downes 1957 - the feeding habits of biting flies and their significance in classification

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  • 8/7/2019 Downes 1957 - THE FEEDING HABITS OF BITING FLIES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN CLASSIFICATION

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    BS B S R SS

    By J. A DOWNESVeterinary and Medical Entomlog Unit, Entomolog Division,

    epartment of Agrcultur Ottawa Ontaro Canada

    The objet of ths review is twofold: rst, to examne the feedng habtsof the btg es beongng to the ematocera and the rst seton (Homoeodata) of the Brahera; and seod in the ouse of bref omparisonswth othe Dptea, to dsuss some phogenet onsdeatons.

    he tem ii i appes to es whose mouth parts are adapted topere the ntegument and suk the bod uds, whether of vertebrates orother anmas In the fames under detaled revew, the habt of btng andfull funtonal btng mouthparts, ae restrted to the femaes. Most frequent the femaes atta warm-booded vertebrates and an mmense terature has rown arond ths habit i ic iic n ts revew, however, the essernown soures of the bood mea are stressed, n anattempt to dene the fu range of the habts Both sexes n addton tae amea of sugar and water usual the etar of owers Man authors however have onsdered sugar feedng or, as it is often vaguel epessed,"sukng the ues of pants as tpa of the males and have treated t,

    n the femaes, as a suppementar habt, an oasona phenomenon ndued b adverse ondtons, or even as an eror of observaton. hus, nvarng degrees, an unrea opposton between arnvorous femaes and vegetaran maes s set up he netarsung habt, however, s fu estabshedfor bot sexes ad netarsung and boodsung are habts eah of tsow ind

    LIIDE

    Mouth .he mouth parts o mosqutoes are er sender and the

    femae, when btng, ommon penetrates a apar vesse a deate proess that s probab not possbe wth the more badee organs of otherfames he mandbe s armed at the apex wth a row of mnute teeth andthe ana [mms 1) bears oarser, baward proetng teeth probabwh a odng unton [Robnson 2 he eual eongate labum andhpopharn are apposed to fom a food ana and lud s drawn up btwo pumps, one operated b the baa and the other b the posterebraphangeal muses outhparts of the same general struCture, wth smararmature of the mandles and lanae, are found throughout the btng

    ematoera nodgrass 3] n the maes the mandbles and mallae are redued, to varng degrees, to a nonfutona ondton Marsha tae

    1 Cotibutio No. 7 Etomology Diisio ene eve Dpartt ofAgcultue, Ottawa, aada

    2 e r rare ean th vw wa cmltd i Ju 97

    9

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    DOWNES

    4]; h cn how n nc No po o n n Cuc o oh Noc h n un h o w pc n on h ho o h o nk w o o [How n (5); own 6J u oh ppn pov o

    nnooph wh n n h n on 7Fd sm"ces.-Th o o oquo on h oo

    o woo n oh ck n houh o pc v c oh hv w n o ho n oh w on ph n php onp Culex Necule apcalis n v oh pc o hunu on on o n o o co o nowhnn (8, 9) Uranta1ia wii To on ph 10n unn oqu o ck pn n z (5 In

    cpv h Aeds agypt nnu) ule pipien Lnnu w on p (

    Th v co o o cou h u non h nch oquo k h cc o n ouc oh hnh oo o v ow e a (5 quo cun o oquon on c hono n h pup o u u hwo n uncon po ccn n h miquotaion fro Hage Rpos o n on pn co h nc m o o q ou ncnc 3 n n

    oquo oouckn unknown qun php h h w cov n Tknctes n Hpa h ooc o n unu o n Ew (4)] n h oup Choon n oo-uckn o unnown houhn n pn n uc o 4 h nh pup u no h u o apaga (5

    n on o h o o h oqo n uch unc pc whou pcn h po on u- nnu c n (6, n vw how h o o pc o Cle n ee frnt std rs fr net Weseneun 17) oun Aede p pon non u h v w nxcpon occunc u o unvo wh h pvn h cho oo Hockn (8 noh oup o co o ncuckn n o n n ncun n n pc n h o n c o n phnonon Hockn oCc n o oh o v nc o h occun h on po)

    Pncp u o Chuch, no n nnnooo w h Aees pp n o ck n n

    on nc u n n v nu Th puh noon no xnv u ncu co o o Aede pun) on abenaa, o unn pc on Rddendn, Das,Haenaa n Led n o oh o Aede cuni on

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    EEDG HB O BG LE 2

    varety f wers () Frm my wn bservatns bth sexes f omm edes exdns yar and edes ngpes (Ztterstedt) as vstubu Sa obum u and um the maes predmnatng n

    th afternn and the fmales late n the evenng In ntrast, hwver, tth stuatn at Churh, msquts wr fund n wrs n suthernQub ny sngly and at lng ntrvals

