nat ional Development Program
(PROPENAS 2000 to 2004)
Include a variety of ecosystem management plan, but did not
specify biodiversity
9. Law No. 19 of 2004 on forest ry Set the function, planning and management of forests,
including the role of the wider community, and set up a
regional forest protect ion comparison as ecosystem
10. President ial Inst ruct ion (IP)
No. 4 of 2005 on the Accelerat ion
of Actions to Combat Illegal
Logging
Inst ruction to 18 state inst itutions to take action in
accordance with the authority and give priority to efforts to
combat illegal logging.
The establishment of a nat ional labor force (nat ional task
force) which consists of echelon I officials from all agencies
that given the instruction under the coordinat ion of
Coordinating M inister for Polit ical, Legal, and Security.
The establishment of a team of co-ordinat ion, monitoring
and evaluation as a working unit of a joint task force whose
members include government officials and NGOs.
11. Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spat ial
Planning
M anagement of protected areas, the area of cult ivat ion and
conversion, and management of protected areas
12. Law No. 32 of 2009 on
Environmental Protect ion and
M anagement
Set the principles, objectives, and goals of environmental
management in Indonesia, the rights and obligat ions of the
community, authority for environmental management ,
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 3-5
No Regulation Substance
environmental conservat ion, environmental planning
requirements, supervisory, administ rat ive sanct ions,
environmental audit ing, environmental dispute resolut ion
The M inistry of Environment and Forestry (M oEF) is responsible for regulat ing the natural
environment. The M oEF part icipates in the development of environmental state policy and
implements all policies designed for the protect ion and conservat ion of the environment and for
the sustainable use and management of Indonesia’s natural resources. This includes controlling
act ivit ies that have a potent ial adverse impact on the environment and natural resources and
issuing environmental licenses and permits.
The Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Act ion Plan 2015 -2020 (IBSAP) was prepared by Ministry
of Nat ional Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) in corporat ion with M oEF and Indonesian
Inst itute of Sciences (LIPI). Target from IBSAP 2015-2020 following Aichi Targets (AT) and adapted
with Indonesia condit ion. IBSAP targets following:
1. Awareness and part icipat ion of various part ies through formal and informal educat ion
programs (AT-1);
2. Implementat ion of management sustainable biodiversity on planning and implementat ion
nat ional and local development for increasing economic community (AT-2);
3. Realizat ion incent ives and disincent ives system in the effort and management of biological
resources (AT-3);
4. Increased availability and implementat ion support ing regulat ions for sustainable product ion
and consumption (AT-4);
5. Develop ex situ conservat ion area for protect local species (AT-5);
6. Implement regulat ion for sustainable management and harvest ing (AT-6);
7. Increasing area for agriculture, plantat ions and farms with sustainable management (AT-7);
8. Decrease pollut ion levels that damage biodiversity resources and funct ions of ecosystem (AT-
8);
9. Prevent ion and eradicat ion invasive alien species (AT-9);
10. Decrease anthropogenic pressure level for coral reef and others endanger ecosystem effected
by climate change (AT-10) ;
11. Sustainable preservat ion and increasing conservat ion area (AT-11);
12. Implementat ion of effort to protected endangered species populat ions as nat ional
conservat ion priority species (AT-12);
13. Develop seeding systems, genet ic breeding, and domest icat ion of wildlife species, as well as
breeding of wildlife species (AT-13);
14. Increasing funct ion of integrated ecosystem to ensure increasing important services (water,
health, livelihood, tourism) (AT-14).
15. Realizat ion of conservat ion and restorat ion of ecosystems in degraded areas (AT-15).
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 3-6
16. Implementat ion and rat ificat ion of Nagoya Protocol and derivative instruments with
regulat ions and Inst itut ional forms for central and local execut ives (AT-16);
17. Implementat ion new IBSAP in various stage (AT-17);
18. Develop innovat ion of local wisdom and increasing of bioprospect ing capacity for
conservat ion and ut ilizat ion sustainable biodiversity (AT-18);
19. Increasing of science and technology capacity to biodiversity management as sustainable (AT-
19);
20. Ident ificat ion resources and effect ive budget ing in implemented management sustainable
biodiversity (AT-20);
21. M apping data and informat ion biodiversity as comprehensive and integrated;
22. Implementat ion of conflicts resolving related to biodiversity management as comprehensive.
3.3 Third Party Requirements
3.3.1 Overview
The Project is required to meet the internat ional standards of the IFC, which is part of the World
Bank Group. The internat ional environmental and social safeguard policies of these organizat ions
are out lined below.
3.3.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards and Guidance
The IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a) and Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b) have been used on the Project as best
pract ice and internat ional standards. In accordance with IFC PS6, habitats are divided into
modified, natural, and crit ical habitats. Crit ical habitats can be either modified or natural habitats
support ing high biodiversity value, including:
Habitat of significant importance to crit ically endangered and/ or endangered species (IUCN
Red List);
Habitats of significant importance to endemic and/ or restricted-range species;
Habitat support ing globally significant concentrat ions of migratory species and/ or congregator
species;
Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems; and/ or
Areas associated with key evolut ionary processes.
A BAP is required for all projects located in crit ical habitat (IFC, 2012a) and is recommended for
projects that have the potent ial to significant ly impact natural habitat (IFC, 2012b). The PT SEM L
Project Biodiversity Study has highlighted the potent ial presence of crit ical habitats within the
zone of influence of the Project . A Crit ical Habitat Assessment is included in Sect ion 5 of this
document.
Specific reference has been made to the following IFC environmental standards and guidance:
IFC General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007)
IFC EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (2007)
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3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards
The ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 sets out policy principles and out lines the
delivery process for ADBs safeguard policy in relat ion to environmental safeguards. The ADB has
adopted a set of specific safeguard requirements that borrowers/ clients are required to meet in
addressing environmental and social impacts and risks. ADB staff will ensure that
borrowers/ clients comply with these requirements during project preparat ion and
implementat ion.
The safeguard policies are operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mit igate the
adverse environmental and social impacts of projects including protect ing the rights of those
likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process. ADBs safeguard policy
framework in the SPS consists of three operat ional policies on the environment, indigenous
people and involuntary resett lement. ADB has developed Operat ional Procedures to be followed
in relat ion to the SPS policies and these are included in the ADB Operat ions M anual.
Requirements for assessing and addressing biodiversity effects of projects are set out within ADB
Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment, Sect ion D8 ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable
Natural Resource M anagement ’. This document is included as an appendix to the SPS.
Sect ion D8 requires the environmental assessment process to focus on the major threats to
biodiversity and for the borrower/ client to ident ify measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate
potent ially adverse impacts and risks and, as a last resort , propose compensatory measures, such
as biodiversity offsets, to achieve no net loss or a net gain of the affected biodiversity.
Obligat ions on the borrower/ client differ depending on whether the habitat is classified as
modified, natural, or crit ical. For areas of crit ical habitat the requirements state that no project
act ivity will be implemented in areas of crit ical habitat unless:
There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the crit ical habitat which
could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to funct ion.
The project is not ant icipated to lead to a reduct ion in the populat ion of any recognized
endangered or crit ically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such
that the persistence of a viable and representat ive host ecosystem be compromised;
For any lesser impacts, mit igat ion measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of
biodiversity. They may include a combinat ion of act ions, such as post-project restorat ion of
habitats, offset of losses through the creat ion or effect ive conservat ion of ecologically
comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respect ing the ongoing use of such
biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or t radit ional communit ies, and compensat ion to direct
users of biodiversity.
When the project involves act ivit ies in a crit ical habitat , ADB requires the borrower/ client to
retain qualified and experienced external experts to assist in conduct ing the assessment.
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4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE
4.1 M ethodology
4.1.1 Study Area
The main purpose of the study is to ident ify the home range and habitats of wildlife, especially
endangered species. The biodiversity study focused on the buffer area between KSNP and the PT
SEM L Project area. The study area for the biodiversity study is shown on Figure 4-1 and is defined
as a 1 – 2 km buffer from the closest Project act ivit ies. A grid method with dimensions 1 km x 1
km (1 kilometer square) was used to posit ion camera t raps. Object ive of the study is to assess the
diversity within the Project footprint and surrounding areas, and in KNSP, focusing on endangered
species.
The study area is located in Sumatran montane rain forest ecosystem. Based on data from AM DAL
study, forest types in the Project area are dominated by mature secondary forest .
Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review
4.1.2 Desktop Information
The following data sets listed in Table 4-1 were consulted for the biodiversity assessment.
Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment
Id Dataset Year Source
1 Global Biodiversity Hotspots 2011 IBAT
2 WWF Terrest rial Ecosystems 2015 WWF
3 RAM SAR Wet lands 2015 IBAT
4 UNESCO M AB 2015 UNESCO
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Id Dataset Year Source
5 World Heritage Sites 2015 UNESCO
6 Key Biodiversity Areas 2015 IBAT
7 Endemic Bird Areas 2015 IBAT
8 World Database of Protected Areas 2015 IBAT
9 IUCN Threatened Species Grid 2014 IBAT download
10 IUCN Red list of threatened species 2015 IUCN Red List
11 Global Biodiversity Information Facilit y (GBIF) 2015 GBIF
12 Bird database 2016 Cornell University
13 Land cover 2011 M inist ry of Forest ry
4.1.3 Field Surveys
In general, the survey focused on habitats used by the target species, part icularly in the affected
area and KNSP areas potent ially impacted by act ivit ies of PT SEM L. To achieve the goal, studies
used observat ional approaches, point count methods, and camera traps.
The study area for large mammals focused on forest and adjacent habitats. The study ident ified
home range using signs of the existence of species, such as exist ing photos/ video, feces,
footprints, feathers, scratches, and sounds. For primate t roops, the survey focused on forest edge
habitats.
The survey area for raptors is open high places, forest edges, and areas with diverse habitats. The
focus of the survey was ident ifying raptor habitat for hunt ing and foraging.
4.1.3.1 Point Count and Line Transect
The study was conducted using two main methods: Concentrat ion Counts and Explorat ion
methods.
Concentrat ion counts were carried out in strategic places for the species that emit sound such as
Siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), Agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis), and raptor bird.
Explorat ion methods were conducted for all species in every route of observat ion. Transects were
adjusted to the geomorphologyy of the study area, part icularly ridges (punggung bukit ).
Explorat ion methods applied were direct encounter method and indirect methods through the
footprints, t races, and marks of the presence of wildlife.
4.1.3.2 Camera Traps
Camera traps are classified as concentrat ion count methods. Camera traps were installed and
distributed purposively using a grid method. Camera traps target large mammals’ data, such as
tapir, t iger, and other species. Camera traps were installed in the field from February 27, 2016 to
M ay 31, 2016 (3 months) at 13 locat ions.
4.1.3.3 Habitat Classification and Analysis
Habitats were classified as natural and modified habitat . Analysis of habitats was done using land
cover approach, field ground checks, and vegetat ion study literature.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-3
Land cover informat ion was obtained using remote sensing and spat ial analysis. High-resolut ion
satellite image data were downloaded from Google Earth (2014) combined with Landsat 8
(acquisit ion year 2016). Analysis of satellite image acquisit ion using visual interpretat ion method
with the results guiding ground checks in the field. Field observat ions were used to divide land
cover into five classes (Table 4-2).
Table 4-2 Land Cover Classification
Species Habitat Type Description
Forest Natural Habitat Areas dominated by tree cover, with dense canopy
cover, and sparse cover ( formerly logged).
Shrub Natural Habitat Natural areas dominated by ground vegetation
cover. In the field, vegetat ion was recorded in
seedling and sapling growth stages.
Shrub Swamp Natural Habitat Area has a shrub cover with puddles whether
temporary or permanent. Shrub swamps confirmed
from the results of f ield visits.
Dry-land Agriculture
mix with shrub
M odified
Habitat
Areas with lower vegetat ion cover that have
part icular pat terns that indicate the work of
humans.
Paddy field/ wetland
Agriculture
M odified
Habitat
Areas with lower vegetat ion cover, with terraced
regular pat terns and look inundated with water type
colors.
4.1.4 Species Habitat M apping
Species habitat mapping is developed based on the species encountered locat ions, both direct
and indirect findings. Analysis will be based on data from habitat type maps, land cover, and
expert adjustment.
4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values
Stakeholder engagement is accomplished using workshops. The workshop part icipants are species
experts, NGOs, Universit ies, Regional and Local Governments, and other companies around the
study area.
4.2 Environmental Setting
4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008
A biodiversity assessment study for the explorat ion stage was conducted in 2008 and focussed on
wellpads and access roads.
4.2.1.1 Habitat
The project area is most ly primary forest sub-mountains ecosystem. Habitat maps of the area
before explorat ion began is presented on M ap 1 and habitat areas mapped for year 2016 is
shown in Table 4-3.
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Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016
No Habitat Type Area (Hectares) Percentage
1 Primary Forest 21.4 46.6
2 Secondary Forest 10.9 23.8
3 Shrub 2.2 4.8
4 Dryland Agriculture 0.5 1.2
5 Paddy Field 6.0 13.1
6 Open Area 2.0 4.4
7 Road 2.8 6.1
Total 45.9 100
M ap 1 is the land cover analysis of satellite imagery acquisit ion in 2008. Compared to year 2016
primary forest was the most affected land cover type with 46% affected, followed by secondary
forest (23%).
4.2.1.2 Vegetation Community
Based on M ap 1, the project will have an impact on natural and modified habitats. On modified
habitat , vegetat ion studies recorded as many as 28 species of cultivated plant species. Cinnamon
numerically dominated, followed by coffee, areca, coconut, banana, durian, mango and surian.
Plant species commonly grown in home gardens as ornamental planta include Euphorbia species
and Paper Flower (bunga kertas).
In the wellpad plan area, natural vegetat ion species recorded during field surveys were
predominant ly Shorea sp, Litsea glut inosa, Aglaia sp and Peronema sp.
Shrubs included Euphatorium odoratum (Krynyuh), Lantana camara and M imosa pygra. Grasses
had relat ively less coverage. Species with wide cover included Blechnum sp and Nephrolepis sp.
Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetation Species before Exploration
No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form
1. Litsea glut inosa M adang kaladi T
2. Shorea sp M arant iah T
3. Disoxylum sp - T
4. Diospyros sp Ribu-ribu T
5. Lithocarpus sundaicus Paniang-paniang T
6. M acaranga javanica Sapek-sapek T
7. Aglaia sp Kalek T
8. Artocarpus elast icus Tarok T
9. Eugenia sp Kalek abu T
10. Piper aduncum Sirih-sirih T
11. Sauraia sp - T
12. Cyathea sp Paku t iang GC
13. Ficus pandana Baliak angin T
14. Alstonia sp Pulai T
15. Syzigium sp Jambu T
16. Albizia sp - T
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No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form
17. Peronema sp Sungkai T
18. Ficus variegata Gilabuak T
19. Glichodion sp - T
20. Euphatorium odoratum Krinyuh GC
21. Lantana camara - GC
22. Saccharum spontanium - GC
23. Imprerata cylindrica Ilalang GC
24. M imosa pygra Put ri malu besar GC
25. Sida acuta - GC
26. Borreria alata - GC
Sources: UKL/ UPL, 2009. Not e: T = Tree; GC = Ground Cover vegetat ion
4.2.1.3 Fauna
Study recorded 31 species of birds from 16 families and 7 orders, as well as four mammal species
from 3 taxonomic families and 3 orders in year 2008. Nectariniidae or honey group birds and
Alcenidae (Kingfisher Bird) are protected by Indonesian Laws at family taxonomic level.
No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note
Bird
1 Passeriformes Ploceidae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow
2 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia
3 Lonchura st riata White-rumped Munia
4 Lonchura maja White-headed M unia
5 Ploceous philippinus Baya Weaver
6 Nectariniidae Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Sunbird Protected
7 Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Protected
8 Sylviidae Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird
9 Prinia familiaris Bar-winged Prinia
11 Dicaeidae Dicaeum t rigonostigma Orange-bellied
Flowerpecker
12 M otacillidae M otacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M igrant
13 Lanidae Lanius schah Long-tailed shrike
14 Lanius t igrinus Tiger Shrike
15 Dicruridae Dicrutus leucophaeus Ashy drongo
16 Turdidae Copsychus saularis The oriental magpie-robin
17 Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama
18 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul
19 Pycnonotus at riceps Black-headed bulbul
20 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed bulbul
21 Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy swift let
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No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note
Bird
22 Collocalia maxima Black-nest Swift let
23 Columbiformes Columbidae St reptopelia chinensis Spot ted dove
24 M acropygia unchall Barred cuckoo-dove
25 Piciformes Picidae Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker
26 Coraciiformes Capitonidae M egalaima aust ralis Blue-eared Barbet
27 Alcedinidae Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Protected
28 Halcyon smyrnensis white-throated kingfisher Protected
29 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon bittern
30 Bubulcus ibis Cat t le egret Protected
M ammals
1 Primata cercopithecidae M acaca fascicularis Long tailed M acacaques
2 Presbyt is melalophos Sumatran Surili
3 Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus notatus Squirrel
4 Art riodactyla Suidae Sus vit tatus Boar
4.2.1.4 Aquatic Biota
Based on interviews, the 2008 study recorded 11 species in Liki River, 9 species in Pulakek River
and 12 species in the Sapan M alulung River.
Fish reportedly st ill abundant in river is small fish and no economic value, such as Silarian
(Nemacheilus fasciatus), Kapareh (Punt ius binotatus) and Siluang (Rasbora sp), and fish like
condit ion of the river is rather muddy as Rut iang (Ophiocephalus/ Channa striatus), Baluik
(M onopterus albus) and Limbek (Clarias batracus).
Some of the fish that have economic value is Garing (Labiobarbus tambroides), Barau (Hampala
bimaculata), Kulari (Grassocheilus sp). Populat ion seemed to have started to decline in the river
surveyed.
