downfall of islam

8/14/2019 Downfall of Islam

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Amazingly, these plain truths do not bother the Muslims at all. Probably, if we can present another

authentic Quran, which is different from existing standard form, Muslims may give way to logical

thinking.

The devastating truth is that a large number of ancient Quranic manuscripts, dating from first century of

Hijra were discovered in the Great Mosque of Sanaa (Yemen), which significantly differs from the present

standard one. Carbon dating system confirmed that these Qurans are not forged one by religious rivalries.

Moreover, these Qurans were discovered by Muslims, not infidels.

This is, probably, the most embarrassing event to Muslims in the 1,400-year history of Islam.

The Great Mosque of Sanaa is one of the oldest Mosques in Islamic history. The date of building goes

back to 6th year of Hijrah when Muhammad entrusted one of his companions to build a Mosque at

Yemen, which was extended and enlarged by Islamic rulers from time to time.

In 1972, during the restoration of this Great

Mosque (heavy rain had caused the west

wall of the Mosque to collapse), laborers,

while working in a crown space between the

structures inner and outer roofs, stumbled

upon an amazing grave-site, which they did

not realize at that time. Mosques do not

accommodate graves, and this site contained

no gravestone, no human remains and nofuneral relics. It contained an unappealing

mountain of old parchment and paper

documents, damaged books and individual

pages of Arabic text, fused together by rain and dampness for over a thousand years.

The ignorant laborers gathered up the manuscripts, pressed them carelessly into some 20 potato sacks,

and set them aside on the staircase of one of the Mosques minarets, where they were locked away. The

manuscripts would have been forgotten once again, were it not for Qadhi Ismail al-Akwa, then the

President of Yemeni Antiquities Authority, who realized the potential importance of the find. Al-Akwa

sought international assistance in examining and preserving the fragments, because no scholar in his

country was capable of working on this rich find. In 1977, he managed to interest a visiting non-Muslim

German scholar, who in turn persuaded the German government to organize and find a restoration

project.


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Soon after the project began, it became clear that the paper grave is a resting place for, among other

things, tens of thousands of fragments from close to a thousand different codices of the Quran. Muslim

authorities during early days cherished the belief that worn out and damaged copies of the Quran must be

removed from circulation leaving only the unblemished editions of the scripture for use. Also such a safe

place was required to protect the books from looting or destruction if invaders come and hence the idea of

a grave in the Great Mosque in Sanaa, which was a place of learning and dissemination of the Quran

and was in existence from the first century of the Hijrah.

Restoration of the manuscript has been organized and supervised by Gerd R. Puin of Saarland

University, Germany. Puin is a renowned specialist on Arabic calligraphy (the study of fine and artistic

handwriting) and Quranic paleography (the study of ancient writing and documents). For ten years he

extensively examined those precious parchment fragments. In 1985, his colleague H. C. Graf V. Bothmer

joined him.

Carbon-dating puts the origin of some of the parchments to 645690 CE, while calligraphic dating has

pointed to their origin in 710715 AD. Some of the parchment pages seemed to date back to the seventh

and eighth centuries, i.e. Islams first two centuries, perhaps the oldest Quran in existence.

In 1984, the House of Manuscripts (Dar al

Makhtutat) was founded close to the Great

Mosque, as part of a cooperation project between

the Yemeni and German authorities. An enormous

endeavor began to restore the Quranic fragments.

Between 1983 and 1996, approximately 15,000

out of 40,000 pages were restored, specifically

12,000 fragments on parchment and manuscripts

dating back to the seventh and eighth centuries.

Until now, only three ancient copies of the Quran

are found. The one preserved in the British Library

in London, dates from the late seventh century and was thought to be the oldest one. But the Sanaa

manuscripts are even older. Moreover, these manuscripts are written in a script that originates from the

Hijazthe region of Arabia where prophet Muhammad lived, which makes them not only the oldest tohave survived, but one of the earliest authentic copies of the Quran ever. Hijazi Arabic is the script

(Makkan or Madinan), in which the earliest Quran was written. Although these pieces are from the earliest

Quran known to exist, they are also palimpsests (manuscripts on which the original writing has been

effected for re-use).