    Sme spees f npeles an, prhaps dspnse wth th suar mal (sbw), bu s unkey tha ths s gnrally h ase Densva (9) rprted that gus s fud "frequntly n th rp f npeles aculpenns een Haegr (2) und npeles aps yar and nab

    n

    hneydew unre ( l has seen verwntered femaes at the mthletr's "sugar, and Hkng () has quted tw rerds fm wrs

    n spt f thes and smlar rerds ltle s knwn f the surs fsugar and he msquts tat frqunt thm, f sxual drns, frhythms f dng r f ts f mat r weathr Th nrthrn spsare mmn n h rs f Cmpsta, Rsaa and bu th dgr f spcity is kow. Oe posl soes of sg, su aswundd trees hnydew xtrara nares, an th srns f rustfung rman unxpred expt fr a fw bsrvatns by aegr (2)There s a smal grup f bservatns n te tme f th suar mal n relatn t ther atvtes [arsen (2) j Nelsen and Grve (22) j Hkng

    () Hagr (2) but nly ltd nlusns an b drawnThe remarkable habts f Hapaa spp rman t b nsderdThs msuts haunt the fragng trals f ants and slt fd th antstps pns ts muth parts and rgurgtats qud, whh th msqutmbbs absn (23) Farquharsn (24J Putn (s 2) shwd nusvly hat th hab was mmn t bth sxs, a suggstn that hadausd nsderab surprse when rst ad. Hwvr, Joso ha alady rr that the ants wer fragng amng lnes f s, ,they were letng hneydew and h had as und that dyed hny, fe

    t ants as rapdy dstrbuted t the msqutes Th msqes, heefr, wre btanng a sugar mea, nt a puar anague f th bd maland th press s extrardnary nly fm th behavral and nt frm thdetary, pnt f vew

    Ulzan f e fdTh fmals f bldsukng msquts ndbld fr th devlpmnt f th yts Wgglswrth (2); Bats 27)In npeles eluus Edwards and edes exdns th ytes dvlpslghtly (t stag bfr th bld mal (, 29) bu n neles abaeGls th rst f th tw bd mas brngs the yts t stag II, and thsnd t maturt 3) s sps mlt th gntph y n asngle ma but npeles aulpenns (sensla may need severa masespeay twards hbernatn and d ndvdals f edes spp tak asuessn, wthut varan dvpmnt resutng (3) n sme speesetatn s a nssary prursr develpment

    few msquts, mmnly memrs f thrws nral genera, ay

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    OWN

    n bat f ggs wut a b a b dawng n svs accumuatddurng ara . ust tn d as usua t bgn scnd cc "augnus rac f Culex pipies rgs w rsv fa and 'rtn

    n fa-bd [d Bssn 3]. n a stran f Aede communis at prbabl ds wiut btng afr n stn ars matr a pns f autling wng uscls (33 r f t fat bd and laralmuscles (9) lens (3) as suggsd wr a n sm cassrnal cnrl rar an lac f resrs s dcs factr n nbn mauratn bfr t bld a n C. pipin rsrs dr nlslgtl btwn t aut:nus and anautgnus frs.

    Ane ang t bitng acra crain msquies ibna asadults spcs f Anopheles a dwn rsrs n fat bd durng

    e las aran ccls f sume and n bc drman; rs cas psn bu cnnu bt rugu t winr Bas 27J. ransn frm nral ccls is cndn f gnrpc dsscan s nsarp and durng b cssatn f aran dlpn and ts rsablsmn in e spring a rsrpn f ces ccurs (35 36) uc asn honiu af rl f crpra allata ts and t rdirc bsains f Dina (37) agan ndcat rnal actt. wintr rer f Anophle aparnt nsst f fat. ttini (3 dtctdn strd ren; and a bld al s necssar bfr vf srng (3 36 T f is als crainl labratd largl frm bdals alug Hc (39 nd at sugar ma ser as a sulnAnopheles occidentlis ar and Knab b ceptn brnas wtu abld meal under seer nrrn cndiins n wic bces bld and rgid (40 4).

    n culcnes e praran fr ibrnan s diern ule pipiensds nt b bu las dwn fat n fat bd as a rsul f sugar fdnga bld mal is again rrd n sprng Bun (42 Tat Vncn(43. Culise impies (alr) as and fds n suga n sumr andtn bcs dran un spring wn bis and psts Frn(40 ses trfre tat leas r ps f strag f rrs utb disingused. Augnus secs mrge w srs f glcgn fat andprn n arus sss brnang spcs prbabl sr fa nlmainl n fat bd bu weras e fa is derid fr bld n Anopheles n culcns t s ablzd frm carbdra.