Table 4-5 Aquatic Biota on River (Survey 2008)
No. Local Name Scientific Name Study Lokasi
Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River
1 Ikan ameh Cyprinus carpio - - +
2 Ikan baluik M onopterus albus ++ ++ ++
3 Ikan barau Hampala bimaculata + - -
4 Ikan baung Hemibagrus nemurus/
M icrones nemurus + - +
5 Ikan bakok/ rut iang Ophiocephalus st riatus /
Channa striatus ++ ++ ++
6 Ikan kapareh Punt ius binotatus +++ +++ +++
7 Ikan kulari Grassocheilus sp - + -
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No. Local Name Scientific Name Study Lokasi
Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River
8 Ikan Garing Labiobarbus tambroides ++ + +
9 Ikan Limbek Clarias spp ++ - +
10 Ikan nila Oreochromis nilot icus - - ++
11 Ikan Siluang Rasbora sp +++ +++ +++
12 Ikan Silarian Nemacheilus fasciatus +++ +++ ++
13 Ikan silanjiang M astacembelus sp + + +
14 Udang Cambarus sp + + ++
Sources: Field Study (2008); Not e: - No + not abundant , ++ Abundant , +++ very abundant
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M ap 1 Habitat M ap before Exploration Stage
101°9'0"E
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Existing Project Footprint
Landcover on Exploration Stage
Primary Forest
Secondary Forest
Shrub; Shrub Swamp
Road
Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub
Dryland Agriculture
Open Area
Paddy Field
Settlement
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4.2.2 Species of Conservation Value
4.2.2.1 Vegetation
Laumonier (1994) has conducted ecosystems study and divided KSNP ecosystems into nine types.
Figure 4-2 illustrates ecosystem types of KSNP and M ap 3 is ecosystem map of study area.
Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP
According to the data of forest cover in the Project area, there are two types of ecosystems, the
natural ecosystems and modified ecosystems. In general, the natural ecosystems around the
Project site are dominated by sub-montane forest format ions.
Based on succession processes, the forest ecosystem is divided into secondary forests and
primary forests. Secondary forests are damaged forests current ly undergoing natural succession.
Pioneer species are commonly found in these ecosystems. In vegetat ion, the survey recorded 28
species of 20 families. Clusiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Rubiaceae are flora families with the
highest numbers of species.
Some species recorded as dominant are Quercus sp (oaks). Although rare and found in small
number, Quercus sp and the conifer Dacrydium elatum were found with large diameters (Figure
4-3). Evergreens Calophyllum pulcherrimum and Calophyllum inophyllum were recorded abundant
with wide distribut ion.
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Figure 4-3 Vegetation Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest
Surveys recorded 27 flora species of 18 families. Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae and
Phyllanthaceae were recorded as families with the highest number of species found. The numbers
of species per family can be seen in Figure 4-4.
Cratoxylon ligustrinum is the most dominant species. This species was found abundant and
widespread. Other dominant species are Calophyllum inophyllum and Schima wallichii. Although
rarely found and growing clumped, individuals of Schima walichii were found with large
diameters.
Figure 4-4 Vegetation Families Found in Primary Forest
Sub-M ontane Forest, Sub-montane forest is located on ranges with elevat ions between 800 and
1400 m asl. Differences in vegetat ion structure were found in the woods on the west side
compared to the east side of Bukit Barisan, and between the south side and the north side. Range
canopy heights of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is st ill common. M yrtaceae and Fagaceae are the
numerically dominant family taxa in this forest ecosystem. Two variat ions of forests types exist in
sub-montane forest ; bamboo and Garcinia forest .
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Results show this ecosystem type has high species diversity. Numerically dominant vegetat ion are
puspa (Schima wallichii), kasiah baranak (Rhodoleia champiomii), paniang-paniang (Quercus sp.),
M adang (Litsea sp.), Barangan (Lithocarpus sp.) and Kalek (Eugenia sp.).
In disturbed areas, some plant cult ivat ion is found, including kandis (Garcinia sp.), Albizia, jackfruit
(Artocarpus sp.), Coffee (Coffea sp.), M ahogany (Switonia macrophila). Some pioneer plant
species are found in secondary forests due to logging such as Indarung (Trema orientalis), sapek
(M acaranga triloba), bodi (M allotus paniculatus) and jirak (Eurya acuminata).
Lower M ontane Forest, the elevation range for lower montane forest is 1400-1900 asl. Epiphytes
and moss grow well with increasing humidity. Lit ter on the topsoil becomes thicker due to
decreasing speed of the decomposit ion process. Dominant t ree families are Fabaceae, Lauraceae,
M yrtaceae, Theaceae, and Sapotaceae. Abundant ground cover vegetat ion is M yrsinaceae.
Generally, this area is primary forest with low species diversity, dense cover, smaller diameter
t rees and moss. The most common species are paniang-Paning (Quercus sp.), kayu ambun
(Podocarpus imbricatus) and sapek (M icrocos saccifera).
4.2.2.2 Habitat
M ap 2 shows a land cover analysis map based on high resolut ion satellite imagery acquired in
2013 and updated with Landsat 8 imagery acquired in 2016.
Land cover change has occurred in the study area, including deforestat ion. Deforestat ion has
occure not only in the project area but also surrounding areas. Local communit ies clear forest for
agricultural. Deforestat ion from explorat ion to development stage is presented in Figure 4-5.
Figure 4-5 Deforestation on Surounding Project Area
Legend
Deforestat ion
Secondary Forest change to non forest area
Primary Forest to non forest area
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M ap 2 Habitat M ap on Development Stage
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1°3
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Legend
Landcover on Exploration Stage
Project Footprint
Primary Forest
Secondary Forest
Shrub; Shrub Swamp
Road
Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub
Dryland Agriculture
Open Area
Paddy Field
Settlement
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M ap 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem M ap
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4.2.2.3 Birds and Raptors
There are about 292–313 species of diurnal raptor from the taxonomic order Accipit riformes
distributed widely in the world (Ferguson-Lees & Christ ie 2001), and about 67% of them are found
in t ropical areas, of which 30% of t ropical raptors are endemic (Bildstein et al. 1998). The 71
species are listed of diurnal raptor in Indonesia (Sukmantoro et al., 2007), and Gill and Donsker
(2014) believes that there are 72 species of diurnal raptor in Indonesia islands. All these species
are protected by Indonesia law (Noerdjito & M aryanto 2001). And according to Zulkifli et al.
(2012), there are 34 raptor species found in Sumatera.
Raptors are indicators of good environmental quality, because they are sensit ive to human
disturbance and environmental contaminat ion (Lewis et al, 2004; Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998).
In natural habitats, raptors are recognized as keystone species (Sergio et al. 2008),
environmentally sensit ive (Poirazidis et al. 2007), and also as indicators of the ecosystem health
(Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998; Poirazidis et al. 2007). Hiraldo et al. (1995) said that people believe
that raptors play an important role in controlling disease. Their populat ion is threatened by illegal
t rade, hunt ing, habitat destruct ion, and the use of pest icides (Bildstein et al. 1998; Rodríguez-
Estrella et al. 1998; van Balen et al. 2000; Nijman et al. 2006; Supriatna 2012). According to
Bird¬Life Internat ional in Gunawan et al. (2016), major threats are the increase in human
populat ion, weak law enforcement, and low public awareness about raptors conservat ion.
a. M igratory Raptors
M igrat ion is one of some animals’ behaviors as their adapt ion to environmental condit ions,
especially against season change in their habitat (Clark & Newton 1990). This condit ion makes
them move to areas with enough resources for support ing their lives (Clark & Newton, 1990;
Higuchi et al., 2005; Bildstein, 2006; Yamazaki et al. 2012; Pramono, et al., 2015). One type of
migratory animal is the raptor, which migrates from frozen breeding areas to warmer areas in the
t ropics (Clark & Newton 1990; Higuchi et al. 2005; Bildstein 2006). Indonesia is a t ropical country
that is periodically passed by huge number of migratory raptors. This country also serves as one of
their dest inat ions (Higuchi et al. 2005). Ash said that first discovery of migrat ion of raptors in large
number across Java and Bali happened in 1982; then in 1998, 1999, and 2001 it cont inued with
intensive monitoring in some locat ions in Java and Bali (Germi, 2005; Nijman, 2001). They usually
were using forest and mountain areas as flyways, stop-overs, or migrat ion dest inat ions, because
these areas have good habitat . They were soaring ut ilize thermal updrafts and gliding to save their
energy (Spaar, 1996; Bildstein, 2006). Sometimes migratory raptors were soaring in huge
numbers.
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Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia)
One of entry points of migratory raptors to Indonesia region is Rupat Island in Riau province
(Sukmantoro et al., 2006; Iqbal, 2000; Syart inilia et al., 2013; Pramono et al., 2015). According to
Zalles and Bildstein in Germi (2005), there are 55 species of migratory raptor in Asia, and 42 of
them have been recorded as passed or stopped-over in Indonesia areas.
There are many records of migratory raptor in Java, but lit t le information is found of these groups
in Sumatera. Based on Sukmantoro (2006), the newest record of 100 migratory raptors in
Sumatera are passing across in Lambaro Village (Aceh Province) in December 2007; of which 8
Oriental honey buzzard is found in Jambi province, and 15 Chinese ghosthawk is recorded in
Bintan Island, Riau Island province. There is also 1,145 Oriental honey buzzards recorded in 2005,
t ravelling from Rupat Island (Riau province) to M alaka (M alaysia). M onitoring act ivity of migratory
raptors in 2001 shows that the migrat ion route is from M alaka to Riau passing through Riau
Islands, Jambi Province, Lampung Province, and cont inuing to Java Island. Small groups come
through Aceh. Report of Higuchi (2006) demonstrated that one Oriental honey buzzard with a
satellite t racking unit on it was found in Sumatera during their wintering migrat ion. M akalew et al
(2015) said that the habitat select ion of wintering migrat ion routes for Oriental honey buzzard
was highly influenced by the availability of thermal winds and food.
b. Diversity of Raptor Birds in Study Area
During the first survey, the weather was misty and cloudy. According to Spaar (1996) and Bildstein
(2006), it is not the good condit ion to find raptor, since this species likes to soar ut ilizing thermal
and gliding to save their energy. M ost of recorded raptors were seeing when they do their
act ivit ies a few minutes after the mist and drizzle. There is only one raptor (Crested serpent eagle)
seen perching on the top of dead tree during the drizzle. Open area is the best locat ion to watch
them flying/ soaring. Raptors usually use secondary forest, farm land, or open areas for hunt ing
their prey. The table below lists the raptor species found in the study area (Table 4-6).
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Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area
No Indonesia English Scientific Activity
1 Alap – alap capung Black-thighed falconet M icrohierax fringillarius Perching, hunt ing
2 Elang hitam Indian black eagle Ict inaetus malayensis Soaring, hunt ing
3 Elang ular bido Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela Perching
4 Elang perut karat Ruffous bellied eagle Hiraaetus kienerii Soaring
5 Sikep madu asia Oriental honey buzzard Pernis pt ilorhynchus Hunt ing, soaring
6 Elang Brontok Changeable Hawk-eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Perching
7 Elang Walaceae Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nanus Perching
8 Elang Gunung Blyth’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus alboniger Perching, hunt ing
9 Alap alap kawah Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Soaring
c. Black-thighed Falconet
One of the smallest raptor species, the Black thighed falconet likes to carry out most of its
act ivit ies in the open areas of forest edges or villages and farm land (M acKinnon et al (1998).
Their prey is insects, small birds, and lizards (Ferguson-Lees & Christ ie 2001; Wells 2007). It is their
nature to stay perched on the tops of dead trees, flying to catch prey and returning to the same
perch locat ion to eat. They tend to repeat these act ivit ies before moving to another dead tree.
Sometimes the species hunt and eat their prey under the canopy. This species also uses the holes
in dead trees for nest ing.
photo: Gunawan photo: Aji
Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (M icrohierax fringillarius) perching
d. Indian Black Eagle
The Indian black eagle is one of the biggest forest raptors in Indonesia. It has a large wingspan
that is not suitable for hunt under the forest canopy. It is the reason for them to hunt their prey in
the open area or on the top of the canopy. Li YD (2011) said that this species supported by forest
in the higher elevat ion. Their preys are monkeys, lizards, and small mammals. During the survey,
this species was seen soaring or flying over the forest for hunt ing. In some locat ion, this species
was found soaring with the juvenile. It meant they just past their breeding season, because they
will shoot the juvenile when it grown up.
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photo: Aji photo: Gunawan
Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) hunting over the canopy
e. Crested Serpent Eagle
According Prawiradilaga et al (2003), Crested serpent eagle is one of the common species in
Indonesia. This species is most widely distributed (Amadon 1974, Stepanyan 1992) among
Spilornis genus that only found in the Indo-M alay zoogeographical region (Thiollay 1994,
Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). Their prey is rept ile such as lizard and snake. They also can eat
birds or frogs. This species liked to hunt ing in open area, under the canopy or forest floor. They
can walk or running on the branches to catch the prey. During the survey, the team only found
one individual of this species perching on the dead tree in the paddy field. Probably, this bird is
wait ing to hunt for its prey. Walther et al (2014) said that this species more often using degraded
and semi-open mix forest .
photo: Aji photo: Wilson
Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunting
f. Ruffous Bellied Eagle
The other raptor species found in the survey is Ruffous bellied eagle. This is a colorful raptor and
one of the most expensive raptor which offered in illegal t rading through social media. The
species adapted to hunt ing over or under the canopy. The Rufous-bellied Eagle is a resident
species of southern Asia, covering from India to Southern M yanmar and Peninsular M alaysia,
cont inue to the Philippines and Indonesia, and reached to as far east as Flores in the Lesser
Sundas (Thiollay 1994; Coates & Bishop 2000). In the Greater Sundas, it is known as uncommon
forest resident species and can fly extending up to 1,500 m above sea level (M acKinnon et al.
1998). First breeding in Sumatera was recorded in 2007 (Iqbal et al, 2011). During the survey, this
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-18
species was seen soaring alone or in a pair. In the survey locat ion, the team saw a pair of this
species soaring together with a pair of Indian black eagle over Wellpad-B.
photo: Gunawan photo: Dedy Istant o/ www.sat uharapan.com/
Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area
g. Oriental Honey Buzzard
This species is most often seen in the survey area. It was seen fly over the Administrat ion area
alone and in a group consists of 2-3 individual in other locat ions. Oriental honey buzzard has
many color body variat ions and it also belongs to migratory and resident. The resident-type color
body is dark brown with 2-3 crested feathers. The nature of Oriental honey buzzard likes to at tack
the bee or wasp nests in order to eat the flyblow and drink the honey. The individual species that
was found in the survey area probably as the individual migration, considering its color that is
brighter, has no crested and the species usually migrates in a big flock and using the same path in
every migrat ion seasons. However, there is no literature that recorded the raptor migrat ion in the
survey area (Sumatera area).
The migrat ion season is from February to M ay during autumn migrat ion and from August to
November during spring migrat ion. M igratory raptor will stay during their winter migrat ion in the
dest inat ion locat ion.
photo: Aji photo: Gunawan
Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard
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h. Changeable Hawk-eagle
Changeable Hawk-eagle with scient ific name Nisaetus cirrhatus is protected species by Indonesia
Regulat ion with Least Concern conservat ion status from Red List Book IUCN. This species has an
extremely large range, the distribut ion of this species from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the M alay
Peninsula, the Philippines, Indonesia (Sumtera, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara).
The foods for this species are birds, rept iles and mammals. This species was found perched on a
dry t ree around the bridge and intersect ion Wellpad D.
Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area
i. Wallace’s Hawk-eagle
This species is protected by Indonesia regulat ion. IUCN categorized it into Vulnerable species. It is
resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally
been reported up to 1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradat ion, having been recorded in
heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and Sumatra, and logged forest in M alaysia. However, a study
in M alaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to select ive logging, but not subsequent ly (IUCN,
2016).
Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area
This species also has a wide range distribut ion from Brunei, M yanmar, Thailand, M alaysia,
Sumatera, and Kalimantan. Their main preys are small birds, bats, and rept iles.
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During field observat ion, this species was found perched near a lake near Wellpad D and the path
to Wellpad A. At another area at coffee plantat ion not far from Wellpad B, they were seen flying
and fight ing with the Black eagle.
Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left) and Breeding Scene
(right)
j. Peregrine Falcon
Scient ific name of this species is Falco peregrinus. Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and
Arct ic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America, Europe to Africa, and
northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower lat itudes or in the
Southern Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). M igrat ing birds leave their
breeding sites between August and November, and return between M arch and M ay (Snow and
Perrins 1998). M igrants readily fly over sea and ocean. M ost birds t ravel singly or in pairs, even on
migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). It inhabits an extreme variety of habitats, tolerat ing
wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Birds
make up most of its diet , principally pigeons and doves (del Hoyo et al. 1994). In breeding site
eggs are usually laid in a scrape or depression in a rock face, with no nest being built (del Hoyo et
al. 1994).
This species is the fastest predator bird in the world's. There are about 19 sub-species spreading
almost all over the world, and migratory species. The main prey is birds, but they also prey small
mammals, lizards, bats, insects, and fish. Observed flies over the forest near Wellpad H, but not
certain migratory or resident species.
Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon
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k. Blyth’s Hawk-eagle
This is protected species with conservat ion status of IUCN is Least Concern. This species has an
extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the
range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuat ing
range size, habitat extent/ quality, or populat ion size and a small number of locat ions or severe
fragmentat ion). Areas of distribut ion are M alay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatera and Kalimantan.
M ain preys of this species are bird, rept ile and small mammals.
Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B
On study area, this species found perched in Wellpad B and flew in pairs around Wellpad H.
l. Other Bird Species
Besides collect ing data of raptor species on the area, the team also compiled data of other bird
species. The monitoring results show that are 89 birds species of 39 families were found in the
survey area (Appendix 1):
a. 17 of them are protected by Indonesia law
b. 18 of them are included in Red-list Book of IUCN
c. 10 of them are included in CITES Appendix
d. 7 of them are migratory birds.
Accipit ridae (eagle groups) is a commonly found family with seven species, followed by
Campephagidae (6 species) and Pynonot idae (6 species).