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The rare style of fine and artistic handwriting in the manuscripts had fascinated both Puin and his friend

Bothmer, but more surprise was awaiting them. When these ancient Qurans were compared with the

present standard one, both of them were stunned. The ancient texts were found to be devastatingly and

disturbingly at odds with the existing form. There are unconventional verse ordering, small but significant

textual variations, different orthography (spelling) and different artistic embellishment (decoration).

It shattered the orthodox Muslim belief that the Quran, as it has reached us today, is the perfect,

timeless, and unchanging Word of God. It means Quran has been distorted, perverted, revised, modified

and corrected, and textual alterations had taken place over the years purely by Human hands.

The sacred aura surrounding this Holy Scripture of Islam, which remained intact for some 14 centuries is

gone with this astonishing discovery and the core belief of 1.4b Muslims that the Quran is the eternal,

unaltered word of God is now clearly visible as a great hoax, a downright falsehood.

Not only this, the Quranic claim that nobody can alter the words of God is also a fake. Quran is supposedto be, in the words of Guillaume (1978, p. 74), The holy of holies. It must never rest beneath other books,

but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be

listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster. Muslims call the Quran the Mother of

Books, and believe that no other book or revelation can compare (Caner & Caner, 2002, p 84). However,

its all gone now. The end-result of whole Islamic struggle of the last fourteen centuries is a big zero.

As if it is not enough, many manuscripts showed the sign of palimpsests, i.e., versions very clearly written

over even earlier washed off versions. The underwriting of palimpsest is, of course, often difficult to read

visually, but modern tools, such as ultraviolet photography, can highlight them. It suggests that the Sanaamanuscripts are not only variants to the present version of the Quran, but the Sanaa manuscripts

themselves were variants of earlier version, re-written on the same paper. It means, Allahs claim that

original text is preserved in heaven on golden tablets (Q 56: 7778; 85:2122), which none can touch

except angels is also a fairy-tale.

Puin, after extensively studying these manuscripts, came to the conclusion that the text is actually an

evolving text rather than simply the word of God as revealed in its entirety to Muhammad (Warraq, 2002,

p. 109). He wrote:

So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Quran is just Gods

unaltered word. They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall

straight out of the sky, but until now the Quran has been out of discussion. The only way to break through

this wall is to prove that the Quran has a history too. The Sanaas fragments will help us to do this.


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Puin even concluded (cited Taher, 2000) that It is not one single work that has survived unchanged

through the centuries. It may include stories that were written before the prophet Mohammed began his

ministry and which have subsequently been rewritten.

During their research, as Puin (Lester, 1999) recalls, They [Yemeni authorities] wanted to keep this thing

low profile, as we do too, although for different reasons. They dont want attention drawn to the fact that

there are Germans and others working on the Qurans. They dont want it made public that there is work

being done at all, since the Muslim position is that everything that needs to be said about the Qurans

history was said a thousand years ago.

In fact, Puin and Bothmer knew for sometime during their study that the Quran is an evolving text, but

they wisely understood the possible implications of their findings and kept quiet. If Yemeni authorities

come to know about this discovery, they may even refuse them further access. This is actually what Puin

called different reasons. So both sides kept quiet, and those two scholars carried on their research

unabated.

Puins findings also confirm Wansbroughs assumption on the Quranic text. In the 1970s, Wansbrough

concluded that the Quran evolved only gradually in the seventh and eighth centuries after a long period of

oral transmissions; different sects used to argue furiously with each other on the genuineness of the

revelations. The reason that no Islamic source-materials from the very beginning of Islam never survived

is because it never existed. In fact, Puin admitted rereading Wansbrough during the course of analyzing

the Yemeni fragments (Warraq, 2002, p. 122).

Puin's other radical theory is that pre-Islamic sources have entered the Quran. He argues that two tribes itmentions, As-Sahab-ar-Rass (Companions of the Well) and As- Sahab-al-Aiqa (Companions of the

Thorny Bushes), are not part of the Arab tradition, and the people of Muhammad's time certainly did not

know about them. He also disagrees that the Quran was written in the purest Arabic. The very word

Quran itself is of foreign origin. Contrary to popular Muslim belief, the meaning of Quran is not

recitation. It is actually derived from an Aramaic word, Qariyun, meaning a lectionary of scripture portions

appointed to be read at divine service. Quran contains most of the biblical stories but in a shorter form

and is a summary of the Bible to be read in service.