    e sugar al f msies and inall e rsr glcgn ldsnrg fr g cg (18] t s ncssar als fr nal lng nbt ss and s alwaY prdd fr labrar clns Bldfd fmalsf nopheles opvus an sur fr a mamu f 4 das wtutsugar (4 as agains s ws n nar Man spcis can suv wutsugar ct t rst arian ccle bu Ae heoonu dis bfreistin (4 spcs wr can btain nrg fr bldal Tsn (46 fnd ta Anoheles mbie ld fr 6 das n 3bld mals bu wut tr fd and n brnatn als Anopheles spp

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    EE HBS B LE 23

    utilize blood alone but Thomson's opinion that the suga meal is geneallyunnecessay is evidently wihou foundation. Clemens 47) showed thatCulx pipin can use a pat of the blood meal moe than its conen of suga)

    for ght.ILIIDA

    he mandibles and laciniae ae ell-developed bladelike ogans in thefemales of most black ies, bu in Cnep cotenss Dya & Shannon) andin seveal ohe species hey ae educed and nonfunctional [Nicholson 48)Rubtov 9) Davies & Peeson 50)] he females aack ambloodedveebaes and alhough most ecods efe o mammals feeding on bidsis not uncommon 50) Smulum ctcum Malloch feeds mainly on catle51) and

    Smulium uleiichoson and Mcke on bids 52) bu ohes

    such as Simulium iecoll Bece have a ide ange of hoss inluding bohbids and mammals 53) Thee a no ecods fom epiles and amphibiaand he evidence tha blac ies aack inecs is slight Pye 5) found a"minute yelow Simuliu" feedi o a moth and Hagen saw blackies on he pupae of bueies but it has been suggested almost ceailycoecly in the s case that he pedaos wee ceatopogonids Hill 55)menioned an insecivoous species in Ausalia but it does not appea insubsequen eviews and Peteson 56) found a female Simulium vitttumZetesed feeding on an an Hoad et 5) oed epots of black iesaacking young sh bu the oiginal accounts seem to poin o some oheinsec

    os species ae believed to need a blood meal fo ovaian developmentand his has been conmed by expeiment in seveal cases eg. 51 57)Leis 58) ound in Smlium mnosu heobald tha the blood mealiniiaed develomen of he acceo gan a e a of he ovaies Wanson ebed 5) showed ha his specie can complee hee gonoophiccycles. f the blood meal is insucien the developmen of all the oocyes isineuped 60) bu in oimuium kitipes Fies) some oocytes can mauewhile ohes emain small 57) On he othe hand S vitttum and kitpesin Michigan develop maue ovaies when maintained on suga and aeonly alhough boh species bie elsehee 5) The species wih educedmouth pas emege with he oocyes eihe almos ipe o only paiallydeveoped ad wh a age fat body the codiion of the eggs and at bodyalso vaies aong hose ih nomal mouthpas 50 61) C tns aesneihe blood no suga 6)

    oth sexes of many species have been found on oes and othe natualsouces of suga Hocking 18) equaet 62)} and he ecods include he

    females of impoan bloodsucking foms eis 53 58) found boh sexes ofS seicol on date owes and at fallen angoes and plan sugas in hecop of S mnosum a fe pollen gains may also be ingested apaenly byacident Davies & Peeson 50) found neca in he cop egully andsuggesed h Vinium was he impotant souce Davies 6) showed that

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    DOWN

    fml f mulum enUIum Sy n ug f nml lngy n lh ul n f ug n l w u h m n ugln, whh ugg h h l n niu igninly

    Ru (6) nlu fu Eupn p n n ny ul w n ug in mpl h in y

    CEF:ATOPOGONIDAE (HELEIDAE)

    Th iing mig m f g i f u f hl ml i nlu h fl mpi fu ufili: hpnpin (mnypi) h ipmyiin wih rcoogon nForcomya n h yhln (mnyp) n h pgnin (lin) Th pgnin pi h Culiiini (mn

    ypi) n h h h wih l gn hi in funly u n gy n h fing h Leoconos iphp l uloe hn i mmnl upp

    Th fm f Culcodes eoconos n Lasoelea o p of Lsoeea n -n gnu n Forcomya mmm kung (64) y (65), n asoelea elo (Winn) f n fg p (8)] eoconos pp f n ml ni n h pun u (66) y (6) nypi f Cude n mmm n n nn number have bee fm i n (6) Tung (68) Snw e al (69) wn(7) n in, Cdes feu R n mn h n n nh l lemy ncua n Pnnyn (Wh n /) n y (7)ni h urens (y will k liz u h mn hulcodes oysoma f n hw n ulodesanoels w in ml f mmmlin y ping hmn f og oqo Ew (72) u i l fiy fm Smh & Swmnh (7) n h u h py hi

    n pyin p f asoelea n y fw h ph l g wiout, n, ng u njuForcomy pp fun n wy n lppu l, phipuli, uii, n pilini (Ahni) n n gup f hughh ng n f up pp On h gnueroboca milly k h wng f n Wih (74) Forcomyaeque (hnnn) mn n h wn f rya p f h y, whil i wy imi n h y mu (pnl in), nh hypu pi Focoya ododes (iig) iymin h pi (7) hi gul mh f fing i p

    ly mmn n h ig h n n fun n muu pinf h h

    In rcooo, h p f h ugnu Meeeea il Wih (76)] Vgl (77 fun p n h wng f mh, n For omya n w 8) nh n my ug u w n mm