Apart from Accipit ridae that has been discussed in Chapter b, other raptor family that is found in
the study area is Falconidae. Falconidae is a kestrel bird group.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-22
Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family
M igrant bird: Chest nut-w inged Cuckoo, phot o: Aji M igrant bird: Grey Wagtail, photo: Gunawan
Protect ed bird: Wreathed Hornbill, phot o: Wilson Protect ed bird: Bushy-crested Hornbill, photo: Aji
Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit
Figure 4-18 shows migratory and protected species birds that were encountered in the study
locat ion. Survey recorded two species of Hornbill groups; both species are part of the Bucerot idae
family. Indonesia Regulation protects the Bucerot idae family bird.
7
2 2
1
2
6
1
2
5
1
5
1 1
2
1
2 2 2 2
5
1
5
1
3
1 1 1
2
3
1 1
6
1
2
1
3
1 1
2
Accip
itridae
Alce
din
idae
Bu
cero
tidae
Ch
loro
pse
idae
Co
lum
bid
ae
Cu
cu
lidae
Dic
rurid
ae
Eu
ryla
imid
ae
Hiru
nd
inid
ae
Leio
thric
hid
ae
Mo
tacillid
ae
Mo
tacillid
ae
Parid
ae
Passe
ridae
Pic
idae
Psitta
cid
ae
Rallid
ae
Sittid
ae
Tu
rdid
ae
Zo
stero
pid
ae
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-23
m. Endemic Bird and Restricted-range Species
Survey was found four Sumatran’s endemic bird species, three of them were captured by camera
trap (Figure 4-19). A general descript ion the ecology of each of endemic species were found are
presented in the Table 4-7.
Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species
No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence
1 Salavadori's
Pheasant
Lophura
inornata
This species can be found at alt iudes
between about 650 and 2,200 m
(2,130 and 7,220 ft). There are two
subspecies; L. i. inornata being
relatively common and known from
many locations in the cent re and
south of the Barisan M ountains,
while L. i. hoogerwerfi, Hoogerwerf 's
pheasant , is rest ricted to the
northern part of the mountains and
has been seen infrequent ly.
The populat ion is est imated to
number 5,000-19,999 mature
individuals based on an assessment
of known records, descript ions of
abundance and range size. This is
consistent with recorded populat ion
density est imates for congeners or
close relatives with a similar body
size, and the fact that only a
proport ion of the est imated Extent
of Occurrence is likely to be
occupied. This est imate is roughly
equivalent to 7,500-30,000
individuals
(http:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016)
Estimated extent of occurrence
(EOO) – 71,400 km2.
2 Red-billed
Part ridge
Arborophila
rubrirost ris
Occupants of the mountains forest at
an alt itude of 900-2500m. Shy bird
and stayed on the ground in small
groups. M ore like a moat moss and
dense undergrowth on a ridge.
The global population size has not
been quantified, but the species is
described as probably locally quite
numerous
(http:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016).
Estimated extent of occurrence
(EOO) – 69,500 km2.
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No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence
3 Bronze-
tailed
Peacock-
pheasant
Polyplect ron
chalcurum
Occupants of primary forest and
logged-over forests which are
common in Bukit Barisan, between
alt itudes of 800-1700 m. Commonly
have 2 eggs that incubate for 22
days.
The global population size has not
been quantified, but the species is
reported to be fairly common in
places (del Hoyo et al. 1994).
Estimated extent of occurrence
(EOO) – 83,200 km2.
4 Cream-
st riped
Bulbul
Pycnonotus
leucogrammicus
Inhabit ing the primary forest ,
lowland and hill dipterocarp forest ,
also st ill be found in the peat swamp
forests and secondary forests,
mangrove, coastal vegetat ion, moor
/ t reeless f ields and cocoa
plantat ions, usually at an alt itude of
under 750-900 m, although it is st ill
found in alt itude of 1500 m in Sabah.
Less available information regarding
the feed and behavior. But it
estimated similar to C. hayii
consuming large sized fruits. One
t ree is used by three or more pairs of
nesting that is generally close to
st reams. Nesting developed in t ree
holes former termite and ant nests
around 1-10 m from the ground.
The global population size has not
been quantified, but the species is
described as fairly common in mid-
elevat ion forests, although generally
uncommon in north Sumatra (del
Hoyo et al. 2005).
Estimated extent of occurrence
(EOO) – 63,000 km2.
Salvadori is found widespread in the study area; it is seen from the results of camera traps in
Table 4-14. The study noted 9 of 13 locat ions to capture its existence with high intensity.
Peacock-pheasant Salavadori's Pheasant
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Red-billed Part r idge
Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps
n. Potential Threat
Based on conversat ions with our local guide, some people enter the area to catch birds for pets,
t rading, and consumption. Usually they catch birds by glue trapping and mist-nett ing. The local
guide said that the main target is the Banded Pit ta (Pitta guajana) which is protected by Indonesia
Law and is also in CITES.
4.2.2.4 Large M ammals
a. Arboreal M ammals
Species and Distribution
Five species of primates were recorded in the study area, Siamang gibbon (Hylobates
syndactylus), Ungko (Dark-handed) gibbon (H. agilis), Simpai leaf-monkey (Presbyt is melalophos),
and Pig-tailed macaque (M acaca nemestrina). Long-tailed macaque was reported by people
inhabitant in study areas, but was not encountered during the field survey.
Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEM L Working Area and Conservation Status.
Name Conservation Status
Indonesian English Scientific name GOI IUCN CITES
Siamang Siamang gibbon Hylobates syndactylus P EN I
Ungko Dark-handed gibbon H. agilis P EN II
Simpai Sumat ran surili Presbyt is melalophos P EN II
Beruk Pig-tailed macaque M acaca nemest rina - VU II
M onyet ekor panjang Long-tailed macaque M . fascicularis - LC II
Note: IUCN: EN = Endangered, CR = Crit ical Endangered, CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, GOI = Indonesia law
under PP 7/ 1999: P = Protected
The locat ions where primate groups were seen or heard is shown in M ap 4.
Species Description
Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)
Siamang (H. syndactylus) was recorded as relat ively abundant in the PT SEM L Project area and
surroundings. Siamang was present at 19 locat ions in the study area based on observat ions from
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M arch to June 2016 (Figure 4-20). Based on these findings, approximately 11 groups are predicted
to include this region within their home range. However, more research is required to improve
the accuracy of this est imate.
Based on direct encounters, the number of group members ranged from 2 to 4 individuals.
Group size was not determinable from vocalizat ions alone (indirect encounters).
Figure 4-20 Siamang migration by walking on the access road to Wellpad A.
Field observat ions showed that Siamangs are generally located in primary forests and hillsides,
especially at the edges of KSNP. Siamang is an arboreal species (always living up in t ree canopies).
Observat ions of Siamang walking on the ground crossing roads indicates this species has the
ability to adapt to habitats fragmented by roads or agriculture (Table 4-9).
Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area
No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number
1 WP-D areas Hs-1 3
2 WP-D areas Hs-2 2
3 M ess areas Hs-3 2 (* )
4 M ess areas Hs-4 2
5 WP-B areas Hs-5 3 (* )
6 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-6 3
7 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-7 3 (* )
8 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-8 3
9 Between WP-B and WP-A Hs-9 2 (* )
10 WP-F proposed areas Hs-10 3
11 WP-F proposed areas Hs-11 4
Not e: (* ) ident ified by great call and predict ed group size
Simpai / Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)
Sumatran surili was found to be a relat ively abundant species. The surveys ident ified 10 locat ions
where it was present. The number of members in each group ranged from 2 to 6 individuals.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-27
Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)
Sumatran surili is a species that easily adapts to habitat changes. In the study area, Simpai were
found in primary forest, secondary forest and scrub land around agricultural fields (Table 4-10).
Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding M ethodology
No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number
1 WP-H areas na (* )
2 WP-H areas na (* )
3 WP-B areas na (* )
4 WP-B areas na (* )
5 Road to WP-B areas na 6 - 8
6 Road to WP-D areas na > 10
7 WP-D areas na 6
8 WP-D areas na (* )
9 Office areas na 4
10 Office areas na 6
Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups; na : no group name
Ungko / Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)
Agile gibbon (H. agilis) is the sympatric gibbon species of Siamang in the working area of PT SEM L,
but its abundance is not high. Their presence was recorded at six locat ions, and only one group
was observed direct ly. Similar to Siamangs, Agile gibbon is an arboreal species that lives in
primary forests and hillside areas.
Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)
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Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area
No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number
1 WP-E areas Ha-1 2 (* )
2 Office areas Ha-2 3
3 Office areas Ha-3 2 (* )
4 WP-B areas Ha-4 2 (* )
5 Danau kering areas Ha-5 3
6 WP-H areas Ha-6 2 (* )
Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups;
Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)
Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M . nemestrina) was direct ly observed during field surveys. Two
encounters were made with a total of 8 individuals in one group. Southern Pig-tailed M acaque is a
primate species that is highly adapt ive to land cover changes. Their habitat is wide spread ranging
from primary forest up to resident ial areas.
Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)
Six of the thirteen camera traps recorded this species on the ground which indicates that this
species has a wide distruibut ion range in the study area.
Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed M acaque Presence in Study Area
No Observed area Groups Name Individual Number
1 Office areas - 8
2 Camera t rap - 6
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M ap 4 Distribution of Primate Groups
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b. Terrestrial M ammals
Survey was performed using 10 camera traps at 13 locat ions. Camera trapping started
February 27, 2016 and cont inued unt il M ay 31, 2016. A total of 280 animal photos were
obtained. The camera trap locat ions are shown in Table 4-13.
Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locations
No. Camera ID Coordinate Elevation
Habitat Closed Location Longitude Latitude m asl
1 CT 1 736383 9819338 1658 Hill forest Wellpad I
2 CT 2 736489 9818790 1825 M ontane forest Wellpad F
3 CT 3 736440 9818220 2020 M ontane forest KSNP
4 CT 4 736292 9819809 1526 Hill forest Wellpad J
5 CT 5 736171 9819283 1708 Hill forest Wellpad I
6 CT 6 737682 9819384 1473 Shrub swamp Wellpad B
7 CT 7 737441 9818139 1712 M ontane forest KSNP
8 CT 8 737564 9817779 1782 M ontane forest KSNP
9 CT 9 735635 9820191 1599 Hill forest KSNP
10 CT 10 735672 9819171 1822 Hill forest KSNP
11 CT 11 738561 9818643 1448 Shrub swamp Wellpad B
12 CT 12 738250 9818349 1540 Hill forest KSNP
13 CT 13 736171 9819283 1708 Hill forest Wellpad I
Camera traps recorded 23 species i.e. 17 mammal species, four bird species, one rept ile
species and one amphibian species. The number of recorded mammals is about 20% of all
mammals in the KSNP area which totaled 85 species. M ammals found can be categorized as a
species that inhabit the forest edge unt il the forest interior, except Capricornis sumatraensis
(Serow), relat ively prefer forest cover area with steep topography. Complete list of found
mammals can be seen in Figure 4-24.
Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings
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The analysis results of the abundance of each species showed that the most abundant
mammal group is Rats (Rattus spp), followed by monkey apes and masked palm-civet .
Southern Pig-tailed M acaque is a primate species found on the ground relat ively more than
other primates that are usually arboreal and live in groups. M acaque groups inhabits forest
edge habitat, secondary forest and primary forest up to an alt itude of 2,000 m asl.
The graph below plots the correlat ion between effort (Traps Days) and number of species. The
number of species is increasing linearly with t rap days and does not yet shown indicat ions of
levelling off which suggests that species richness is higher st ill (Figure 4-25). M ore camera
trapping days are required to improve the est imate of total species richness.
Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area
Using camera traps species richness appears to be low. This may be due to habitat type, study
area size, methodology and study durat ion. Additionally, low species richness could be due to
high human act ivity in the study area. Field surveys show places around the Project site that
have been recent ly cleared for cult ivat ion. There are also indicat ions that hunt ing is taking
place as shown in camera trap photos (Figure 4-26).
Figure 4-26 Community Activities in Forest Area
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-32
Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey
Camera trapping did not record the existence of t igers and tapirs, which were the primary
focus of this study. For t igers, based on the informat ion from locals, no presence has been
reported in this area. Neither was tapir encountered nor recorded in the camera traps; but it s
footprints were found in the study area. Another t rigger for crit ical habitat is the Sumatran
serow (Capricornis sumatransis) which was recorded in camera trap 3 (CT 3).
Sambar Deer
M asked Palm Civet
Bearded Pig
Golden Cat
M alayan Sunbear
Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos
SEM L-Biodiversity Act ion Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-33
Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping.
No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name Indonesia
Name English Name Number ER
Conservation
Status
1
Aves
10 11 12 13 2 3 5 7 9 Lophura inornata Sempidan
Sumatra
Salavadori's Pheasant 134 47.9 NT, Endemic of
Sumat ra
2 12 13 5 Arborophila rubrirost ris Puyuh
Gonggong
Sumatera
Red-billed Part ridge 3 1.1 LC, Endemic of
Sumat ra
3
2
M yoponus glaucinus Ciung Batu
Sumatra
Javan Whistling-thrush 7 2.5 LC, Endemic of
Sumat ra
4 13 Polyplect ron chalcurum Kuau Kerdil
Sumat ra
Peacock-pheasant 1 0.4 LC, Endemic of
Sumat ra
5 Herpeto-fauna
4 Varanus salvator Biawak Common Water M onitor 1 0.4 LC
6 4 Bufo sp. Kodok 1 0.4
7
M ammalia
1 2 5 Sus barbatus Babi Jenggot Bearded Pig 6 2.1 NT
8 1 10 2 4 7 5 Paguma larvata M usang
Bertopeng
Palm Civets 12 4.3
9 2 Hyst rix brachyura Landak M alayan Porcupine 2 0.7 LC
10 10 3 4 7 Catopuma teminckii Kucing Emas Asiat ic Golden Cat 10 3.6 NT, I , Protected
11 11 12 2 3 8 M unt iacus munt jack Kijang Common Barking Deer 10 3.6 Protected
12 13 2 4 9 M ydaus javanensis Teledu M alayan St ink Badger 9 3.2 Protected
13 11 5 Cervus unicolor Rusa Sambar Sambae Deer 2 0.7 Protected
14 11 12 3 4 Rat tus sp. Tikus 37 13.2
15 11 5 8 Tupaia montana Tupai Gunung 9 3.2 II
16 11 2 4 7 Prionodon linsang Linsang 5 1.8 II, Protected
17 10 2 Pardoffelis marmorata Kucing Batu M arble Cat 7 2.5 NT, I , Protected
18 2 M artes f lavigula M usang Leher
Kuning
Yellow-throated M arten 4 1.4 LC
19 4 Arcticit is binturong Binturong Binturong 1 0.4 PP7/ 1999
20 10 11 13 3 6 9 M acaca nemest rina Beruk Piq-tailed M acaque 12 4.3 Vu
SEM L-Biodiversity Act ion Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-34
No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name Indonesia
Name English Name Number ER
Conservation
Status
21 13 4 Helarctos malayanus Beruang M adu M alayan Sunbear 3 1.1 Vu, I, Protected
22 4 9 Canis familiaris Anjing Kampung Domestic Dog 3 1.1
23 3 Capricornis sumatransis Kambing Hutan Sumatran Serow 1 0.4 EN, I, Protected
Total 280 100.0
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M ap 5 Location of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area.
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M ap 6 Distribution of Raptor Bird Sightings.
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4.2.3 National and International Protected Areas
4.2.3.1 Project Location Eco-region
The Project and KNSP locat ions are shown in M ap 2-1. Project boundary of PT SEM L spans on two
ecoregions of Sumatra, the Sumatran Lowland Rain Forest and Sumatran M ontane Rain Forest .
Characterist ic of ecoregion types are described on www.panda.org.
a. Sumatran Lowland Rain Forests
This ecoregion is the largest on Sumatra Island, including the small islands of Simeulue, Nias, and
most of Bangka.
Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the t ropical wet climate zone
(Nat ional Geographic Society 1999). The lowland rain forests to the west of the Barisan Range
receive more rainfall (~6,000 mm/ year) than the lowland rain forests to the east (~2,500+
mm/ year). The Barisan Range blocks much of this rainfall. However, most of Sumatra experiences
less than three consecut ive months of dry weather (less than 100 mm rainfall/ month) (Whit ten et
al. 2000).
Vegetation: Sumatra's rain forests are quite diverse and contain levels of species diversity
comparable to those of the richest forests in Borneo and New Guinea and are much richer than
Java, Sulawesi, and other islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Large, buttressed trees
dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae family characterize Sumatra's lowland rain forests. Woody
climbers and epiphytes are also abundant (Whit ten et al. 2000). The lowland rain forests of
Sumatra support 111 dipterocarp species, including 6 endemics. The emergent t rees, which can
reach 70 m tall, are also dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus spp., Parashorea spp., Shorea spp.,
Dryobalanops spp.) and, to a lesser extent, species in the Caesalpiniaceae family (Koompasia spp.,
Sindora spp., and Dialium spp.). Dipterocarps dominate the canopy layer as well. Other canopy
and understory t ree families that are common include Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiacae,
Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, and M yrist icaceae (Whit ten et al. 2000). Ground vegetat ion
usually is sparse-mainly small t rees and saplings of canopy species-and herbs are uncommon.
Figs (M oraceae) are also common in the lowland rain forest . There are more than 100 fig species
in Sumatra, and each species usually is pollinated exclusively by a single fig-wasp (Agaonidae)
species. Figs may produce (mast) from 500 to a million fruits twice a year and are important food
sources for many forest animals (M acKinnon 1986). Dipterocarps also use mast fruit ing, perhaps
to escape seed predat ion, by sat iating the appet ites of seed-predators and leaving the remaining
seeds to germinate (Whit ten et al. 2000). Sumatra once contained pure stands of rot- and insect-
resist ing ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) forests. Ironwood is a member of the laurel family and
is distributed throughout southern Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Philippines. Ironwood forests
are dominated by Eusideroxylon zwageri but may have also contained Shorea, Koompasia, or
Intsia species as emergents (Whit ten et al. 2000).
b. Sumatran M ontane Rain Forests
This ecoregion represents the montane forests (>1,000 m) along the Barisan M ountain Range of
Sumatra. This region is located in the western part of the island of Sumatra, and rows of act ive
mountains, ranging from Aceh to Lampung Province.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-38
Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the t ropical wet climate zone
(Nat ional Geographic Society 1999). The montane rain forests of the Barisan Range receive more
rainfall on their western slopes than their eastern slopes, which are in a rain shadow. However,
most of Sumatra experiences less than three consecut ive months of dry weather (less than 100
mm rainfall/ month), and rainfall in the montane rain forests averages more than 2,500 mm/ year
(Whit ten et al. 2000).