Bothmer has painstakingly finished taking more than thirty-five thousand microfilm pictures of the

fragments by 1997, and brought the pictures back to Germany (Warraq, 2002, p. 109). It means now

Bothmer, Puin and other scholars will finally have a chance to scrutinize the texts and to publish their

findings freely.

Puin is interested to write a book on this in the future, but already wrote several short essays on their

findings in various science magazines, where he pointed out several aberrations between the ancient


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Quran and the present standard version (cited Warraq, 2002, p. 73944). In refuting the sacredness of

the Quran, Puin wrote:

My idea is that the Quran is a kind of cocktail of texts that were not all understood even at the time of

Muhammad. Many of them may even be a hundred years older than Islam itself. The Quran claims for

itself that it is mubeen, or clear. But [contrary to popular belief] if you look at it, you will notice that every

fifth sentence or so simply does not make sensethe fact is that a fifth of the Quranic text is just

incomprehensible. If the Quran is not comprehensible, if it cant even be understood in Arabic, then its not

translatable into any language. That is why Muslims are afraid. Since the Quran claims repeatedly to be

clear but is notthere is an obvious and serious contradiction. Something else must be going on.

The extraordinary discovery of Puin had fascinated Andrew Rippin, a Professor of religious studies and a

leading expert on Quranic studies. Rippin (cited Warraq, 2002, p. 110) concluded, The impact of the

Yemeni manuscripts is still to be felt. Their variant readings and verse orders are all very significant.

Everybody agrees on that. These manuscripts say that the early history of Quranic text is much more of

an open question than many have suspected. The text was less stable and therefore had less authority,

than has always been claimed.

Rippins observation was superb. During the period of early Caliphs, Islam grew as political movement

and not as a religious movement. A book like the Quran was required to keep the Muslims united. The

Quran is just like a status symbol of Islam, without which Islam would have died during the time of

Muhammad only. The Quran is purely manmade. Some sort of Divinity was attached to the Quran so that

it can command some respect, because it could not stand on its own worth. This way, in acknowledging

the claims of the Quran as the direct utterance of the Divinity, the early manipulators had blocked all

criticisms, which can otherwise expose it. The Quran itself prohibits criticism in verses 5:101 and 5:102.

We do not know when religious blindness crept in, but undoubtedly, the early Muslims after Muhammad

were more liberal than the present generation we are seeing today. The authenticity of many verses had

been called into question by the early Muslims themselves. Many Kharijites, who were followers of Ali in

the early history of Islam, found the Sura recounting the story of Joseph offensive, an erotic tale that

cannot belong to the Quran (cited Warraq, 1998, p. 17).

Warraq (1998, p. 14) has the same view as Rippin, Muslim scholars of the early years of Islam were far

more flexible in their position, realizing that parts of the Quran was lost, perverted and that there weremany thousand variants which made it impossible to talk of the Quran.

There is another proof that Quranic messages were distorted in the early days of Islam and nothing like

The Quran does exist any more. Inscriptions of several Quranic verses are decorated on the Dome of

Rock of Jerusalem, which is most probably the first Islamic monument meant to be a major artistic


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achievement, built in 691 CE (Whelan, 1998, p. 114). These inscriptions significantly differ from the

present standard text (Warraq, 2000, p. 34).

Mingana (cited Warraq, 1998, p.80) laments that The most important question in the study of the Quran

is its unchallengeable authority. This is the only reason that critical investigation of the text of the Quran

is a study which is still in its immaturity. As Rippin (1991, p. ix) lamented, I have often encountered

individuals who come to the study of Islam with a background in the historical study of the Hebrew Bible

or early Christianity, and who express surprise at the lack of critical thought that appears in introductory

textbooks of Islam. The notion that Islam is born in the clear light of history still seems to be assumed by

a great many writers of such texts.

Cook and Crone (1977, p. 18) concluded that [The Quran] strikingly lacking in overall structure,

frequently obscure and inconsequential in both language and content perfunctory in its liking of disparate

materials and given to the repetition of whole passages in variant versions. On this basis, it can be argued

that the book is the product of a belated and imperfect editing of materials from a plurality of traditions.