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    EEIN BIS BIIN IES 55

    s 5) s d c Th cpil spcs Atrichopogon polliifous Dws which s sscd wh h ws hsuck is d l gu h p gis Dws 13)}h is h wsishd cs g h c h g h spcc d p su u Focipomyia qairam Mc h s h ws cc (79 phps si s

    h Cpgi Clcoie cpd h s cch sscs u h w sz gh d h p s id s h duds sucd u s css h p csss Chddipdid d h Cpgid usu s s php (8 83 d ps svis u Palpomyia sp hs ud s h idgs usu c hi p i hcizd sws h s ccsic spcis hsgups Th s sv spcs ddi h h p h duig cpui d h i si chd h cpu psii h id h p cuic hs w ghu (84 Edwds (8) hs spcis hsvspduc sws which h l s ig ; his suggssh h ig h d h dg h hv vgd

    A d s css vi dvp i lde sppH (8) Nchs (86)} Leptocoop spp Sh & w (87) d

    h g-g spcis aohlea elx. su his is s g hicivus s s whic hv sd Culioiuuu Mig) ld is usu suci ui ds s v ccs c ccu Dws (88); Mghd (89)

    Agi hw ub ugus spcs w uicoieiaR d H cps h s v cc whu dh ds d sv h spcs h wh ducd uh ps g (7) Gd (9) ud spcs wh ducd uh ps oipoyia d Dayhela, d v dvp ccus spusl

    s pis h gus whch css wh gs 1

    Th uh ps h Cpgid v sligh cdig hu h d {Gd (9) h cipii h h h cii s h iscivus spcis uusul p psu ii h hdg gd cuc (9) h scvus Cpg h ds d ds wh uusu g h u hc hugh s ps dcd A ps ps h u h u s ducd

    Ms d ls spcs h h chi gups vsiws c M (9) hs ccd s i cds d hs scd hugh 's xc wks h sxs Culicoe sp.ud Halm d C sh h pk h:ighpdu svl h spcis h s si w v ud ws (7)

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    256 DOWNES

    t f s rrs and s bzz thchf t c n ay d th wr f Euomu (66. Kr(93)ha a td that th fa ny f tw c f ulces a

    attactd t th nrcnc f Arum Th hwvr ray a caca n whc th attactn f th wa and d ncnc cnfd wth that f a vtat ht ha wtht gcagncanc

    n th Fcyna tw nctivu c and any thr unidnid r nt rd dck av n fnd n w hurch any c f Formy, rcooo, and a f seear fund n Ccu Hercleum, Ledum, Elobum and Ror and thrant th x f coo onvoru fd n ncta f th

    a w f whch th fa tan th f na Thc thf xht th a duaty a th dckng f t xctna ny a gard th c f th fa-cc fd Dwn13

    ng th inctv atgnna c vt wrguary u fr nn f th th ry a knwn Kir (94) rcrdth fa f er ommus gn fr Ufa and thx f thr c vit a varity f wr at hurch Szleeucez ign a a uu colecin ecar; cy ny fa a i vd (90) Otd th twgnra rcrd ar carc a t ra th ty that c atat d nt tak a ga a and tht th fa at a h nd nnct y

    andad atc rvd cn f Culcoes . wth f ugar t tt nn f th runt. lodes nubeclosusdrn watr and gar utn f th day f gnc nwardwhth r nt t fa hav n dfd ut t can uvv unt vtn withut ugar(89and rna ratn

    cny ud tht leoomus th n dckng gnu

    n th Pychdda t tw atd gna hav cnty n dcvdand ing fr ccur n thr ctn f th fay Farchd 95)Hoell ha wdvd tthd and and rdcd aa cfatgnna, t fd unnwn Tnn 96] and Sycox, agnu nw ntd y a fw wdy cattd , f n fg[Drt 8) Th tw ga a f nctan ytatc tn andar ariy acd y Tnnr Thdr (97) nng (98) and Farchd

    (9) h ychdda thrfr nud thr tw r th an tckwth iting th t and t ky that ting uth art athughant n n arg g ychdn) and n tw rt gnra ar aic fay chaactc.

    leboomus ha a wd ang f vrtrat ht and any f th cattack rt Th f xa eboomu wedr hdr and