Sumatra's montane rain forests can be separated into three major forest zones: lower montane
forest , upper montane forest , and sub-alpine forest . Temperature and cloud level are the major
factors determining these forest zones. The lower montane zone forests are similar to lowland
rain forests but begin to get smaller. The canopy height typically is no more than 35 m high.
Emergents may extend to 45 m, but buttresses are rare. Lianas usually are absent, and epiphytes
such as orchid begin to increase in abundance. The upper montane zone sharply changes from
lowland rain forests. The canopy becomes even and rarely exceeds 20 m. Emergents may extend
to 25 m, but buttresses usually are absent. Trees rarely have compound leaves or lianas. Orchids
and other epiphytes such as moss, lichen, and liverworts are very common. Beyond this forest lies
the sub-alpine forest , a complex of grass, heath, and bog areas. Small, stunted trees may reach 10
m high, orchids become very rare, but moss, lichen, and liverworts are very abundant (Whit ten et
al. 2000).
Vegetation: The montane flora of Sumatra originates from two sources: local sources
(autochthonous) and areas that have a center of origin outside of Sumatra (allochthonous). The
local source can be divided into two categories: species that are characterist ic of lowland rain
forest , such as Dipterocarpaceae, Bombacaceae, and the genus Ficus (figs), and those that have a
large global latitudinal distribut ion such as pines, Cruciferae (e.g., mustard), Theaceae (e.g., tea),
and tree ferns. The allochthonous flora belong to genera whose species are found only in cold
climates, not near equatorial rain forests. These species in the t ropics are never found below
1,000 m and usually dominate the sub-alpine flora. Genera include Rhododendron, the pret ty
herbs Gent iana, and grass Deschampsia. M ost of these species dispersed from Asia or Australia
during cooler glacial periods when the Sunda region was a single landmass. Forest zones were all
350-400 m lower than their present height, providing numerous stepping stones (Steenis 1950).
The characterist ic vegetat ion in lower montane forests changes from Dipterocarpaceae, the
dominant lowland family, to Fagaceae (oaks) and Lauraceae (laurels). Lithocarpus, Quercus, and
Castanea are common genera in the Fagaceae family, and Cinnamomum burmansea, Persea
americana, and Litsea spp. are common Lauraceae species. Other families common to the lower
montane region include Cunoniaceae, M onimiaceae, M agnoliaceae, and Hamamelidaceae (FAO
1981; Whit ten et al. 2000). Tree ferns in the genus Cyathea are also common in the lower
montane forests. The upper montane forest is characterized by conifers (pines and related trees),
part icularly by the Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Vaccinium) and M yrtaceae (Eucalyptus, M elaleuca)
families. Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Leptospermum flavescens are also abundant in these
forests, which because of their smaller stature are called elfin forests. Lichens are common to the
drier parts of this zone, whereas mosses and liverworts are common in the moister parts of this
zone that coincide with where clouds form and are commonly called cloud or moss forests. The
sub-alpine zone is characterized by smaller specimens of the montane forest . There is also an
increased abundance of grasses (Agrost is and Festuca), rushes and sedges (Juncus, Carex, Scirpus,
and Cyperus), and small, colorful herbs (Whit ten et al. 2000).
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-39
Steep slope montane rain forest ecosystem
Shrub on accessed area
Vegetat ion types on t op of t he hill
Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area
Five of the sixteen species of the parasit ic Rafflesia plant are found in Sumatra and have been
recorded as high as 1,800 m on M t. Lembuh, Aceh province. Rafflesia arnoldii, which produces the
largest flower in the world, is found in this ecoregion. Its large brown-orange and white flowers
can reach 1 m in diameter. Rafflesia have no leaves, instead deriving all their energy from the
t issues of its host, the ground vine Tetrast igma. Large buds emerge from the vine and have five
large, flowery petals surrounding spikes, which smell like rot t ing meat and at t ract pollinat ing
insects (Whit ten et al. 2000; M acKinnon 1986).
4.2.3.2 Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP)
Kerinci Seblat was declared Nat ional Park based on Decree of M inister of Forestry (SK M enhut)
No. 736/ X-1982 and in 1996 the status was strengthened by SK. M enhut No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 96 on 5
January 1996 (1,368,000 ha) (www.birdlife.org). KSNP is located in four provinces: West Sumatra,
Jambi, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra. M ost of nat ional park area is located in South Bukit Barisan
mountain landscape.
KNSP Park was announced as an ASEAN Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of
Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005, because it has a complete ecosystem and high biodiversity. KSNP is
the habitat of more than 85 recorded mammal species, 5 endemic and 23 listed threatened (4 CR,
3 EN, and 6 VU). KSNP is also designated as an important Bird Area by Birdlife Internat ional where
370 species of birds are listed, 13 being endemic and 58 threatened (1 CR, 1 EN, and 7 VU).
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4.2.3.3 Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Asean Heritage Park
The 2.5 million hectares Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site comprises three nat ional
parks: Gunung Leuser Nat ional Park, KNSP, and Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park. The Tropical
Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra holds the greatest potent ial for long-term conservat ion of the
diverse biota of Sumatra, including many endangered species.
View of M ount Kerinci (16 km away) from Project Field
Office
Unnamed Wat erfall
Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP
Besides being crit ical habitat for several threatened species, KSNP is designated as rainforest
heritage because of Gunung (mount) Kerinci (3,805 m asl) along with many other physical
features of except ional natural beauty, including; Lake Gunung Tujuh (the highest lake in
Southeast Asia), numerous other volcanic and glacial high-alt itude lakes, fumaroles, waterfalls,
cave systems, and steep rocky backdrops.
4.2.3.4 Important Bird Area (IBA)
KSNP is important habitat for Sumatran mountain species birds. Nine species of bird became the
trigger species for this Important Bird Area (Table 4-15).
Table 4-15 Populations of IBA Trigger Species
Species Season Period Population
Estimate
IBA
Criteria
IUCN
Category
Lophura inornata resident 2004 present A1 Near
Threatened
M asked Finfoot (Heliopais
personatus)
non-
breeding
2004 present A1 Endangered
Sumatran Ground-cuckoo
(Carpococcyx viridis)
resident 2004 present A1 Crit ically
Endangered
Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes
reinwardt ii)
resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable
Alcedo euryzona resident 2004 present A1 Crit ically
Endangered
Schneider's Pit ta (Pit ta schneideri) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable
Graceful Pit ta (Pit ta venusta) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable
Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa beccarii) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable
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Species Season Period Population
Estimate
IBA
Criteria
IUCN
Category
Large-billed Blue-flycatcher (Cyornis
caerulatus)
resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable
Sources: www.birdlife.org
An IBA criteria A1 site is known or thought regularly to hold significant numbers of a globally
threatened species, or other species of global conservat ion concern. A site qualifies if it is known,
est imated or thought to hold a populat ion of a species categorized by the IUCN Red List as
Crit ically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable. In general, the regular presence of a Crit ical or
Endangered species, irrespect ive of populat ion size, at a site may be sufficient for a site to qualify
as an IBA. For Vulnerable species, the presence of more than threshold numbers at a site is
necessary to t rigger select ion. Thresholds are set regionally, often on a species by species basis.
The site may also qualify if holds more than threshold numbers of other species of global
conservat ion concern in the Near Threatened, Data Deficient and, formerly, in the no-longer
recognized Conservat ion Dependent categories. Again, thresholds are set regionally.
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5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT
5.1 Background Information
Desktop reviews and the biodiversity study trigger crit ical habitat criteria based on GN55, IFC PS6,
2012. Crit ical habitat is a descript ion of the most significant and highest priority areas of the
planet for biodiversity conservat ion. It takes into account both global and nat ional priority-set t ing
systems and builds on the conservat ion biology principles of 'vulnerability' (degree of threat) and
'irreplaceability' (rarity or uniqueness) (M ott M acDonald, 2013). Crit ical habitat assessment is
analysis of the significant areas for biodiversity and conservat ion.
Crit ical habitat criteria following form the basis of any crit ical habitat assessment:
Criterion 1: Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or
nat ional level
Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species
Criterion 3: M igratory and/ or congregatory species
Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems
Criterion 5: Key evolut ionary processes
The determinat ion of crit ical habitat is not necessarily limited to these criteria, however. Other
recognized high biodiversity values might also support a crit ical habitat designat ion, and the
appropriateness of this decision would be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Key examples are:
Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II; and
Criterion 7: Internat ionally Recognized Areas.
GN58-GN62 of IFC PS6 describes the gradient of crit ical habitat . The gradients of crit ical habitat,
or the cont inuum of degrees of biodiversity value associated with crit ical habitats, are based on
the relat ive vulnerability (degree of threat) and irreplaceability (rarity or uniqueness) of the site.
5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach
The lack of detailed informat ion is a limitat ion of the CHA (Crit ical Habitat Analysis). This study
used species taxa experts for deliberat ion of crit ical habitat:
Dr. Wilson Novarino
Dr Wilson is biodiversity expert with vast experience. He is head of ecology laboratory on Biology
Faculty of Andalas University, Padang-West Sumatra. He is a representat ive of the Asian Tapir
group and registered on Felidae Specialist groups with IUCN. In addit ion, he is act ive in the
Indonesian bird community. He is one of the assessors for bird banding licenses in Indonesia.
Dones Rinaldi, M ScF
M r Dones is lecturer of wildlife ecology and behaviour on Forest Natural Resources Conservat ion
and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry - Inst itut Pertanian Bogor. He is a primates and spat ial analysis
expert and has over 20 years experience studying the ecology of primates, especially the gibbon.
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Gunawan
Gunawan is the director of the Eagle Sanctuary Foundat ion. He is an expert in the field of raptor
and animal rescue and release. He became part in the study Endangered species to groups of
birds.
5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat
A Discrete M anagement Unit (DM U) is defined in paragraph GN65 of GN 6 (IFC; 2012) as “ an area
with a definable boundary within which the biological communit ies and/ or management issues
have more in common with each other than they do w ith those in adjacent areas” . The concept is
central to the evaluat ion of crit ical habitat for Criteria 1 to 3, as the DM U is the geographical area
within which a species population is assessed for significance against the thresholds and criteria
used to determine if crit ical habitat is present.
Basic delimitat ion basis DM U is the est imate of the range area of key species, the Sumatran tiger.
Some literature describes the cruising area Sumatran t igers, according to a study Priatna (2011),
The home range size of each individual t iger est imated using 100% minimum convex polygon
(M CP) varies between 67.1 km2 and 400 km
2 for males while for the female was 610.3 km
2.
Priatna est iamated the range using satellite based, all t igers were fit ted with global posit ioning
system (GPS) collars. The collars were set to fix 24-48 locat ion coordinates per day.
The DM U boundary, defined based on the management boundary of Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park
(KSNP) Sect ion IV is presented on M ap 7. Total area of the DM U is about 672 km2.
Table 5-1 Gradient of Critical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Crit ical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3.
Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
Crit ically Endangered
(CR)/ Endangered
(EN) Species
(a) Habitat required for sustaining ≥ 10 percent of the global population of
a CR or EN species/ subspecies where
there are known, regular occurrences
of the species and where that habitat
could be considered a discrete
management unit for that species.
(b) Habitat with known, regular
occurrences of CR or EN species
where that habitat is one of 10 or
fewer discrete management sites
globally for that species.
(c) Habitat that supports the regular
occurrence of a single individual of a CR
species and/ or habitat containing
regionally important concentrat ions of a
Red-Listed EN species where that
habitat could be considered a discrete
management unit for that species/
subspecies.
(d) Habitat of significant importance to
CR or EN species that are wide-ranging
and/ or whose population dist ribut ion is
not well understood and where the loss
of such a habitat could potentially
impact the long-term survivability of the
species.
(e) As appropriate, habitat containing
nat ionally/ regionally important
concentrat ions of an EN, CR or
equivalent nat ional/ regional listing.
2. Endemic/
Restricted Range
Species
(a) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 95 percent of the global population of an
endemic or rest ricted-range species
where that habitat could be
(b) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 1 per ent but < 95 percent of the global
populat ion of an endemic or restricted-
range species where that habitat could
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Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
considered a discrete management
unit for that species (e.g., a single-site
endemic).
be considered discrete management
unit for that species, where data are
available and/ or based on expert
judgment .
3. M igratory/
Congregatory Species
(a) Habitat known to sustain, on a
cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ 95 percent of the global population of
a migratory or congregatory species
at any point of the species’ lifecycle
where that habitat could be
considered a discrete management
unit for that species.
(b) Habitat known to sustain, on a
cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ 1 percent but < 95 percent of the global
populat ion of a migratory or
congregatory species at any point of the
species’ lifecycle and where that habitat
could be considered a discrete
management unit for that species,
where adequate data are available
and/ or based on expert judgment.
(c) For birds, habitat that meets BirdLife
Internat ional’s Criterion A4 for
congregations and/ or Ramsar Criteria 5
or 6 for Ident ifying Wet lands of
Internat ional Importance.
(d) For species with large but clumped
dist ributions, a provisional threshold is
set at ≥5 per ent of the glo al populat ion for both terrest rial and
marine species.
(e) Source sites that contribute ≥ 1 percent of the global population of
recruits.
To determine whether the project is located in crit ical habitat , a comprehensive literature review
and consultat ion with stakeholders and biodiversity specialists was undertaken. In addit ion,
biodiversity surveys were undertaken as part of the AM DAL and BAP for the Geothermal Project .
The following potent ial crit ical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DM U:
Criterion 1: Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or
nat ional level
Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species
Criterion 3: M igratory and/ or congregatory species
Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems
Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II;
5.3.1 Critically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or national
level; Endemic and/ or restricted-range species; and M igratory and/ or congregatory
species
Crit ical Habitat Assessment for criteria 1, 2, and 3 are presented in Table 5-3.
5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems
Kerinci Seblat has a landscape with a unique ecosystem. Inside the park there is a unique
ecosystem in Rawa Bento, Ladeh Long and Lake Gunung Tujuh. Rawa Bento is a freshwater
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swamp dominated by grass Bento (Leersia Hexandra), located at an alt itude of about 1,300
meters above sea level. Long Panjang is a peat swamp in the highlands of M ount Kerinci
(approximately 1,600 meters above sea level), the highest peat swamp in Southeast Asia. Lake
Gunung Tujuh (Approximately 1,600 meters above sea level) is a crater / hole volcanic explosion
in the surrounding ridge / ridge of the seven hills.
A unique ecosystem can not be found on the project site PT SEM L. Therefore, criterion 4 is not
applicable to the project site
5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas
The DM U overlaps with KNSP; however, the Project footprint is not located within a legally
protected area as specified in IFC PS6 and Guidance Note 6. KNSP was announced as an ASEAN
Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005. KSNP is also
designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife Internat ional.
Based on the map of West Sumatera forest and water areas (at tachment to M inister of Forestry
Decree No SK.304/ M enhut-II/ 2011 and No. 422/ Kpts-II/ 1999 regarding Designation of Forest
Areas), the Project is located direct ly adjacent to Protect ion Forest and KSNP. Land status of the
Project sites is categorized as ‘other usage’ or Area Penggunaan Lain (APL) according to the
categorizat ion by the Indonesian Forestry M inistry.
As noted above, KSNP was inaugurated by the M inister of Agriculture in 1982 with Declaration
Letter No. 736/ M entan/ X/ 1982 as well as M inister of Forestry Decree of No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 1996.
Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U
Protected area Designation Area (ha) Overlap with DM U
(ha)
Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park 1,375,000 67,200
Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park ASEAN Heritage 1,386,000 67,200
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site 2,595,125 67,200
Kerinci Seblat Important Bird Area 1,484,650 67,200
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M ap 7 Discrete M anagement Unit
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Table 5-3 Critical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3
No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
A Bird
1 Red-billed Partridge
(Arborophila rubrirost ris)
Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DMU approximately 1% of EOO area. The global populat ion size has
not been quant ified, but the species is reported to be fairly common in places (del Hoyo et al. 1994).
Based on expert adjustment , this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species
(criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.
Yes Yes
2 M asked Fin foot (Heliopais
personatus)
IUCN Crit ical
Endangered This species was not found in the Project area and study area. Based on community interviews, the communit ies have not
seen any presence of this species in the study area. However, based on expert judgement, presence of this species has a
low potent ial for occurrence.
In literature, populat ions are apparent ly in steep decline throughout its range, such that its populat ion is now thought to
number in the low thousands at most , and possibly fewer than 1,000 mature individuals (J. C. Eames in lit t. 2007). The last
records from Sumatra date back to 1996.
Yes
3 Salvadori's Pheasant
(Lophura inornata)
Endemic of Sumatra
Island Salvadori's Pheasant is endemic to Sumatera, Indonesia, where the nominate is known from at least ten localit ies in the
central and south Barisan mountain range and L. i. hoogerwerfi is found in northern Sumatera. Of the former, there are
recent records from Gunung Kaba and Gunung Kerinci, both within Kerinci-Seblat National Park, where it remained
relatively common during surveys in the late 1990s and early 2000s (F. Lambert in lit t . 2008) and was camera t rapped
multiple t imes (31 records) in 2004-2006 (Yoan Dinata et al. 2008), and Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park (where it has
also been camera t rapped [N. Winarni in lit t . 2004]). It was described as fairly common around Kerinci in the early 1900s. L.
i. hoogerwerfi is known historically from two females (both collected) and a male (glimpsed), in the Gayo Highlands, Aceh
province, within what is now the Gunung Leuser National Park.