Crone (cited Warraq, 1998, p. 33) wrote elsewhere that The Quran has generated masses of spurious

information.

But in case of the Bible, it is different, as Rodhinson (1980, p. viii) observed: [For Bible] the scientific

attitude begins with the decision to accept something as fact only if the source has been proved reliable.

Muslims wrongly interpret the honesty Christians display about some variant readings of the Bible as

weakness (Ali & Spencer; 2003, p. 769). Christians, like Hindus, want to see their Holy book through

scientific and historical point of view. When old Biblical manuscripts, parchments or ancient Hindu

manuscripts are discovered, Christian and Hindu scholars almost climb over each others shoulder to gain

an early access to them. Such findings cause great excitement to them. But sadly, no such excitement

exists in Islam. Christians and Hindus are eager to see more and more light shed on the earliest

manuscripts of their scriptures, while Muslims resist, often with violent determination. The contrast is

really striking: while both Hindu and Christian faiths are strongly backed up by archeological and historical

evidence, so far as concerns Islam, neither any archeological exploration was allowed in Mecca and

Medina, nor is there any prospect in the future (Peters, 1986, p. 724).

Muslim criticism of the Quran is very rare and almost nonexistent as Sina (2008, p. 6) lamented, Muslims

are genuinely incapable of questioning Islam. Recently, ex-Muslim websites are doing some remarkablework on this. Ultimately, these enlightened people will successfully free their Muslim brothers and sisters

from the Islamic prison. Otherwise whatever criticism is done on the Quran are all by the Christian

scholars. But Muslims should not take the Christian criticism as a mark of religious opposition. Christian

scholars have done much more criticism of their own religion than Islam (Sproul & Saleeb, 2003. p. 17;

Spencer, 2007, p. 1).


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But once the Sanaa findings are published in details, Islam will not be the same as it was for fourteen

centuries. Islam is definitely going to take a strange position. Many Muslims will cast doubt on sacredness

of the Quran, and the very romantic concept of the Quran will gradually disappear, and then a very

interesting development can be observed. The first question, which will appear in their mind is: which

version is superior. But then, it is not possible to choose a Quran and discard the other by preference.

Because the Muslim belief also confirms that he, who denies a single verse of the Quran, denies the

entire revelation. This is a logical impossibility and since scientific research had already spoken out the

truth, many Muslims will seek a way out of this nonsense, and will try to free themselves from the

tyrannical oppression of living in a false religion.

While discussing Muslims apathy to science, reason and natural law, Jaki (cited Spencer, 2002, p. 127)

wrote, What is occurring in the Muslim world today is a confrontation, not between God and devil but

between a very specific God and science which is a very specific antagonist of that God, the Allah of the

Quran, in whom the will wholly dominates the intellect.

The Sanaa discovery will just add fuel to the fire. Today the Muslim world is beset with frustration. Islam

is supposed to be the final revelation and Muslims are supposed to be the Best of Mankind, but the

reality is just opposite. Muslim nations are poorest in the world (Ohmyrus, 2006, p. 128). A time will come

when the religious authorities will be asked by common Muslims to refute the critics by logic, science and

reason, not by violence or Fatwa. As Parvez Manzoor wrote, Sooner or later [we Muslims] will have to

approach the Quran from methodological assumptions and parameters that are radically at odds with the

ones consecrated by our tradition (Warraq, 2002, p. 123)

The Sanaa manuscripts will also provoke another question. If the Quran is a lie, how the lie survived for

so many centuries? The reason is that the Divinity attached to Quran is not A Small Lie, but The Big Lie.

The big lies are very powerful, and it always has a psychological effect on the listeners. The bigger the lie,

the more believable it is. Adolf Hitler wrote in Mein Kamph (1925), The broad mass of a Nation will fall

victim to a big lie than to a small one. Big lies are extraordinarily convincing, because it offsets the scale

of the listeners commonsense, as Sina (2008, p. 179) explains: an ordinary person does not dare to tell a

big lie thinking that it would not be believed and he would be ridiculed. Since there is no one who had

never told a lie in his life, small lies are often detectable sooner or later. But the big lies are so strange

that it often startle the listener. When the lie is gigantic, the average person is left to wonder how anyone

can have the courage, the impudence to say such a thing.