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    FEEDING HABIT F BITIN LIE 25

    a eed n an ney rabbi ba w and iad 9 Pheboomus nouchhannn n he he hand, ee a nned edie 00) Ki ewi (99 beieve ha e dee peie have nadeqae ppy veebae h, and gge e he e dEpeienay a bd ea ha been nd neeay vaian devepen 100 01 10) Daa 103) deibed he digein he bdand he nen devepen he ye and biain gand inPheoomus papaas Spi). a bd ea ead he devepen a ew e ny bt neiied ae an pde na egg.Pheoomus pecosu Newead need ny ne ea vaian devepen, b P papaasay ae p ve piby in pa a a e wae ll 103)

    P. papaas an vive he ie aying wih abhydaenwh Gdn 0) he ine wee kep nde ndiin iaing he in evie in he bw a ania S habian in ae, pbaby pide iabe epeae and hidiy anda ppy d a ini ependie g h hee ppaasaep ga n he abay 10) and ae 10)hwed tha eae he peie, pvided wih ga d peehee gnphi ye Ki ewi 99 nd ga pan igin inhe p P papaasb he naa e ae n nwn.

    LEHARERDAEInain n he d he ephaeidae i any b n

    he aiia paen he eae aak he ine and ike eCeapginae ah heir pey in igh. Bephaoea enupes Waker)eed n hinid Hapaorx ugubs Lew n aa and Lponeuaneascens ew) n ipid 106 107). Cuupa enum ae) iaid aa aa bt Edwad 0) pin ha he aeen ide a indeanding A in he iniv eapgninae, heaiae ae he han he pbi and pbaby nnnina 0

    In evea genea hee ae peie wih y deveped andibe andhe wih hee gan eniey in n he ae Ewasna naEdwad he eae eege he ppa wih he vaie aeady ipe10) Edwad eneaiain ha in a he biing ie he andibe heeae ae eher y deveped r enire aking i hwever evdenyinre

    h ee psoma eeans ig) eed n he nea pieShne igina bevain, diedied by egg, wa eabihed beynd db by ehk 0) Reeene hd a be ade he w

    annhei 10) whih wa n avaiae hi eviewAADAE AD HAIDAE

    he eae he e ata he age aa b hepia eanpy peie peaby eed ainy n ney hea [aihid 111) A ew peie Tabans aa die

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    258 DOWN

    lzr or turtle but none he been recor ro phb or curoulro br [Lecrcq ()] Mo pc r pru to tk boo elbut r pece n er trbute n ubl r nobtnocconll the nb r ruce or bnt [Mckrr 3 4].

    oth ex o n o nun nuerou btn pce o TabanCryop n anon t owr or t woune te, rpe rut, orhonw [eclerc 2); ocn (18) Mckerr 1 tht oPnonne ee onl on boo, other on on nctr n othr on bothBoth o rnk r wt n N (5 not tht rc thoccur che n the r on n tht the el o not bte untl the ont o the rn oe pc p the tp o th boen nto wtr h

    ur re necr oth ouc o ner n to utn or thenorl urton In pec o Taan ryp n amap heopnt o th ooc pnent on th boo l n on uc or turton tere be n onotrophc ccl naan amnali Lnu [u (6)

    h outh prt o t bn n o the Rhone reentll r to th o th Ntocr n ll th chrcttctructur r prnt he re lo n certn ll but ncnt tluch ne pc h on h andbls an acwy dtdteth on the ll T r, hor n th uc nton o th pp, th rt eopnt o th lbel n the poton oth phn pup, wch oprt b prcrbr ucl In the th er prt re oewht ruc, n the nb, t let n oepc bnt [nor 3 onh (7): Hot (8)

    In the Rhon n the Pchoe the boo-uckn hbt or wp thn nr rcn The o Symphoromyipp ttck n n Norh rc 1 n raina lnip lrn Daymma pp e on n Mexco n Che (0 Akp ap Mn on ro (8 he uppo boo-uckn

    hbt o Rhaio pp, hwr ut c, n lo thut o not bte 10, 1 echr(3 n Hot (8) he hown thtnbl lcn th e o n Cryopil but r wlp n ymphy n A Th utrln enu panpinot cloel rlte to the oron weknown pet o n nMoch 121 ut tht olp o be booukr It coonl tht Rhon lo ee on nect but the ornl recor n he not been cor Crtn pce o Ra n A tower n honeew nuth 14 obeen 5

    COMSOS YONT CONON

    h pncp nzton concernn th en hbt o the btn tht bc ut t In ot pc both x on urtpcll n nectr n the ele onl o ee on coplex proten

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    FDNG AB O BNG FS 2

    i ood, typiay te body id o vetebate o iet ee oodhave dieret nctio to tain lie and ativity and to provide materialo matatio o the ooyte the pecie titioal picte i, howeve,not clear and there may be ome overlapping o nction n ome pecie o

    l and poibly in ome othe om, the emae may maitaithemelve rom repeated blood meal ertainy thi i o in ldrig hibernatio Typically howeve, both ood are eential ovaridevelopment i initiated only b a blood mea ad ga i eqied ormal longevity and in extreme cae apparently, o vival to the time othe rt ovipoition Te two mea ae take i by imbibig o ree liqiad by pieing, repetively ad they pa ito dieet part o te gt(12 Even in abeat imtace they ae identiable ad ditint, ain the vegetaia peie cg llvu whih tae both meal

    om honeycke owe, ad i Haagmya pp, woe emae provieo ovaia ripeig rom itea reerve thogh both exe obtai gaom ant that have colleted honey dew rom oid