The populat ion is est imated to number 5,000-19,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records,
descript ions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or
close relat ives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to
be occupied. This est imate is roughly equivalent to 7,500-30,000 individuals. Camera traps captured the existence of the
species is 9 of 13 camera traps locations.
This species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species (criterion 2), which means
the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.
Yes Yes
4 Sumatran Ground-cuckoo
(Carpococcyx viridis)
IUCN Crit ical
Endangered
Endemic of Sumatra
Island
This species is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is only known from eight specimens and a recent series
of sight ings, the majority of which have come from the Barisan M ountains in the southern half of the island (BirdLife
Internat ional 2001).
The population is estimated to number 50-249 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions
of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or close relat ives
with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied.
This est imate is equivalent to 75-374 individuals in total, rounded here to 70-400 individuals.
Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.
Yes Yes
5 Sumatran
Trogon (Apalharpactes
mackloti)
Endemic of Sumatra
Indonesia Protected This species is mentioned on list of Important Bird Area (IBA) t rigger species for KSNP. This species is endemic to Sumatra
Island. The surveys did not record existence of this species both in study area or project foot print area.
Yes Yes
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No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
6 Schneider's Pit ta (Pit ta
schneideri)
Endemic of Sumatra
Island
Indonesia Protected
Pit ta schneideri is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where its known range spans a large part of the Barisan
range (from Gunung Sibayak, North Sumatra, to Gunung Dempo, South Sumatra) (BirdLife Internat ional 2001). Historically it
was very common in the Gunung Kerinci area, but a period of over 70 years followed before it was rediscovered on the
mountain in 1988 (Hurrel 1989). Camera t rapping at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park has recorded the species as often
as Banded Pit ta (Pit ta guajana), which is not considered to be a rare species. However, camera t rapping at KSNP in west -
central Sumatra failed to record the species (Dinata et al. 2008). True dist ribut ion and abundance remain poorly
understood, owing primarily to a lack of survey effort in many areas of potent ially suitable forest , but improved knowledge
of its call may lead to further sites being discovered in the future.
The populat ion is est imated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records,
descript ions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or
close relat ives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to
be occupied. This est imate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.
Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.
Yes Yes
7 Graceful Pit ta (Pit ta
venusta)
Endemic of Sumatra
Island
Indonesia Protected
Pit ta venusta is endemic to the highlands of Sumatra, Indonesia (BirdLife Internat ional 2001). Records are infrequent , and
the species was thought to be rare or very local, occurring in pockets. The apparent paucity of records and known sites may
largely reflect a lack of widespread survey coverage. Increasing knowledge of the species' call led to records at a number of
new sites, suggest ing that it may not be as rare as previously thought (N. Brickle in lit t. 2007). Given the destruct ion of
lowland and lower-montane forest in Sumatra, it must have declined.
The populat ion is est imated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records,
descript ions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or
close relat ives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to
be occupied. This est imate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.
Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.
Yes Yes
8 Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa
beccarii)
Endemic of Sumatra
Island
Cochoa beccarii is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is known from just four specimens and a few sight
records (from five sites) along the Barisan M ts. However, observer coverage in likely areas across the remainder of the
range has been extremely low. Lit t le is known about its populat ion status, but it appears to occur at low densit ies, in
common with its congeners, and was considered very rare by collectors in the early 20th century. It is very unobtrusive, but
is recorded regularly in suitable habitat once calls are known (N. Brickle in litt . 2007). It may be declining owing to loss of
habitat in the lower portion of its alt itudinal range, although the majority of populat ions should be relatively secure.
The populat ion is est imated to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records,
descript ions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or
close relat ives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to
be occupied. This est imate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.
Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.
Yes
9 Black-thighed Falconet
(M icrohierax fringillarius)
Indonesia Protected This species is abundant and widespread with distribution in Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; M alaysia; M yanmar; Singapore
and Thailand. Indonesia protects all species in family of Falconidae. This is a resident species with habitats in agriculture
areas and forest edges.
The population is est imated to number in the tens of thousands (IUCN, 2016). Surveys recorded the existence of this
species on Wellpad D and adjacent to the National Park area.
It is considered that habitat containing regionally important concentrat ions. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2
threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes Yes
10 Peregrine Falcon (Falco
peregrinus)
Indonesia Protected
M igratory bird Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and Arct ic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America,
Europe to Africa, and northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower lat itudes or in the Southern
Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). M igrat ing birds leave their breeding sites between August and
November, and return between M arch and M ay (Snow and Perrins 1998). M igrants readily fly over expanses of sea and
ocean. M ost birds t ravel singly or in pairs, even on migrat ion (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). It inhabits an ext reme
variety of habitats, tolerating wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m ASL (del Hoyo et al. 1994).
The species was found once during the survey in June 2016. This species was recorded flying close to the top of M ount
Kerinci and in a forest area.
It is considered that the habitat characteristics and wide range dist ribut ion, the DMU area does not support nationally or
Yes Yes
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No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
globally important concentrat ions of this protected. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical
habitat in the DM U.
11 Tiger Shrike (Lanius
t igrinus)
M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is described as rare in China and Russia, relat ively
common in Korea, uncommon in Japan and locally uncommon to common throughout its non-breeding range (Harris and
Franklin 2,000). Brazil (2009) estimates that there are: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion
in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion in Korea; < c.100 breeding pairs and < c.50
individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil
2009).
There is no record of the abundance of this species nat ionally. However it is certain this species does not meet with the
criteria of t ier 1. Based on expert adjustment , the DM U area is more than 1% of the global populat ion of a congregatory
species as criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. In the DM U it meets the t ier 2 threshold.
Yes Yes
12 Chestnut-winged Cuckoo
(Clamator coromandus)
M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant if ied, but the species is reported to be fairly common (del Hoyo et al. 1997),
while the populat ion in China has been est imated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion
(Brazil 2009).
There is no record of the abundance of this species nat ionally. However it is certain this species does not meet the criteria
of t ier 1. Based on expert adjustment , the DM U area is more than 1% of the global populat ion of a congregatory species as
criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global population, so it meets the t ier 2
threshold.
Yes Yes
13 Collared Kingfisher
(Halcyon chloris)
Indonesia Protected The Kingfisher bird groups are protected by Indonesian law. Nat ional and global populat ion size has not been quantif ied,
but the species is reported to be very widespread and common to abundant .
M ain habitats of this species are rivers and water bodies. Nationally, the dist ribution of this species is very wide and
commonly found throughout Indonesia. Therefore, this species does not meet the criteria for either t ier-1 or t ier-2.
Yes
14 Changeable Hawk-eagle
(Nisaetus cirrhatus)
Indonesia Protected The habitat of this species ranges over grasslands, forests, orchards, water bodies, tea plantat ions, forest near villages, even
up on the edge of urban areas. Generally it lives in elevat ions below 1,500 m above sea level although it somet imes has
been found up to an altitude of 2200 m above sea level.
In the Project area is recorded on surrounding wellpad, secondary forest and agriculture area. DM U may suitable for
regional important habitat concentration of protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for
crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes Yes
15 Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle
(Nisaetus alboniger)
Indonesia Protected This species was recorded around wellpad and forest area, both primary and secondary. According to the IUCN, the global
dist ribution of this species only on the island of Sumatra, the northern part of the island of Borneo, M alaysia, Laos and
Thailand.
DM U may be suitable as a regionally important habitat concentration for protected species. Therefore, this species does
meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes Yes
16 Black Eagle (Ict inaetus
malayensis)
Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad distribution. Nat ionally, this species can be found in almost all areas of Indonesia. This species
was frequently recorded during the biodiversity study.
It is considered that the habitats in the DM U do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species.
Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes
17 Rufous-bellied Eagle
(Hieraaetus kienerii)
Indonesia Protected The populat ion is est imated to number 1,000-10,000 individuals, roughly equating to 670-6,700 mature individuals (IUCN,
2016). This species is widely dist ributed from the western part of Indonesia to Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam;
Cambodia; China; India; Lao People's Democrat ic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet
Nam.
In the study area, this species was recorded close to the Office area when perching to hunt prey. It is considered that the
habitats in the DMU do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this species
does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes
18 Crested Serpent Eagle
(Spilornis cheela)
Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad dist ribut ion. In Indonesia, this species was recorded throughout the island of Sumatra, Borneo
and Java.
Based on expert adjustment , It is considered that the habitats in the DM U do not support nat ionally important
Yes
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 5-9
No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the
DM U.
19 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle
(Nisaetus nanus)
Indonesia Protected The populat ion size is preliminarily est imated to fall into the band 2,500 to 9,999 mature individuals. This equates to 3,750-
14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Nationally, no record of species numbers exist.
It is resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally been reported up to
1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradation, having been recorded in heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and
Sumatra, and logged forest in M alaysia. However, a study in M alaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to select ive
logging, but not subsequently. In Indonesia, it can only be found in Sumatra and Borneo. This species was recorded in the
wellpad area and forest edge area.
Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable
as a regionally important habitat concentrat ion of a protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2
threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes Yes
20 Bushy-crested Hornbill
(Anorrhinus galeritus)
Indonesia Protected Hornbill species are protected by Indonesian Law. This species is only dist ributed on Sumatra and Borneo Islands. The global
populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is reported to be widespread but only locally common (del Hoyo et
al. 2001).
The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al. 2001) and poaching.
Generally, this species is found in forest edges and primary forests that have abundant fruit ing trees.
Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable
for designation as a regionally important habitat for a concentration of a protected species. Therefore, this species does
meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes Yes
21 Wreathed Hornbill
(Rhyt iceros undulates)
Indonesia Protected This species has a wide range, dist ributed across Central Asia and South East Asia, including Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei
Darussalam; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Lao People's Democrat ic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam.
In Indonesia, this species is more widespread than Bushy-crested Hornbills. There are no records about the populat ion and
habitat distribution. The populat ion is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentat ion
and, locally, hunt ing for food (del Hoyo et al. 2001). However, based on expert adjustment , this species does not meet the
criteria for t ier 1 or t ier 2.
Yes
22 Pied Fantail (Rhipidura
javanica)
Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad dist ribution. Globally it is spread across Australia; Brunei Darussalam; India; Indonesia;
M alaysia; M yanmar; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Timor Leste; and Vanuatu. This species can be
found throughout the islands of Indonesia.
There is no record of research or other literature that explains the abundance and dist ribut ion of habitat. Based on expert
adjustment , areas of the DM U do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this
species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.
Yes
23 White-throated Fantail
(Rhipidura albicollis)
M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is described as common (del Hoyo et al. 2006). The
populat ion is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substant ial threats.
This species has a very broad distribution, through Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Lao People's
Democratic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Nepal; Thailand; and Viet Nam. In Indonesia, this species has been recorded in
the mountainous areas of the western part of Sumatra Island.
This species is widespread and there are no records of the populat ions and habitat dist ribut ion. Based on expert judgment ,
DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populations of some of the migratory
raptor species listed above. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat Tier 2 criterion.
Yes Yes
24 Asian Brown Flycatcher
(M uscicapa latirost ris)
M igratory bird There is evidence to suggest that the European population (200,000-510,000 pairs, occupying 50-74% of the global
breeding range) has declined by up to 30% over ten years (three generat ions), but this may reflect shifts in breeding
populat ions, populat ions in Asia are not thought to be declining and wintering populat ions in Africa appear to be
increasing.
The populat ion size is unknown, but the species is described as common to locally common in much of its range (del Hoyo
et al. 2006), while nat ional population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on
migration in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000
breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.100-100,000 breeding pairs and c.50-10,000
individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia
Yes Yes
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 5-10
No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
(Brazil 2009).
Indonesia has no records for the habitat dist ribut ion and populat ions of this species. This species can be found on Sumatra,
Java, Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara. Indonesian is used as a non-breeding area when wintering, while the breeding
areas are in Africa.
Based on expert judgment , DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populat ions
of this migratory species. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat Tier 2.
25 Crested Honey Buzzard
(Pernis pt ilorhynchus)
Indonesia Protected
M igratory bird Birds in the northern part of its range are migratory, arriving at breeding grounds in April and M ay and leaving again
between August and October. Further south the species is sedentary (del Hoyo et al. 1994). It migrates by flapping as well
as soaring, enabling it to cross expanses of water. Small groups generally form on migration, but otherwise the species is
generally seen singly or in pairs (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001).
It inhabits woodland of various climatic types, preferring broad-leaved forests; it is recorded up to 1,800 m (del Hoyo et al.
1994). Diet Bees and wasps (usually larvae) form the main part of its diet (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Breeding site The nest is
built in the fork of a tree (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species requires forest , although not necessarily old growth: it has been
recorded to move back into irrigated forest plantations in Pakistan (del Hoyo et al. 1994).
The global population is est imated to number c.100,000-1,000,000 individuals (Ferguson-Lees et al. 2001), while nat ional
populat ion estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in China; < c.100
breeding pairs, c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migrat ion and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000
breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migrat ion in Korea; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000
individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia
(Brazil 2009).
In Indonesia, there are no records for the habitats distribution and populations of these species. This species can be found
on Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan. In this study, this species was recorded in agriculture and forest areas.
Based on expert judgment , DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populat ion,
so this part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat criteria for Tier 2.
Yes Yes
26 Cream-striped Bulbul
(Pycnonotus
leucogrammicus)
Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DMU approximately 1% of EOO area. The global populat ion size has
not been quantif ied, but the species is described as fairly common in mid-elevat ion forests, although generally uncommon
in north Sumatra (del Hoyo et al. 2005).
Based on expert adjustment , this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species
(criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.
Yes Yes
27 Red-billed Partridge
(Arborophila rubrirost ris)
Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DMU approximately 1% of EOO area. The global populat ion size has
not been quant ified, but the species is described as probably locally quite numerous (ht tp:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016).
Based on expert adjustment , this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species
(criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.
B M ammals
1 Sumatran Tiger (Panthera
t igris)
IUCN Crit ical
Endangered
Indonesia Protected
The survey did not find the t iger, either using camera traps or t ransect methods. Community interviews indicate in the
Project area no one has encountered t igers for at least the last 15 years. Generally, the Tigers can be found in core habitat
of the KSNP area. Results of the monitoring report conducted by KSNP indicate Tiger were recorded at about 3 to 4 km f rom
the Project area.
The Sumatran Tiger occurs in about 58,321 km² of forested habitat in 12 potent ially isolated Tiger Conservat ion Landscapes
totalling 88,351 km² (Sanderson et al. 2006), with about 37,000 km² protected in ten nat ional parks (Govt of Indonesia
2007). The t iger populat ion was est imated at 400-500 in the first and second national t iger action plans (Govt of Indonesia
1994, 2007a), and at 342-509 in six major protected areas (est imates from Shepherd and M agnus 2004). However,
incorporating more recent research, covering most t iger estimated habitat (Sanderson et al. 2006) suggests the population
could be higher.
Yes
2 Pangolin (Manis javanica) IUCN Crit ical
Endangered
Indonesia Protected
The survey did not find pangolin, either using camera traps or t ransect methods. Communities have never seen pangolin in
the study area.
There is virtually no informat ion available on populat ion levels of any species of Asian pangolin and no comprehensive
populat ion estimates. This species is rarely observed, principally because of its increasing rarity, but also because it is
secretive, elusive, and primarily nocturnal. There is a paucity of research on populat ion densit ies at local, nat ional, and
Yes
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 5-11
No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
global scales (WCM C et al. 1999, CITES 2000).
3 M alayan Tapir (Tapirus
indicus)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected
Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Tapirus indicus occurs in southern and central parts of
Sumatra (Indonesia), and on the Asian mainland in Peninsular M alaysia, Thailand (along the western border and on the
Peninsula south to the M alaysian border, and in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in the north), and M yanmar (south of
lat itude 18°N). In Sumatra, Indonesia, over 50% of the remaining forest is outside M alay Tapir habitat . The concern that
illegal logging and forest encroachment would result in the loss of all forest outside conservat ion areas by 2005 does not
seem to hold up, and large t racts of tapir habitat st ill persists in Sumatra. Yet , Novarino maintains that habitat destruct ion
has cont inued significant ly in the 2008-2014 period in Sumatra, both inside and outside protected areas. Localized hunt ing
in Sumatra also occurs as well as elsewhere in its dist ribut ion range, but there is no evidence of systematic act ivit ies
targeting the species. M ost off-take results from accidental snaring, road kills (M agintan et al. 2012) and retaliat ion killing
by local villagers (Novarino pers. comm.). In the past , several Indonesian zoos, especially Pekanbaru, t raded in live tapirs for
sale to other Indonesian zoos or private collect ions, or for sale as meat in local markets. Fifty tapirs were reported passing
through the Pekanbaru Zoo since 1993 with some of these animals likely to have originated from protected areas. While
impossible to confirm, this practice appears to have been greatly reduced, possibly as a result of Indonesia’s economic
prosperity and bigger awareness among local communities. In addition, the format ion of organizat ions such as the Round
Table for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has resulted in a large port ion of the palm oil industry commit ting to protect ing and
managing high conservat ion value areas, rather than to convert it all to agricultural land. This has reduced the speed of
habitat conversion, and in some places even reversed it due to RSPO-principles that require members to rehabilitate HCV-
areas that were destroyed post 2005. Whereas the threat status for the species has not changed notably in the 2008-2014
period there is far bet ter understanding of what causes the populat ion decline. There exists no accurate populat ion
est imate of tapirs in Sumatra, but it is ant icipated to be below 400-500 adult individuals.
The DM U may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that
habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion
Yes Yes
4 Dhole (Cuon alpinus) IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected The survey did not find Dholes, either using camera t raps or t ransect methods. Communities indicate they have never seen
dholes in the study area.