Big lies always work wonder in politics. As George Orwell (cites Sina, 2008, p. 179) said, "Political

language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable and give an appearance of

solidity to pure wind".


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Today, when the divinity of the Quran is shattered by the Sanaa manuscripts, the spiritual nature of Islam

is also exposed. Islam is nothing but a pure Arab political movement. The Divinity was attached to the

Quran, when Arabs started conquering the surrounding nations, and Islam was imposed on them by

force. Arabs not only imposed Islam on others, but also imposed this irrational belief of Quranic divinity to

the minds of their victims, so that once Arabs are gone, the conquered people cannot come out from this

mental enslavement, and return back to their original faith. It is a rare political skill. Many companions of

Muhammad clearly knew that the Quran was fake, but they remained with their prophet to share the booty

and to enjoy the women. We all know, after Muhammads death, several Arab tribes returned back to their

original belief, and idolatry flourished, but were forced back to Islam with the sword and bloodbath.

With much shock to Muslims, modern study on Psychology had spoken out the truth that Muhammad was

an imposter, a madman, who was suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Narcissists are such

self-absorbed persons, who are pathological liars. It means, either they are unaware of their lies or feel

completely justified and at easy in lying to others. Their mental condition is such that they have that rare

capability to believe their own lies (Vaknin, 1999, p. 24).

And, yes, Adolf Hitler, who was aware of the power of Big lie, and misguided millions of Germans, is also

recognized as a Narcissist. Today Hitler is the most hated historical figure in Germany. Like a

mathematical certainty, Muhammad will earn the same fate. But we really do not know, how many million

more will die before we can put Muhammad in dustbin with his Allah, Quran and Islam altogether. For

Hitler, it was National Socialism (another name of Nazism) and for Muhammad it was Islam, but deep

down, both were two sides of same coinsuccessful manipulators.

Sina (2008, p. iv, 260) commented that Islam is like a house of cards, sustained by lies. All it takes to

demolish is to challenge one of those lies holding it together. It is a tall building, erected on quicksand;

once you expose its foundation, the sand will wash away and this mighty edifice will fall under its own

weight, and that Islam stands on a very shaky ground. It rests on nothing but lies. All we have to do to

demolish it is to expose those lies and this gigantic edifice of terror and deception will collapse.

Lets see, once the sacred aura of Quran is gone, what other lies are exposed.

First, if there are two or more versions of the Quran, then there must be equal number of Allahs. So, if

only two Qurans are authentic, will Islam be deemed monotheistic any longer? And how to decide which

Allah gave which Quran? If there is only one Allah, then which Quran is authentic, and which is fake?

Second, if we still believe that one Quran is authentic, then how Allah allowed the others to survive?

Third, is it anymore true as the Quran says Allahs words do not change (10.64); this is indeed the mighty

achievement?


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If yes, what more than one Quran is doing now? If not, how this false revelation is recorded in the Quran?

Did Satan put it?

Finally, Bukhari (4.52.233) records that Unbelievers will never understand our signs and revelations. But

we see, for understanding the Sanaa Quran, the Yemeni authorities invited German scholars, because

there was no one in Yemen capable of working on this rich find.

No wonder that Sina (2008) concluded: No matter how you look at Islam it turns out to be a foolish

religion.

Although Muslims have sold their soul to Muhammad, can they logically clear the above doubts? The

Sanaa episode had put them in such an awkward position that even circular reasoning or absurd logic

will not help. Isnt it time for prudent Muslims to give a second thought to their cherished faith? Instead of

trying hard to reason out the above doubts, isnt it more sensible to agree that the entire Muslim ummah

had been fooled by a vulgar imposter named Prophet Muhammad? Isnt it time for Muslims to care truth?As poet Thomas Gray (cited Sagan, 1997, p. 12) wrote, where ignorance is bliss, Tis [It is] folly to be

wise.