    Thee ie ave the ll complemet o ineta moth pat Pieing fct pncpaly by the apically tooted mandible, aited by themaxiae and other ogan; in thoe that ath inet prey in ight, howeve,the maxillae are reded The liqid whether blood o ga, i tae inthrogh a tbe omed pimaiy o the appoed, elogate abm and hypopharynx I the mae the pieig oga ae eded, o oaioally aben

    I all amilie cetain pecie provide or the rt atration o theove rom intenal eeve; they may o may not beqety eed anday agai imilarly the moth pat may o may ot be eded The loothe boodking habit, with vayig degee o tta edtion, alooc i lage gop aagmya, Dayla Rag; Chaoboiae,Pychodinae Scepiinae) The onbitig peie o gop ae ieglaatteed within oma, biting taxa and may reaoaby be regardea eonday

    Thee geealizatio hod o a te amilie onideed, both Nematocea ad Brachycera Hooeodatyla ad indicate a trong link betweethee gop Some wide ompario an ow be made

    Nmaca ad mdacyla: bg familieay amilie othe Nematocera ad Homoeodatyla, and in the ome large gop oamilie ae entiely onbiting The hotlived om pemabl tae noood othe, in both exe, viit ower or hneydew (eg, ertan Chionomdae, ibonidae, yeophiidae, ipidae, Statiomyidae, oeomyidae nth (124 Zoebelei (12 It i dilt, oweve, to trace atiatory eod o moe ompex ood aalogo to the blood meal o the emale bitig ie Some Satopidae, o example, i moit dg bt manyo them ao ovipoit on dng ad te igae o the abit i not eaAodig to Kt (4 ome Statiomyidae obtai both eta and poleat owe, ad Rapp (ee 25 apea o have conmed thi obervatiohe moth pat are alway eded; mandible ae aing, exept a ve-

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    260 DOWN

    ig n h da and Pchyncida, whch ar cy ad ngfaml [Edwad ) Mca and Full ) and h laca houghofn png hond Pon )] oh n ha ad ucu,hfo, h faml a cmparal frm uch a Tooc

    go amg h g . h an for h gnal lack of a fmalpcc food, oana fom many pd ourc, no cla

    ocl Ccohph.- maal drnc dn nh, h rmang grp of h pra A for, om d o fdad h, .g., h Bomylda ar rcd o h mal of ugar.Whrr m aa fdng ha ar fund, h am ac duayccur Th nu lda and mpda al fd n ncar aySyphda and Anhomda ow fo h nca and pnppl pp. fd on ca and a op wund and Mc oc

    nnau, oox clci' nnau) and hoi r Mg) allak uga and poncoanng mal h fm o up lf haf aan dlpn [Knuh ) Sguy 9) na-Ukhoa3; una 3 Rao Fankl 3 A fo hw, h axcpon fo xampl, pho and many Hppcda fd n lodan. Th mpran drnc, how ha h of h whh a o ncang, canfdng o gaan, a hpro me; d hey oti may way hrhan ng. Agan houghou h lag group h madl a

    acng, h n ng pc and n h h aca pr n mfaml u h cphal pump dng wn h Hodacyla andCyclohapha, d al fm h f h wr gup h ng frmprc n a ary of wa Sndgra 3 and oh f h aon and cau f gula diuon n h ym looducg dnly, m nac a la, a cnary dlpm

    Th xpmnal ul dca ha h nomal pa f lf of ohx, can aad n a carhya d a, a h ca low If h cc h pnconanng mal n all h pra

    ad acaly poducon and oh funcn qug pna uppd pmarly rom laal . I could prhap hwn ha chaacc dna h pa fm hr odr g., hMcopa and lp!a

    In pc o fdg ha and h pn f mandl, h pamay hf ddd n w goup ha cu acr h cumayd: h maca ad h Brachycra Homodacyla fallng n nh Bachyca Hacyla and ycohapha n h ohr Th no dy h wn h macra and h Homoodacyla,

    whch dn n da of h ouh pa, h uckg pump and hrfaur rahr ugg ha hy a o a cparaly pm ll,whch wa maand n nmacra ock u h achycan un

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    FDNG HBS O BNG FS 6

    dewent tnfomtion t etn level hi tnfomtion ve e tothe remining Dipter nonmndiute proteineeding in oth ee nduing gret vriety of protein oure other thn ive nim