Historically, Dholes occurred throughout both Sumatra and Java; however, their current dist ribut ion on both islands is
fragmented and greatly reduced. On Sumatra, Dholes have recent ly been confirmed in several nat ional parks along the
Barisan M ountain range, ranging from the northern to southern parts of the island (e.g., Gunung Leuser, Kerinci Seblat and
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks; FFI, WCS and WWF country programs unpubl. data). Dholes also have been recent ly
confirmed in several protected areas in lowland forests in the east-central part of the island (e.g., Tesso Nilo and Bukit
Tigapuluh Nat ional Parks, Harapan Rainforest and Batang Hari Protect ion Forest ; FFI and WWF country programs unpubl.
data). On Java, Dholes have recently been confirmed in nat ional parks only in the ext reme western (e.g., Gunung Gede
Pangrango, Ujung Kulon and Gunung Halimum Salak National Parks) and eastern (e.g., Baluran National Park and Alas
Purwo National Park) parts of the Island (A. Ario pers. comm.). They are likely ext irpated in other regions of the island.
The Dhole is a habitat generalist , and can occur in a wide variety of vegetat ion types, including: primary, secondary and
degraded forms of t ropical dry and moist deciduous forests; evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; temperate deciduous
forests; boreal forests; dry thorn forests; grassland–scrub–forest mosaics; temperate steppe; and alpine steppe.
Consequent ly, their elevation range is from sea level to as high as 5,300 m asl in Ladakh (R. Simpson pers. comm.). They
have not been recorded in desert regions.
Yes
5 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates
agilis)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected
Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Generally, these groups found in secondary forest .
O'Brien et al. (2004) performed a populat ion assessment in 2002 on agile gibbons in Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park,
Sumatra, Indonesia. Using calling counts in both forest edge and interior habitats, and basing their est imate on forest cover
area in the park, they calculated a populat ion of 4,479 agile gibbons (CV = 30%). Density est imates for this species range
from 1.4-2.8 individuals/ km2 in Bukit Barisan Selatan (O'Brien et al. 2004), and 6-11.4 individuals/ km
2 in KNSP (Yanuar 200)
The DM U may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that
habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.
Yes Yes
6 Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is
melalophos)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected Surveys recorded this species in the vicinity of the Project area and study area. Generally, these groups are found in
secondary forest and modified habitat .
This species is relat ively common (Aimi and Bakar 1992) in its remaining and appropriate habitat , but its occurrence is very
patchy and fragmented.
The species is tolerant of habitat conversion to a degree (V. Nijman pers. comm.), and can be found in disturbed and
Yes Yes
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 5-12
No Species Distribution and
Conservation Status Description and Rationale
Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2
1 2 3
secondary forest areas. It has also been found in primary and secondary hill rainforest , shrub forest and plantat ions. This
species is primarily folivorous, but will also consume fruits, f lowers, and seeds. Its home range has been observed to be 14-
29.5 ha and its daily distance moved is about 300-1,360 m.
7 Siamang (Symphalangus
syndactylus)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected The study ident if ied 10 gibbon groups in the study area. In the Project area, Siamang groups were commonly found in
secondary forest and some groups in the primary forest surrounding riparian areas.
In a study on this species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, O'Brien et al. (2004) calculated an average group
density of one group for every 2.23 km2, with an average group size of 3.9, and a population est imate of 22,390 individuals.
In Kerinci Seblat , Yanuar (2001) recorded densit ies of 11.4 – 18.4 ind/ km2 in montane and submontane ecosystems.
DM U supports appropriate habitat for Siamang groups as endangered and protected species. This part of the DM U meets
the criterion of Tier 2.
Yes Yes
8 Sumatran Serow
(Capricornis sumatraensis)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected This species captured on camera t raps in the nat ional park area. In Indonesia (Sumatra), it is limited almost ent irely to the
volcanic mountain chain of the Barisan mountains which runs along the western spine of Sumatra from Aceh in the north to
Lampung in the south. Although suitable habitat is more extensive within these mountains (Santiapillai and Widodo, 1989),
there are only three known major concentrat ions: the Aceh highlands in the north, the Kerinci highlands in the centre and
the Barisan Seletan highlands in the south.
No population est imates have been made in Indonesia. Although vulnerable to poaching and habitat destruction, Serow
appears to thrive well in some of the bet ter protected areas such as Gunung Leuser Nat ional Park. Here the Serow
populat ion may be healthy and increasing (M. Griff iths pers. comm., 1992). The species is considered 'rare' in Taratak
Forest Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia, based on a camera trapping survey undertaken in 2005.
DM U support appropriate habitat for Serow as an endangered and protected species. This part DM U meet criterion of Tier
2.
Yes Yes
9 Smoky Flying Squirrel
(Pteromyscus
pulverulentus)
IUCN Endangered Surveys did not record this species in vicinity of the project area and study area. This species is hard to find because of
nocturnal species, lives in tree hollows in tall and undisturbed primary forest . According to Bornean and M alay records it is
probably a rare species, as it is rarely seen even in primary forest . So, even in opt imum habitat it is not abundant . There are
probably two relatively secure populations (with not large numbers) in M t . Kinabalu Nat ional Park M alaysia and in the
nearby protected area.
Yes
C Flora
1 Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii
st rain)
Endemic of Kerinci This species is not observed during biodiversity study. P. merkusii st rain Kerinci spread around the Kerinci M ountain.
Natural stands relative cluster in an area that is not so widespread in Bukit Tapan Natural Reserved, Sungai Penuh, Bukit
Terbakar and Pungut M udik. Alt itude 1500 - 2000 meters above sea level (Harahan and Aswandi, 2008).
Heavy hilly topography with slopes between 80% to 85%, and alt itude 900 m above sea level. P. merkusii Kerinci st rains
naturally grow on soil type of Red Yellow Podzolic and Podsol, Latosol and Litosol. Climate includes type A and B with the
average annual rainfall of 1900-2000 mm (Cooling, 1968).
The DM U may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that
habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.
Yes Yes
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 5-13
5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features
Table 5-4 summarizes Table 5-3 in explaining the biodiversity features that meet the threshold for
crit ical habitat in the DM U. DMU qualifies as crit ical habitat based on findings of the biodiversity
study, literature review, and expert just ificat ion.
Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features M eeting Threshold for Critical Habitat of DM U
Species Status CH Criteria
Bird
Cream-striped Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogrammicus) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)
Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirost ris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)
Salvadori's Pheasant (Lophura inornata) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)
Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirost ris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)
Black-thighed Falconet (Microhierax fringillarius) Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Tiger Shrike (Lanius tigrinus) M igratory bird C3(2)
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) M igratory bird C3(2)
Changeable Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus alboniger) Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Wallace’s Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nanus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)
White-throated Fantail (Rhipidura albicollis) M igratory bird C3(2)
Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa lat irost ris) M igratory bird C3(2)
Crested Honey Buzzard (Pernis pt ilorhynchus) M igratory bird
Indonesia Protected
C1(2); C3(2)
M ammals
Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is melalophos) IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Sumatran Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Flora
Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii st rain) Endemic of Kerinci C2(2)
5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features
Biodiversity studies did not record all potent ial target species in the project area; however, Table
5-4 can be modified to accommodate key species that t rigger crit ical habitat should they be
discovered.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-1
6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION
6.1 Impact Evaluation
This chapter is a discussion of the potent ial impact of project act ivit ies on species and habitats.
PT SEM L Geothermal Project is located in crit ical habitat , but has a very small footprint area
compared to the overall area of the DMU. PT SEM L’s Geothermal Project is located in an edge
area of the DM U. This mean potent ial impacts that result are indirect impact such as pressure on
the core habitat .
Figure 6-1 Location of the Project and the Zonation of KNSP
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-2
The locat ion of a project within crit ical habitat does not mean that the project should not
proceed. IFC PS6 2012 focuses on appropriate mit igat ion and offset act ions to ensure net gain to
crit ical habitat in the country or region as a result of the presence of the project . Through wise
applicat ion of the mit igat ion hierarchy, measurable adverse residual impacts on the crit ical
habitat features are unlikely on this project (M ott M acDonald, 2013).
Habitat types around the Project site are secondary forest , scrub and dry land agriculture.
Table 6-1 is t rigger species of crit ical habitat found in/ or surrounding the project locat ion. Trigger
species found are most ly species that can readily adapt to disturbances. Primates found in
secondary forest , except Sumatran Surili are commonly found in scrub area bordering dry land
agriculture.
For birds, the project site is not their primary habitat . They use primary forest as core habitat for
shelter and cover. Raptors prefer more open landscapes such as secondary forest , scrub and
agricultural areas.
Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which M eet the Threshold for Critical Habitat that Found
Around Project Area
Species Status CH Criteria
Bird
Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant
(Polyplect ron chalcurum)
IUCN Crit ical Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C2(2)
Black-thighed Falconet
(M icrohierax fringillarius)
Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo
(Clamator coromandus)
M igratory bird C3(2)
Changeable Hawk-eagle
(Nisaetus cirrhatus)
Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle
(Nisaetus alboniger)
Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Wallace’s Hawk-eagle
(Nisaetus nanus)
Indonesia Protected C1(2)
Crested Honey Buzzard
(Pernis pt ilorhynchus)
M igratory bird
Indonesia Protected
C1(2); C3(2)
M ammals
Agile Gibbon
(Hylobates agilis)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Sumatran Surili
(Presbytis melalophos)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Siamang
(Symphalangus syndactylus)
IUCN Endangered
Indonesia Protected
C1(2)
Flora
Kerinci Pine
(Pinus merkusii st rain)
Endemic of Kerinci C2(2)
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-3
6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats
6.2.1 M igratory and/ or congregatory species and critically endangered and/ or endangered
species at global and national level
Impact Assessment Analysis of the Project act ivities is divided according to the stage in the
AM DAL document. The qualitat ive analysis of impacts is based on expert adjustment in
accordance with the characterist ics of the species and its habitat . In detail, impact predict ion for
crit ical habitat t rigger species are presented in Table 6-2.
6.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Protected Areas
PT SEM L Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any legally protected or
internat ionally recognized areas. This is because the Project is not located in any of these areas
and no indirect impacts on the Nat ional Park are likely.
6.2.3 Evaluation of Impacts on Ecosystem Service
PT SEM L Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any environmental
services. This is because the project has minimal ut ilizat ion of natural resources components such
as water, and vegetat ion clearing to develop the Project area is very small compared with the
DM U. The impact to environmental services is insignificant.
6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations
6.3.1 Avoidance
Performance Standard 6 (IFC, 2012a) requires Projects potent ially affect ing crit ical habitat to
demonstrate that it is not possible to avoid areas of crit ical habitat through viable alternat ive
opt ions in the region for Project development on habitats that are not crit ical.
6.3.2 M inimization
When avoidance of impacts is not possible, measures to minimize impacts and restore
biodiversity and ecosystem services should be implemented. Reduce or minimize the durat ion,
intensity and/ or extent of any impacts that are not feasibly avoidable.
6.3.3 Restoration
Remedy (mit igate/ restore) any impacts on site that cannot be avoided or reduced. M easures
taken to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems or restore/ reinstate cleared ecosystems. Opt ions for
creat ing suitable condit ions post project -closure will be defined based on results of research. A
programme of research and study has been developed to improve knowledge of the ecological
requirements of species and the habitat and to support development of an effect ive restorat ion
programs.
6.3.4 Offsets
Offset or compensate for any residual impacts that cannot be avoided, reduced or remedied on
site. The need for offsets will be reviewed following a phase of monitoring. Project development
is phased over t ime and allows for a period of monitoring and research.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-4
Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species and Critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level
Species Species
Characterist ic
PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT
CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Exploration Stage
PRE-
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION STAGE
(Wellpad, Power Plant
and Transmission Line)
POST-OPERATION Equipment &
M aterials
mobilizat ion
Land Preparation &
Wellpad Construct ion Well Drilling
Siamang
(Hylobates/ Symphalangus
syndactylus)
Arboreal
M onogamous
group
Sensit ivity : High
Adaptability :
M edium
Territory: High
Primate group is the
most impacted fauna
group. Direct impact on
exploration stage is land
clearing act ivity is
fragmentation habitat.
Impact that resulted
land cleared on
exploration stage is
show on Table 4-3.
The indirect impact is
the encroachment , ie
the change of forest to
agriculture or shrubs
that show on Figure 4-5.
Pre-
construction
stage of project
is not significant
impact for
species or
habitat .
The main impact
of this stage is
noise from
workforce
mobilizat ion,
t ransportation of
equipment and
materials.
No significant
impact for
habitat .
Direct potential
impact that is
likely to occur at
this stage is a
wildlife conflict.
The main impact is
deforestation and
noise, but scale of
the impact for
species is low
because area is
opened for
wellpads
approximately 3 ha
each.
Road construction
can lead to habitat
fragmentation of
habitat .
Direct potential
impact that is likely
to occur at this
stage is a wildlife
conflict.
Significant direct
impact is noise. It
is quite high but
the impact
durat ion is short ,
only during
drilling.
The direct impact of
the species is
relatively low, due to
the noise and
workforce
mobilizat ion have
been reduced. In
addit ion, the species
has been able to
adapt to a more
stable condition.
Potent ial direct
impact that is likely to
occur at this stage is
wildlife conflict.
At this stage have
a posit ive impact ,
both species and
habitats. The
main activity at
this stage is
rehabilitation.
Direct impacts for
this species are
relatively low,
especially due to
noise and high
act ivity in
wellpad. The
groups can move
to the other part
of homerange
temporarily,
except by hunt ing
act ivity.
Indirect impact to
species habitat
could be
categorized as
medium impact
by road
construction,
wellpad
preparat ion, land
clearing, and t rees
cut t ing.
Based on existing
Wellpads A, H and
B, Siamang gibbon
can adapt with
disturb condit ion.
Study findings
illustrate Siamang
adapt to
fragmentation by
walking on the
ground to move. It
is a potent ially for
incident when
t raffic levels in the
project area is high.
Case studies,
arboreal primates
can have the
potent ial of electric
shock on the t rack
of powerline.
Illegal hunting,
Land status and
Wildlife
conflict.
Agile Gibbon
(Hylobates agilis)
Arboreal
M onogamous
group
Sensit ivity : High
Adaptability :
M edium
Territory: High
Same as Siamng impact
predict ion
Pre-
construction
stage of project
is not significant
impact
(insignificant)
for species or
habitat , except
illegal hunting
(poaching),
occupancy, and
habitat
destruction by
people.
M ainly impacts of
this stage are
noise come from
workforce
mobilizat ion,
t ransportation of
equipment and
materials along
the road and
wellpad areas.
No significant
impact for
habitat .
Impacts of this
stage such as land
clearing in wellpads
and along road.
Significant impact
for habitat , but
scale of the impact
on the species is
not great because
the area is opened
for wellpads
approximately 3 ha
each, except for
road construct ion
which can lead to
fragmentation of
habitat .
Direct impacts
come from noise
This stage is a
significant direct
impact on the
species, because
the noise is quite
high. But the
impact is not
long runs, only
during drilling.
At this stage of the
operat ion, the direct
impact to the species
is relat ively low,
because noise and
workforce
mobilizat ion have
been reduced. In
addit ion. The species
has been able to
adapt to a more
stable condition.
Potent ial direct
impact that is likely to
occur at this stage is
wildlife conflict.
At this stage have
a posit ive impact
to both species
and habitats. The
main activity at
this stage is
rehabilitation.
Direct impacts for
this species are
relatively low,
especially due to
noise and high
act ivity in
wellpad. The
groups can move
to the other part
of home range
temporarily.
Indirect impact to
species habitat
could be
categorized to
medium impact
by road
construction,
wellpad
preparat ion, land
clearing, and
t rees cut t ing
Based on existing
act ivity at wellpad
and access road,
Ungko gibbon can
adapt with disturb
condition
Case studies,
arboreal primates
can have the
potent ial of electric
shock on the t rack
of powerline.
Illegal hunting,
Habitat
fragmentation,
Land status
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-5
Species Species
Characterist ic
PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT
CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Exploration Stage
PRE-
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION STAGE
(Wellpad, Power Plant
and Transmission Line)
POST-OPERATION Equipment &
M aterials
mobilizat ion
Land Preparation &
Wellpad Construct ion Well Drilling
Sumatran Surili
(Presbytis melalophos)
Semi terrestrial
Un M ale group
Sensit ivity : High
Adaptability :
M edium
Territory: High
Same as Siamng impact
predict ion
Potent ial
impact on pre-
construction
stage of project
is insignificant
impact for
species or
habitat , except
illegal hunting
(poaching),
occupancy and
habitat
destruction by
people.
M ainly impacts of
this stage are
noise come from
workforce
mobilizat ion,
t ransportation of
equipment and
materials along
the road and
wellpad areas.
No significant
impact for
habitat .
Potent ial direct
impact that is
likely to occur at
this stage is
wildlife conflict.
Impacts of this
stage such as land
clearing in wellpads
and along road.
Significant impact
for habitat , but
scale of the impact
on the species is
not significant
because the area
that is opened for
wellpads is
approximately 3 ha
each, and the width
of land opened for
the road is less than
10 m. These species
can overcome this
condition because
they are semi-
terrest rial.
Direct impacts
come from noise.
Potent ial direct
impact that is likely
to occur at this
stage is wildlife
conflict.
This stage is a
significant direct
impact on the
species, because
the noise is quite
high. But the
impact is not
long runs, only
during drilling
done.
The impact on species
is categorized as low,
but has long durat ion.
Intermediate
adaptat ion level
makes this species
survive and
proliferate.
The direct impact of
the species is
relatively low,
because noise and
workforce
mobilizat ion have
been reduced. In
addit ion, the species
has been able to
adapt to a more
stable condition.
Potent ial direct
impact that is likely to
occur at this stage is
wildlife conflict.
At this stage have
a posit ive impact
to both species
and habitats. The
main activity at
this stage is
rehabilitation.
Direct impacts to
this species are
relatively low,
because the groups
can move to the
other part of
homerange
temporarily.
Surili is semi
terrest rial species.
They are not only
using tree to move,
but also terrest rial. It
is potential for an
incident when t raffic
levels in the project
area are high.
Case studies, arboreal
primates can have
the potent ial of
electric shock on the
t rack of powerline.