To protect the Quran from more humiliation, Yemeni authorities already debarred Puin and Bothmer from

further examination of those manuscripts. In fact, now they do not allow anyone to see those manuscripts

anymore except some very carefully selected non-Quranic parchments, which are at display at the ground

floor of Dar al-Makhtutat Library. But this is not going to help; the bird is out of the cage already; it is

useless closing the door now. More than thirty-five thousand microfilms are out of Yemen before the

authorities came to know; and already, several duplicates have been made. The present author is surethat, at this very moment, in some undisclosed location in Germany, a group of experts are endlessly

working on those microfilms and Puin is burning enough midnight oil to complete his book, which, once

published, will hammer another nail in the coffin of Islam. Islam is in real danger now.

Obviously, by realizing the Divine downfall within sight, many Muslims are disturbed and offended. The

fundamentalists will not accept Puin's and Bothmers work as having been done with academic objectivity,

but see it as a deliberate attack on the integrity of the Quranic text (Taher, 2000). Naturally, those two

German scholars will be at the forefront of Muslims rage. Puin fears a violent backlash from orthodox

Muslims because of his "blasphemous" theory, which he says, he cannot take lightly. By recalling the

Salman Rushdie affair he wrote, My conclusions have sparked angry reactions from orthodox Muslims.

They've said I'm not really the scholar to make any remarks on these manuscripts. If Puin's views are

taken up and trumpeted in the media, and if there are not many Muslims being rational about it, then all

hell may break loose. There will be some hostile response and riots causing much death and destruction,

may be another fatwa from Khomeini and surely some hollow threats from our camera-loving Bin Laden,

and his ideological brothers. But can they stop the truth from spreading?


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UNESCO has shown genuine interest in the Sanaa manuscripts ever since the Memory of the World

programme started. In 1995, the Organization also produced a CD-ROM in Arabic, English and French

illustrating the history of the collection containing both Quranic and non-Quranic materials. The CD-ROM

offers 651 images of 302 Quranic fragments, indexed by script, frames etc., a general introduction to the

Yemenite manuscripts collections, and a brief description on the evolution of Arabic calligraphy (Abid,

1997).

Ursula Dreibholz, a preservation expert, who worked on the Sanaa project for eight years as the chief

conservator, is much frustrated by seeing the lack of concern of Yemeni authorities to protect those

manuscripts by using modern technology (1983, p. 308). Neither the security devices are correct, nor is

adequate attention being given to the manuscripts to avoid further deterioration (1996, p. 13145). In fact,

Dreibholz (1999, p. 215) said that it was her greatest concern to create a safe and reliable permanent

storage system for the restored fragments. Also, the poor storage hardly has any protection from insects

and water. Most importantly, there is a lack of fire prevention or detection system, keeping in mind the

truly catastrophic fires that have destroyed important libraries and artworks around the world throughout

history. The Yemeni authorities said they have neither money nor means to install fire protection systems.

She does not understand the genuine reason behind the apathy of Yemeni authorities.

Here Muslim fundamentalists can see a silver lining in the cloud. No one knows when a devastating fire

will break out accidentally and destroy all the Quranic manuscripts, a cause of intense heartburn to them.

After all, for saving Islam, the Quran must be saved, for which Muslims will go any length. If necessary,

they will burn the Quran to save it from logical analysis. Their devotion to stupidity is really that high.

Probably, the Yemeni authoritys unwillingness to install fire-protection systems is an initial preparation for

such an act in the future. Never underestimate the destructive capability of the brainless bigots.

References

Journals:

1. Abid, Abdelaziz (1997) Memory of the World: Preserving Our Documentary Heritage. Museum

International, 49:1, January 1997, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.

2. Dreibholz, Ursula (1983) A treasure of early Islamic manuscripts on parchment. Significance of the

find and its conservation treatment. AIC Preprints of papers presented at the 11th annual meeting in

Baltimore, Maryland, 25-29 May 1983. Washington DC.


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3. Dreibholz, Ursula (1996) The Treatment of Early Islamic Manuscript Fragments on Parchment in

The Conservation and Preservation of Islamic Manuscripts, Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation,

London

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http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4048586,00.htmlhttp://www.news.faithfreedom.org/downloads/probing-islam.pdfhttp://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koranhttp://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Gerd_R._Puin&id=287605376http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4048586,00.htmlhttp://www.news.faithfreedom.org/downloads/probing-islam.pdfhttp://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Gerd_R._Puin&id=287605376


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