    Pmv Dp Dp n opI h een implied through

    out tht the noniting fom o the lower ipte e eond hi ionr to ommon opinion for empe ye 65 nd kerr3 envige the ooduking hit o the etopogonide nidend Rhgionide to hve oiginted within eh fmily pehp on morethn one oion owever, in milie uh uide nd nide thenoniting orm our peie, gener or trie within othewie itinggroup in the Phodide nd Rhgionide mler nume o itingorm re teed in two or moe mo etion hee ft one uggettht the iting fom re moe pimitve nd ine the iting mouth pt e

    ompe nd uniform they etiny hve ommon oigin imiy, mnyo the itin fmiie re gouped into hiher unit uh the uliiomind noide endl 33 ennig 9 nd prtiulrly when theelted fmle wt edued mndle e ondeed t eem liel thtin thee lge oup lo itin piitive he hionomide o ntne, houd thu e edd iy o uiiomi with eduedmouth prt. Futher thee re n identit o hit nd importnt reemlne in the mouth prt of the milie rnged in the Nemtoernd thoe in the omoeodtyl hi ugget tht the oiginl Dipter

    were iting ie uh n opinion w iey indited y dwrd 3It i uppoted Snodg' demontrtion 3 tht the iting mouth pte homologou with thoe o typi inet nd y ilyd 3 ndImm who howed tht mong the eopter more primitie gropoely eted to the Dipte one fmil the Nnnohoritide, reemethe itin ie in two dditionl nd the tiin detil n thi milonly ingle miry loe perit in l Dipter nd peulir eneorgn ou on the third plpl egment lo in the Bephoeide,ertopogonide nd imuiide t my e onuded tht thee ie re in

    epet o thei mouth pt dietl onneted with the eoptet doe not olow tht the owe iting ie e primite n otherrepet ut upport for thi uggetion o i vie It i ommonyhed on ventionl nd othe gound tht the nyderid mmi of noniting tipulid-ike iee ve hi oup nd omeuthor hod the me opinion of the Pyhodide [iyrd 136 ende33 dwrd 3 ennig 9 ept illyrd 36 mot uthorhve oited the Pyhodide nd the nderide nd pled themoe to the uiimorph tht i the iting Nemtoer re onideredloey ed to the orm tht on trditio grund hve een idented the mot pimitive of peentdy ipte uthe the Pyhodide rethemelve in poiity iting group; nd mpton 37 dioveed

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    6 OWNES

    h h u o h Tdrd osssss ds s hor o s o suggs h h No s gou h oss xsss o h ol Dr

    Whhr h rly D wr oglly rdors o rs o o

    ss s dul o dd Wh h ogd h r Tllyd) rrsrl ors o oh gou wr ll

    Th Mor hss show duy o d hs; h soous d d h g od oh d lso owrs[Curr (8) Crr ). Th dsos how w hMo d Di shod id h orr h lrud hyohyx o osd o or ukg u h s o roh org h srs o h sog o sug soluos D Whous 16] d hy osss oulus wh uulr hrs lkg

    h D Mos or hs h roo l sk y oh sxs; og o h hs ws rsrd o hl sx lhouh h slzd s o o s l rd o l uld r ooy y od oloh ll hs os whh h Mor d h Dr dr hMor d h hor h od ool ludd hood ox r k o urh dsusso o h ood oex ee eew by h ou

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    FEEDNG HBTS OF BTNG FES 63

    TERTURE CTED

    1 mms, Quart. J Microscop Sci., 85,73-96 (1944)2 Robino G G, Parasitology 1, 2 1242 (1939)

    3 Sodgr R E Smithsonn Mc. Collections, 1(1) 11 (1943)4. Marhll, J F, d Stley, J Bul Entomol. Research, 2,313 (193) Howrd, 0 yr H G, d Kn F Th Mosquitoes oj North and Central

    Amrica nd th Wst nds, (Cegie iue of Whigo Whio D C, 20 pp 1912)

    6. ow, , Proc 10th nte Conr. Entomol ( pr 19)7 Edwd, F W Bul. Entomol. Researh, 20129 (1917) epore C, Ann. parasitol. humaine t compare, 19 3 (1942)9 Co, Ann prsitol humaine et comare, 19, 12941 (1942)

    10 Rmio, C , ntomol. Nes 5,3237 646 (194)

    1. Thompo, P G., d Hu, C G, J nfous Ds, ,679 (194)12 Hge, H , Entomologist's Moty Mg., 19,24 (13)3 Dowe, , Trns Roy Entomol. o (onon), ,4393 (9)14 Edwrd, F W, Diptera: Fam Culce, i Gener nsectorum F 194

    (Wy P Ed, Dme-Veeeuil Bruel, lgim 2 19)

    1 de Mjer, C H Tidschr. ntomol, 54, 16267 (1911)6 K F N Y ntomol. Soc ,2119 (1907)7 Weerud C, Contributins to t Biology oj t Dnish Cuicdae .