Illegal hunting,
Land status
Black-thighed
Falconet (M icrohierax
fringillarius)
Chestnut-winged
Cuckoo (Clamator
coromandus)
Changeable Hawk-
eagle (Nisaetus
cirrhatus)
Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle
(Nisaetus alboniger)
Wallace’s Hawk-eagle
(Nisaetus nanus)
Crested Honey Buzzard
(Pernis pt ilorhynchus)
Sensit ivity : High
Adaptability :
Low - High
Territory: Low -
High
Land cover change is
provides habitat
diversity of birds groups.
This increases the feed
source.
The negat ive impact is
the increasing of
accessibility that causes
increasing of poaching.
The impact at
this stage is not
significant.
Project
act ivit ies are on
terrest rial area
and very small
disturb water
areas.
Noise is main impact
for this stage, but
the impact is
insignificant .
Durat ion of the
impact is short
At this stage act ivit ies
will be higher.
Deforestat ion and
noise will disrupt their
hunt ing activity. The
impact is small and
insignificant with
short durat ion.
Noise is main
impact for this
stage. The impact
is significant.
Durat ion of the
impact is short
The impact at this stage
is low but has long
durat ion
At this stage have
a posit ive impact
to both species
and habitats. The
act ivity has long
durat ion impact .
The direct impact is
low, they can move
to another location
within the range
area while indirect
impact is habitat
destruction and
ease of access that
allows illegal
hunt ing. The use of
pest icides in
agricultural areas
around the project
site could
potent ially be a
proliferat ion threat .
The group of birds
can adapt well to the
exist ing activity
project activit ies.
They can adapt and
proliferate. This is
because the
condition of the
forest at DM U area as
a habitat is st ill
categorized as very
good.
Poaching and
pest icide
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-6
6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats
The Project is located south of KSNP at a distance of 0.5-2 km. Habitat types in project site area is
dominated by modified habitat (dry land agriculture, paddy field), while, Natural habitat types is
dominated by sub-montane secondary forest ecosystem in surrounding of Wellpad H, Wellpad F
(future) and Wellpad E. Ecologically, the project has no significant impact on unique habitat
ecosystem.
Sub-montane forest is located on ranges elevat ion 800 - 1,400 m asl. The differences of
vegetat ion structure were found in the woods on the west side to the east side of Bukit Barisan,
and between the south sides to the north side. Range canopy height of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is
st ill common. M yrtaceae and Fagaceae are the most dominant family t ree in this forest
ecosystem. Two variat ions of the forests types exist in sub-montane forest are bamboo forest and
Garcinia forest .
6.5 Impacts on Priority Species
6.5.1 Plants
The study did not record findings presence of flora with the important conservat ion status, such
as restrict range distribut ion or threatened species. Flora species are found in the survey areas are
commonly found in other areas in sub-montane forest ecosystem.
6.5.2 M ammals
Three species of threatened mammals that were found in surrounding project footprint area are
siamang gibbon, agile gibbon and sumatran surili. All three are primate group. The potent ial
impacts of project act ivit ies are:
Pre-construct ion stage of potent ial impact project is insignificant for species or habitat .
Construct ion and operat ion stage will increase human act ivity, such as t ransportat ion and
noise. Survey found some primate species are semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and
Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potent ially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.
Construct ion and operat ion stage will increase human act ivity, such as t ransportat ion and
noise. Survey found some primate species is semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and
Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potent ially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.
The indirect impact is increasing of poaching and deforestat ion that may occur throughout the
project stage. These are related to access road.
6.5.3 Birds
Generally, project act ivit ies do not have significant impact for the bird groups. M ain impact for
bird is noise and deforestat ion. In the construct ion stage, noise impact will increase, while
deforestat ion for project act ivity is categorized insignificant because it only requires a very small
area. Project area is home-range area and the core area of KSNP is the main habitat . Some of the
priority species that can adapt to edge areas is a group of hornbills and raptors. Although migrant
species was discovered in the study area but there was no habitat or landscape that has a large
concentrat ion of migrant species.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 6-7
Birds are one of the targets of hunters. Although adjustment has no detailed discussion, but the
level of the group hunt ing of birds is quite high. Potent ial indirect impact is potent ial poaching
act ivity by community.
6.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles
Study did not find any significant findings of herpeto-fauna group. IUCN has not recorded any
significant herpeto-fauna species found in this locat ion.
6.5.5 Summary of Impacts
Based on the review and impact assessment analysis of PT SEM L Geothermal project, potent ial
impacts for biodiversity and the habitat are:
Land clearing, this act ivity is to prepare the land for the new wellpad and facilit ies. The direct
impact of this act ivity is the loss of natural habitat in the form of sub-montane forest .
Secondary impact of this act ivity is loss of fauna habitat .
Noise is a main source of impact that has long-term impact. The species will be disturbed by
noise derived from construct ion and operat ions act ivit ies.
Land transportat ion, this act ivity will increase during construct ion and operat ion. Potent ial
impact is wildlife conflict , part icularly due to an incident. Priority species that will be affected
are terrestrial and arboreal species that st ill use the land for migrat ion.
The results of the evaluat ion of the literature and field act ivit ies, some key issues that become
indirect impact and challenges but not direct ly related with PT SEM L Geothermal project are:
Endangered species findings and habitat degradat ion
Group of primates habitats were found in disturbed area. The locat ion is vulnerable to hunt ing.
In addit ion, the massive changes of their habitat for agriculture led to habitat degradat ion and
fragmentat ion.
Land status of endangered species habitat
Despite of its forest cover, the project is located in ‘other use’ area. Therefore, natural habitats
changes to agriculture are difficult to prevent. Primate habitat is generally found in the area
bordering agriculture.
Poaching and deforestat ion
Pressure on KNSP is very high. The abundant access to forest area through walking tracks is
difficult to control and manage. This led to many hunters entering the forest area.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-1
7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN
7.1 Overview
Where biodiversity values of importance to conservat ion are associated with a project site or its
area of influence, the preparat ion of a BAP provides a useful means to focus a project ’s mit igat ion
and management strategy.
7.1.1 BAP Objectives
The BAP document addresses the management and mit igation of potent ial impacts caused by
project act ivity to biodiversity and ecosystems. Although the significance of the geothermal
Project ’s impacts to biodiversity are expected to be minor or negligible, specific management
measures are proposed for biodiversity, to manage any adverse impacts, and to achieve no net
loss of biodiversity values. General object ives of the BAP are:
M it igat ing potent ial impacts of the Project
M anaging impacts caused by the Project , either direct ly or indirect ly, part icularly on
endangered species and their habitats
Develop cooperat ion with part ies to manage the Project footprint landscape.
7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats
This BAP document of the PT SEM L Geothermal Project focuses on species and habitats affected
by the Project act ivity. Based on the impact assessment and discussions with experts, the
priorit ies for biodiversity conservat ion have been selected based on:
Global, nat ional and/ or regional conservat ion importance of some species and habitats in the
Study Area – this category includes rare, restricted-range, and threatened species in Indonesia
or globally (IUCN Red List), as well as the habitats where these species occur;
Trigger species for crit ical habitat , habitats and legally protected areas that are affected by the
Project
Biodiversity hot spot, arboreal mammal habitats in the study area mapped during the
biodiversity study.
Habitats
Sub-montane and montane ecosystem forest and KNSP;
Habitat of primate groups in secondary forest on steep slopes in the study area;
Natural water bodies, such as lakes, temporary shrub swamps, and rivers.
Species
Bird Species: raptor and migratory species groups and endemic species
Arboreal M ammals: Agile Gibbon, Sumatran Surili, and Siamang
Terrestrial M ammals: M alayan Tapir and Sumatran Serow.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-2
7.2 External Engagement and Consultation
Consultat ions will be conducted using a workshop method. Part icipants are to be experts on
priority species, from local and nat ional universit ies, local government, and nat ional and local
NGOs interested to biodiversity and geothermal development.
The object ive of this act ivity is to obtain feedback, opinions, ideas, and related informat ion from
experts and mult iple other stakeholders regarding the Biodiversity Act ion Plan.
7.3 Activity Plans
The conservat ion act ions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to
biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the mit igat ion
hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is priorit ized, and that offsets are measurable and only
applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable.
The conservat ion object ives and act ions have been ident ified and developed based on:
Legal, policy, regulatory and third party requirements;
Internat ional and national standards, guidance, and best pract ice (e.g. IPIECA, 2005; IFC, 2007;
IFC, 2012a, 2012b; EBRD, 2008);
Inputs from priority species experts and the biodiversity study team.
A number of act ions have been ident ified to achieve each object ive, mit igate the impacts, and
address biodiversity problems. Under each sub-plan, the object ives and act ions relevant to impact
avoidance and reduct ion are presented first, as they have high priority. The object ives and act ions
will involve further monitoring and research, biodiversity enhancement, and stakeholder
engagement. The order of the act ions generally follows the mit igat ion hierarchy (Chapter 6.3),
but this is not always possible as one act ion can be relevant to more than one category in the
mit igation hierarchy.
Based on potent ial impacts and biodiversity issues on the Project landscape, a summary of
conservat ion object ives for PT SEM L’s BAP follows.
Action Plan 1 (AP1): M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the
Project area
M onitoring of endangered species and habitats is needed to determine the impact of the Project
act ivit ies, both direct and indirect . M onitoring results can be used as a basis for policy in
management of habitat and ecosystem conservat ion. M onitoring act ivit ies might be held
periodically (at least every 3 years).
Action Plan 2 (AP2): Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding
the Project area
KSNP is a very important area for biodiversity on Sumatra Island, with an area of 1.4 million
hectares. The size of forest area is disproport ional to the number of KSNP officers that supervise
the area. Therefore, many disturbances to KSNP area are difficult to control. Since the Project
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-3
area is direct ly adjacent to KSNP, the Company may part icipate in KSNP efforts to protect the
Nat ional Park.
Action Plan 3 (AP3): Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape around the
Project area
Collaborat ive management is needed to maintain the landscape. This relates to the findings of the
habitat of endangered species in the non-forested area. Local government has the authority to
manage the area outside the Project area. Efforts against abuses, such as poaching and clearing of
forests, require cooperat ion with law enforcement authorit ies. Although the Company is not part
of the landscape management authority, the Company can part icipate in the effort .
Action Plan 4 (AP4): Socialization to community for endangered species awareness
Reduct ion in illegal act ivit ies can be effected through an educat ional approach to the surrounding
community by the authorit ies with support from the Company by improving community
awareness on the importance of forest ecosystems and biodiversity. The Company may support
the socializat ion program by authorit ies to the communit ies surrounding the Project area.
7.3.1 AP 1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area
Current Status. The following protected and threatened terrestrial species have been recorded or
are likely to occur within the project area:
Endemic and restricted-range Bird species: Salvadori’s Pheasant
M igratory raptor bird: Oriental honey buzzard
All raptor bird species are protected by GoI
Protected (GoI)and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Arboreal M ammals: Agile Gibbon,
Siamang, and Sumatran Surili
Protected (GoI) and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Terrestrial M ammals: Asian Tapir
and Sumatran Serow
Protected (GoI) species of Terrestrial M ammals: M arble cat , Golden cat, Sambar deer, and
M alayan Sun bear
In addit ion to the above taxa the precaut ionary principle would suggest that the BAP incorporate
act ivit ies for the Sumatran t iger even though all evidence to date suggests that the t iger is not in
the immediate area. Similarly, the Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) and fat-nosed spiny rat
(M axomys inflatus) should be included in the BAP.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-4
Table 7-1 Detailed Action Plan for M onitor IUCN Endangered Species and their habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1)
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Duration Target and Indicator
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP1.1 Install warnings on ident if ied wildlife crossings Pre-Construction;
Construct ion and
Operation stage
Target: the access road user.
Indicator: Users of access road are asked to focus at tention
and reduce speed at wildlife crossings; no records of wildlife
incidents in Project area to date.
AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity assessment before land
clearing
Construct ion stage Target: Construct ion staff to be made aware of existence of
threatened species of f lora and fauna.
Indicator: No threatened fauna species on land clearings.
AP1.3 Collect native flora seed before land clearing Construct ion stage Target: Construct ion and Environment staff to be aware of
nat ive flora species on land clearings.
Indicator: Seeds of nat ive flora species in nursery.
AP1.4 Build Security post on access road Pre-Construction;
Construct ion and
Operation stage
Target: Security staff to be aware of access road t raffic, to
prevent hunters.
Indicators: Control ent rance gate, thereby reducing
unauthorized persons entering the Project area; Report
incidents of staff violating hunting rules.
AP1.5 M inimize noise and art ificial lighting at night during
construction
Pre-Construction;
Construct ion and
Operation stage
Target: No disturbance to birds and arboreal mammals
species through noise or light pollut ion.
Indicator: Evidence of provisions for minimizing light and
noise emissions during construction.
AP1.6 Assess the need for the installat ion of art if icial
crossing (crossing bridge) for endangered arboreal
mammals crossing in Project area
During Project
period
Target: Assess the need for the installat ion of artif icial
crossing bridge for endangered arboreal mammals; to be
confirmed following pre-construct ion surveys.
Indicator: Implementation of the decision on the need for
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-5
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Duration Target and Indicator
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
art ificial crossing bridges.
AP1.7 Support research projects and conservat ion
programmes in Project area
During Project
period
Target: Provide support for external researchers, such as
universit ies, NGOs, and scientific groups, approved by PT
SEM L.
Indicator: Updated database and informat ion of biodiversity
in Project area.
AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity monitoring of endangered
species in Project area
During Project
period
Target: Validate monitoring endangered species
Indicator: updated database and informat ion of biodiversity
in Project area.
AP1.9 Conduct habitat rehabilitation with nat ive
vegetation in Project area
During Project
period
Target: Secondary forest and disturbed area surrounding
Project footprint , arboreal mammals’ habitats.
Indicator: improvement in quality of secondary forest and
disturbed areas, especially arboreal mammals’ habitats.
AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps for Project site using
satellite imagery
Before
construction stage
Target: Obtain satellite images for Project site and prepare
habitat maps before construct ion.
Indicator: Detailed habitat maps prepared and issued before
construction.
AP1.11 Control of invasive alien species During Project
period
Target: No invasive alien species is to be int roduced or
spread as a result of the Project .
Indicator: Project does not int roduce invasive alien species to
the Project site as a result of Project act ivit ies.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-6
7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the
Project area
Current Status. PT SEM L’s Geothermal Working Area is direct ly adjacent to Sect ion IV of KSNP
with total area 44,000 hectares. KSNP is an important conservat ion area because the area is
habitat for hundreds of endangered, endemic, and crit ical species. Ecologically, KSNP is a very
important habitat for local, regional and global populat ions of threatened species.
Unfortunately, the importance of the Park is not matched with support ing management
resources. Pressure on the KSNP region is quite high. Although not abundant, camera traps
capture some of the presence of GoI-protected species and endangered species in the forest
edges of KSNP; in addit ion, camera traps also captured illegal act ivit ies, such as hunt ing and land
clearings. PT SEM L can help the Nat ional Park management protects the KSNP area.
At the present t ime, PT SEM L has cooperated with KSNP management to help secure the
Nat ional Park area. Several efforts have been made including the installat ion of warning signs,
support for rout ine patrols, and coordinat ion for sharing information about regional disturbances.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-7
Table 7-2 Detailed Action Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect National Park area surrounding the Project area (AP2)
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Duration Target and Indicator
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP2.1 Install warning signs at the border of the Park. Pre-Construction Target: Provide informat ion and warnings to the community and
outsiders who want to get into the Nat ional Park.
Indicator: Evidence of installed warning signboards that inform
the presence of the National Park.
AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to secure the Nat ional Park. During Project
period
Target: Reduce disrupt ion to the National Park.
Indicator: Number of joint patrols.
AP2.3 Establish communicat ion system for reporting
incidents such as poaching, wildlife conflict , illegal
forest clearing in the Nat ional Park, and forest fires.
During Project
period
Target: Good communications between PT SEM L and
management of KSNP.
Indicator: The establishment of incident response protocol with
KSNP.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-8
7.3.3 AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project
area
Current Status. The study recorded threatened and protected species in the region’s “ other use”
lands (APL) outside the Project footprint . This landscape is dominated by modified habitat such
dry field agriculture, but it was found to have interconnected patched of forest . The survey noted
the presence of endangered primate species in these patches, such as Sumatran surili, Agile
gibbon, and Siamang. All three species are able to adapt to secondary forest and fragmented
natural habitat. Primates are the target of poaching, and therefore this group is very vulnerable to
poaching efforts. The target area of this act ion plan is other usage area (APL) outside of PT SEM L
working area.
PT SEM L has no authority outside of its work area; therefore, mult iple stakeholder collaborat ion is
needed to manage the environment, especially threatened species and their habitats.
In this act ion plan, PT SEM L is not a major actor because the success of this Plan depends on the
other stakeholders.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-9
Table 7-3 Detailed Action Plan for Collaboration with Stakeholders to Protect the Landscape Surrounding the Project Area (AP3)
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Duration Target and Indicator
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP3.1 Develop communication protocol with multi-
stakeholders for environmental management , such
as local government , police, and customary leaders.
During Project
period
Target: Sharing responsibility of environment management .
Indicator: Good communicat ion with related stakeholders.
AP3.2 Rout inely meet stakeholders to share updated
information related environment , especially
biodiversity and habitats.
During Project
period
Target: Sustainable communicat ion with stakeholder and
sharing informat ion.
Indicator: M inute of meet ing of stakeholder.
AP3.3 Support authorit ies to rehabilitate and restore
disturbed natural habitat , especially protect ion
area and endangered arboreal mammals’ habitat .
During Project
period
Target: support the authorites to restore habitat quality,
especially arboreal mammals habitat
Indicator: increasing of forest cover in protection zone, such
as riparian, steep area.
AP3.4 Support the development of arboreal mammal
corridor
During Project
period
Target: support the development of corridor for the
movement of endangered arboreal mammals, either artificial
corridor or natural habitat corridor.
Indicator: evidence of proof support of the development of
corridor for arboreal mammal hotspot habitat .
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-10
7.3.4 AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness
Current Status. The results of random interviews with local community members, poaching st ill
occurs in the area including KSNP. Although not their main job, the number of people who hunt is
quite high. Birds are the main target; however, some hunt terrestrial mammals using live t raps or
dogs.
In addit ion to hunt ing issues, land clearance such as the riparian zone and steep slopes, is quite
common in the APL zoned study area. This is dangerous because doing so can increase the risk of
landslides and erosion. Efforts to increase community awareness, guests and employees on
environmental issues, especially the issue of biodiversity and habitats should be done regularly.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-11
Table 7-4 Detailed Action Plan for Socialization to community for endangered species awareness (AP4)
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Duration Target and Indicator
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP4.1 Raise awareness of guest and employee staff of
PT SEM L
During Project
period
Target: All guests and employees of PT SEML are aware of the
importance of ecosystem, biodiversity, and the habitat ,
especially endangered species.
Indicator: Number of staff and contractors reached through
site induction programs, toolbox talks, and training. Number
of leaflets, office posters, wildlife photo competit ion, etc.
AP4.2 Raise awareness in the local communit ies on the
importance of endangered species and relevant
nat ional laws.
During Project
period
Target: Reduce threat to KSNP, endangered species and the
habitat and reduce the land clearing in protection area.
Indicator: Posters, billboards, banners of species
conservation and habitat , conservat ion posted at public
places, environmental educat ion in schools.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-12
7.4 Role and Responsibilities
In addit ion to the measures defined by the mit igat ion hierarchy, the BAP also includes a number
of act ions that can be classified as enhancements in that they create addit ional biodiversity value
on the ground and act ions that do not direct ly lead to value creat ion, but rather indirect ly may
have a posit ive effect on the area, e.g. educat ion of local communit ies or research. These
enhancement act ions are called ‘Addit ional Conservat ion Act ions’ (ACAs). Summaries of act ion
plan and responsibilit ies of and stakeholder partnership are tabulated in Table 7-5 below.
Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Action Plan and Responsibilities
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Responsible Partnerships and
Stakeholders
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area
AP1.1 Install warnings on
ident if ied wildlife
crossings
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L
AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity
assessment before land
clearing
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Contractor
AP1.3 Collect native flora
seed before land
clearing
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Contractor
AP1.4 Build Security Post on
access road
X X Security staff,
Project M anager
AP1.5 M inimize noise and
art ificial light ing at
night during
construction
X X Contractor SHE,
Project M anager,
SHE staff of PT
SEM L
AP1.6 Assess the need for the
installation of art ificial
crossing (crossing
bridge) for endangered
arboreal mammals
crossing in Project area
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Project M anager
AP1.7 Support research
projects and
conservation
programmes in Project
area
X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Field Relat ions
Universit ies, NGOs,
research centers,
environmental
consultants, related
inst itut ions,
AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity
monitoring of
endangered species in
Project area
X SHE staff of PT
SEM L
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-13
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Responsible Partnerships and
Stakeholders
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
AP1.9 Conduct habitat
rehabilitation with
nat ive vegetat ion in
Project area
X X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L
Contractor
AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps
for Project site using
satellite imagery
X X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Project
AP1.11 Control of invasive
alien species
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Contractor
AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area
AP2.1 Install warning signs at
the border of the Park.
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L
KSNP management
AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to
secure the Nat ional
Park.
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L and Security
KSNP management
AP2.3 Establish
communicat ion system
for report ing incidents
such as poaching,
wildlife conflict , illegal
forest clearing in the
Nat ional Park, and
forest f ires.
X X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Field Relat ions,
KTPB
KSNP management
AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project area
AP3.1 Develop
communicat ion
protocol with mult iple
stakeholders for
environmental
management , such as
local government ,
police, and customary
leaders.
X Field Relations,
SHE staff of PT
SEM L and
Local government (BLH,
Forest ry Agency), Police
officer, and Customary
leaders
AP3.2 Rout inely meet
stakeholders to share
updated informat ion
related to
environment ,
especially biodiversity
and habitats.
X Field Relat ions,
SHE staff of PT
SEM L and
Local government (BLH,
Forest ry Agency), Police,
Customary leaders, KSNP,
NGOs
AP3.3 Support authorit ies to
rehabilitate and restore
disturbed natural
X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Local government (BLH,
Forest ry Agency),
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-14
Detailed Action Plan
M itigation Hierarchy
Responsible Partnerships and
Stakeholders
Av
oid
Re
du
ce
Re
me
dy
Off
set
Ad
dit
ion
al
Acti
on
habitat , especially
protection areas and
endangered arboreal
mammal habitats.
Project M anager customary leaders, NGOs
AP3.4 Support the
development arboreal
mammals corridor
X SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
Project M anager
Local government (BLH,
Forest ry Agency), NGOs,
Universit ies, research
centers, environmental
consultants
AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness
AP4.1 Raise awareness of
guests and employees/
staff of PT SEM L
X
SHE staff of PT
SEM L,
KTPB
AP4.2 Raise awareness of
local communities on
importance of
endangered species
and relevant national
laws.
X
Field Relat ions,
KTPB,
SHE staff of PT
SEM L
Local Government
(education and culture
agency), customary
leaders
Chapter 7.3 and Chapter 7.4 present the Act ion Plan that will be implemented and
t imeline/ project stages, and responsible persons. Addit ional informat ion on the implementat ion
and coordinat ion of the BAP is provided in this sect ion.
The KTPB, Project M anager, and SHE officer will have the overall responsibility to ensure an
effect ive implementat ion of the protect ion and enhancement of biodiversity during construct ion
of the Project . The responsibilit ies of the KTPB, Project M anager, and SHE Officer include but are
not limited to:
Inform, explain, and where necessary enforce the biodiversity legislat ions, policies, and lender
requirements associated with the Project .
Enforce the ban on hunt ing across the Project area, raise awareness of the importance of the
ban among all employees.
Undertake patrols across the Project area and oversee and provide guidance on act ivit ies that
may affect the biodiversity features within the Project area.
Undertake and arrange for the clear demarcat ion of, and signage to restrict entry to,
ecologically sensit ive areas.
Provide advice to contractors regarding the ecological sensit ivit ies within the Project area and
region, and if necessary supervise contractors to ensure that they adhere to environmental
requirements to avoid or minimise disturbance to habitats, flora, and fauna.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-15
Ensure the implementat ion of best pract ice guidelines on the prevent ion and management of
alien invasive species.
Develop working relat ions with local community groups, Nat ional Park management, land-
owners, land-managers, and business interests by maintaining close liaison with local
individuals and communit ies.
Provide advice to Project staff, as necessary, in relat ion to the conservat ion and management
of wildlife areas.
7.5 M onitoring, Evaluation and Reporting
7.5.1 M onitoring during Construction
For the construct ion phase the monitoring act ivit ies will include:
Daily monitoring of construct ion areas for leaks, spills, releases, improper waste disposal, and
unexpected occurrences.
Weekly monitoring of construct ion areas for general disturbance, and more intense when
there are potent ial wildlife conflict findings.
M onthly inspect ion of construct ion areas to monitor temporary working area size, number and
extent of temporary access routes, construct ion vehicle use of specified access routes, levels
of noise and light disturbance.
M onitoring of vegetat ion, endangered species and birds, mammals, rept iles, and amphibians
before vegetat ion clearance.
M onthly check of camera traps to monitor presence of terrestrial mammals, especially priority
species during the biodiversity monitoring period.
M onthly update and data compilat ion of the presence of endangered species on Project area.
M onitoring primate group populat ions in Project area and update periodically.
Daily monitoring of wildlife conflicts on transmission line route.
Daily M onitoring of PT SEM L access roads to secure them from poaching act ivity, in
cooperat ion with Security department.
7.5.2 Post Construction M onitoring
Addit ional monitoring will check for evidence of bird and primate incidents related to power plant
and powerline. This monitoring will happen monthly for one year.
7.5.3 Reporting
PT SEM L will be responsible for the following: report ing non-compliance incidents, correct ive
act ions, SHE trainings, and inspect ion reports.
PT SEM L will report externally on compliance with ecological mit igat ion requirements and BAP
implementat ion to the financing part ies and regulatory bodies.
Annual post-construct ion monitoring reports and reports on the BAP implementat ion will be
prepared and made available to regulatory bodies, financing part ies, research institutes, and
nature conservat ion NGOs. If evidence suggests a decline in the ecological condit ions relating
to the construct ion and operat ional act ivit ies of the Project then intervent ion and further
measures will be defined and implemented.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-16
7.5.4 Evaluation
Project is unlikely to have any significant residual adverse impacts on the trigger features of
crit ical habitat and therefore no biodiversity offsets are required. Nevertheless, IFC PS6 requires
that for projects located in crit ical habitat (irrespect ive of impacts), a Biodiversity M onitoring and
Evaluat ion Program (BM EP) is prepared and integrated into the client ’s management program
(IFC, 2012a).
The aim of this BM EP is to monitor the natural landscape features, extent , quality, and spat ial
configurat ion of the habitats in relat ion to Project impacts, other Project act ivit ies, and other
human act ivit ies.
The object ives of this BM EP are to:
Undertake long-term monitoring to detect any significant changes in landscape.
Analyze monitoring and t ime series data and ident ify the reasons for any significant changes in
consultat ion with specialists, local communit ies, and other stakeholders.
7.5.4.1 M onitoring Indicators
Biodiversity monitoring indicators need to be realist ic, pract ical, simple, sensit ive to
anthropogenic impacts, dynamic (responsive to on-going changes), meaningful, and cost-effect ive
to monitor (World Bank, 1998; EBI, 2009). The monitoring for the BM EP will be undertaken at
several levels: Impacted Project area and priority species/ populat ions around Project area.
7.5.4.1.1 Project Impacted Area Landscape
Project impacted area was defined as the ecological boundary in the AM DAL document. Some
parameters monitored are:
Land cover and land use changes
Habitat type changes related to biodiversity
M ethodological approaches used are remote sensing and spat ial analysis. Land cover was
obtained from interpretat ion of satellite images with guidance of ground truth data. Land cover
and land use change analysis uses t ime series data.
Habitat analysis data are defined with analyses of species locat ion finding and literature review or
botanist field survey data of characterist ics of vegetat ion composit ion. Habitat mapping is
developed by combining present land-cover and land use data with detailed vegetat ion
informat ion. In future, the BM EP will repeat the habitat classificat ion every three years.
7.5.4.1.2 Species/ Populat ion Level
Species or populat ion levels are analyzed by monitoring t ime-series data. Baseline study already
ident ified distribut ion groups of Siamang, Sumatran Surili, and Agile Gibbon on the Project area.
M onitoring data are updated with group numbers and populat ions of each group.
The method used is line t ransect with a focus on obtaining data on populat ions of the primate
groups. For terrestrial mammals, camera traps are used and findings discussed with terrestrial
species experts to ident ify individuals.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 7-17
7.5.4.1.3 Evaluat ion
This monitoring will be periodically evaluated to determine its effect iveness in meet ing the
object ives, and ident ifying any necessary remediat ion.
The findings of the above monitoring program will be evaluated every six years and the outcomes
will be used to adapt the management and ongoing mit igat ion measures.
M anagement intervent ions will need to be identified when there is a negat ive t rend in the areas
of natural habitat and/ or the connect ivity of the habitats. The threshold for intervent ions will be
when the area of any natural habitat has significantly decreased.
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 8-1
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Appendix 1
Bird Finding Result
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 II
List of Birds Species Found in Study Area during M onitoring Survey
No Name Family Status
Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES
1 Alap-alap capung M icrohierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet Falconidae Protected LC II
2 Alap-alap kawah Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon Falconidae Protected LC I
3 Apung tanah Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pipit M otacillidae LC
4 Bentet kelabu Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Laniidae
5 Bentet loreng Lanius t igrinus Tiger Shrike Laniidae M igrant
6 Bondol haji Lonchura maja White-headed M unia Est rildidae
7 Bondol peking Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Est rildidae
8 Brinji gunung Iole virescens Olive bulbul Pycnonotidae
9 Bubut alang-alang Cent ropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Cuculidae
10 Bubut pacar jambul Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Cuculidae M igrant
11 Burung madu sepah-raja Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Nectariniidae Protected
12 Burung madu sriganti Nectarinia jugularis Olive-Backed Sunbirds Nectariniidae Protected
13 Cabai bunga api Dicaeum t rigonost igma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeidae
14 Caladi belacan Dendrocopos canicapillus Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Picidae
15 Cekakak sungai Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected
16 Cica daun kecil Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropseidae NT
17 Cikrak kutub Phylloscopus borealis Arct ic Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopidae
18 Cikrak mahkota Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crowned Leaf-warbler Phylloscopidae
19 Cinenen belukar Orthotomus at rogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird Cisticolidae
20 Cipoh jantung Aegithina viridissima Green Iora Aegithinidae NT
21 Cipoh kacat Aegithina t iphia Common Iora Aegithinidae
22 Ciung batu siul M yophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling-thrush Turdidae
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 III
No Name Family Status
Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES
23 Cucak gunung Pycnonotus bimaculatus Orange-spot ted Bulbul Pycnonotidae NT
24 Cucak kerinci Pycnonotus leucogrammicus Cream-st riped Bulbul Pycnonotidae
Endemic of
Sumat ra
25 Cucak kuning Pycnonotus dispar Ruby-throated Bulubul Pycnonotidae
26 Cucak kut ilang Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotidae
27 Elang brontok Nisaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC
28 Elang gunung Nisaetus alboniger Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II
29 Elang hitam Ict inaetus malayensis Black Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II
30 Elang perut karat Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II
31 Elang ular bido Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II
32 Elang wallace Nisaetus nanus Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Accipit ridae Protected Vu
33 Enggang klihingan Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill Bucerot idae Protected II
34 Gelat ik batu kelabu Parus major Great Tit Paridae
35 Gemak loreng Turnix suscitator Barred But tonquail Turnicidae LC
36 Gereja erasia Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passeridae
37 Jingjing bukit Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatchershrike Campephagidae
38 Jingjing petulak Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike Campephagidae
39 Julang emas Rhyt iceros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill Bucerot idae Protected II
40 Kacamata gunung Zosterops montanus M ountain White-eye Zosteropidae
41 Kacamata topi hitam Zosterops at ricapilla Black-capped White-eye Zosteropidae
42 Kadalan kembang Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed M alkoha Cuculidae
43 Kangkok india Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo Cuculidae
44 Kareo padi Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Rallidae
45 Kekep babi Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow Art idae M igrant
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 IV
No Name Family Status
Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES
46 Kicuit batu M otacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M otacillidae
47 Kipasan belang Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail Rhipiduridae Protected
48 Kipasan gunung Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail Rhipiduridae M igrant
49 Layang layang asia Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundinidae
50 Layang layang batu Hirundo tahit ica Pacif ic Swallow Hirundinidae
51 M adi injap Psarisomus dalhousidae Long-tailed Broadbill Eurylaimidae LC
52 M anyar tempua Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Ploceidae
53 M erbah cerukcuk Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotidae
54 M unguk loreng Sit ta azurea Blue Nuthatch Sit t idae
55 Niltava kumbang padi Niltava grandis Large Niltava Picidae
56 Pelatuk kuduk kuning Picus f lavinucha Greater Yellownape Picidae
57 Perenjak gunung Prinia at rogularis Hill Prinia Cist icolidae
58 Pergam gunung Ducula badia M ountain Imperial Pigeon Columbidae
59 Pijantung tasmak Arachnothera f lavigaster Spectacled Spiderhunter Nectariniidae Protected
60 Poksai gent ing Garrulax mit ratus Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush Leiothrichidae
61 Punai gading Treron vernans Pink-necked Green Pigeon Columbidae
62 Raja udang kalung biru Alcedo euryzona Blue-banded Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected CR
63 Sempidan sumatera Lophura inormata Salvadori’s Pheasant Phasianidae NT Endemic of
Sumat ra
64 Sepah dagu kelabu Pericrocotus solaris Grey-chinned M inivet Campephagidae
65 Sepah gunung Pericrocotus miniatus SundaM inivet Campephagidae
66 Sepah padang Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet Campephagidae
67 Sepah tulin Pericrocotus igneus Fiery M inivet Campephagidae NT
68 Serindit melayu Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Psit tacidae II
SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 V
No Name Family Status
Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES
69 Sibia ekor panjang Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed Sibia Leiothrichidae
70 Sikatan belang Ficedula westermanni Litt le Pied Flycatcher M uscicapidae
71 Sikatan biru laut Eumyias thalassina Pale Blue Flycatcher M uscicapidae
72 Sikatan bubik M uscicapa lat irost ris Asian Brown Flycatcher M uscicapidae M igrant
73 Sikatan emas Ficedula zanthropygia Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M uscicapidae
74 Sikatan kepala abu Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher M uscicapidae
75 Sikep madu asia Pernis pt ilorhynchus Crested Honey Buzzard Accipit ridae Protected II M igrant
76 Srigunting kelabu Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Dicruridae
77 Takur api Psilopogon pyrolophus Fire-tufted Barbet M egalaimidae
78 Takur bukit M egalaima oort i Black-browed Barbet M egalaimidae
79 Takur Topi-merah M egalaima henricii Yellow-crowned Barbet M egalaimidae NT
80 Takur ungkut ungkut M egalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet M egalaimidae
81 Takur warna warni M egalaima mystacophanos Red-throated Barbet M egalaimidae
82 Tangkar uli sumatera Dendrocit ta occipitalis Sumatran Treepie Corvidae Endemic of
Sumat ra
83 Tekukur biasa Spilopelia chinensis Spot ted Dove Columbidae
84 Tepus dahi merah Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Babbler Timaliidae
85 Tepus emas Stachyris chrysaea Golden Babbler Timaliidae
86 Tepus kepala hitam Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler Timaliidae
87 Uncal kouran M acropygia ruficeps The lit t le cuckoo-dove Columbidae
88 Uncal loreng M acropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-Dove Columbidae
89 Wiwik uncuing Cacomant is sepulcralis Brush Cuckoo Cuculidae
Note: P - Protected