    H S, Cophge mr 210 pp, 1921)

    1 Hig , Tns. Roy Entomol. So Lonon) , 22334 (193)19 eiov, M, Zool. Zhur., 22 2141 (943)20 Hege, S, Mosquito Nes, 15,2126 (19)21 E B, Entomol. Meelser 25 26377 (194)22 Nele, E T d Greve H B ntomol. Researh, 1,227 (190)23 Jcobso E, Tidschr Entomol, 2 164 (1909)24 Frquro, C . Proc ntomo oc. onon XXXXXX (11)2. Edwrd F W Trans Entomol. Soc oon) 49603 (1922)26. Wigglwoh, V , i Maiology 1 24301 (oyd M F Ed W

    Sude Co, Phildelphi, P, d odo, Egld, 79 pp 1949)

    a M atural Hitory oj Mosquitoes The Mml Co Nw York,N Y 379 pp 1949)2. Mer, Bul ntomol Reserch 27 319 (1936)29. Bel, W E, Mosquito Nes 1, 12427 (194)30 Dvido, G Nture ,79293 194)31 eiov T S, Med razol. Parar. Bolezini, 11 442 (1942)32 d oio, P Arch ool extl gn, ,2141 (1930)33 Hkg B, Mosquito Nes 4, 12123 (194)34. leme N J Eptl. Bio. , 21123 (196)3 Guelmio , Ann Tro. Med Parasito 5, 161 (191) Niholo, . J, Quart Mcrosco. Sci, 5,3944 (1921)37 eio T S Zool Zhur. 2919 (194)3 Bii; S, Riv parassol 8,42 (1947)39 Hh, 0, Z. ng Entomol, , 1263 (133)4 Froh W C rans Am Mcrosco. Soc. 2 1031 (193)1 Mcod, J , d ci J, Cn J Rch, [Ej5,3342 (1947)

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    26 OWN

    42 uxton P , Paraitl,'gy 27 2636 (193)43 ae P an Vnen M aratlgy 8 1 (1936) Leson H S. Bul Ent"ml Rarch 0 29301 (1939)4 aow C Can. l 42027 (19)

    46 hoson R C M. Mqut Bhavir n Rlatn t alaria Tranmand Cntrl in th Trpic (Edwa nold an Co. ondon Enand 2 19pp 191)

    47 Clns ExJtl BiI. 474 (19)4 icholson Ann Entml Sc Am. 8 2197 (194)49 Rubtzo . Inct Ditr Fam imulda in Faun d I' UR

    6 (6) (caei s ins e l'.R.SS Moscow an Lninga 32 pp1940)

    0 aies M. an Peson B V. Can J Zl 61 (196)1 Caon Can pt gr Bull o 26 pp (1922)

    2 Shew Can ntmlgt 87 449 (19)3 Lwis ran R: Entml Sc Lndn 99 479 (194)4 P Entmlit nthly ag 167 (17) Hi , Bull Entml Rearch 1 36 (1923)6 Petsn B. , Can Entmlgt 8 49607 (196)7 Wu Y Papers cgan Acd Sc Arts Letters 1 4399 (1931) Lwis . Bull Entoml Rserch 9764 (193)9 Wanson M an ebi Zl tan frces 1 662 (194) v A s (nd) 6 19200 (1936)61 aies L Ok 99 (194)

    62 quat C. in Stong R. P Sandgoun H. Bequaet J. C andchoa M M. Onchcc 17224 (aad niesit Pess Cabidge Mass. 234 p 1934)

    63 ais M. Can. J Zl 1 30412 (193)6 okunaga M. Tnthd 1 233337 (1937)6 Mae K Z ang l 1 9107 (19)66 o . Ach Zl. ial Napli (2) 10163 (1907)67 Paint R H Untd Fut C ept nn Rpt 1 262 (1926)6 okunag M. Tnthr 49 (1937)69 Snow W . Pika and Moo J Tenessee Acd. c 136

    (197)70 Downes J , Prc 10th nt Cgr Entml ss 19)71 Me rap A:r Ln 1 7173 (193)72 dwads W. Bull ntml Rarch 1 1616 (1922)73. Sih R . an Swainath C S ndian d Rarch Mem 126

    (1932)74 With W. W. nn ntml c m 9 366 (196)7 Febigz C An paratl humain t cmpar 6 290 192)7 With W W c nml c Wahngtn 8 123 (196)77. Voge R Zl A 9 13 (1931)

    7 was F W in wads F W Olo an Sat J Brth Bld uckn Fl 2 Bitish Museu (atua Histo Lonon ngan16 pp 1939]

    79 ile p. Ar Lndn 18 116 (1941)0. was W. Entmlgt nthly ag 56 203 (1920)

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    FDIN ABIT OF BITIN FI

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    Germny, 458 1950)99. Kirk, R, nd Lews, D. ] Trn oy Enomol Soc (ondon, 1 383-510

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    DOWN

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