Doping in SportsDoping in Sports

Analysis of the use of Analysis of the use of doping in professional doping in professional

sportssports

Performance-enhancing Performance-enhancing drugs in sportdrugs in sport

The use of performance-enhancing drugs in human sport is commonly The use of performance-enhancing drugs in human sport is commonly referred to by the term doping, particularly by those organizations that referred to by the term doping, particularly by those organizations that regulate competitions. The use of performance enhancing drugs is mostly regulate competitions. The use of performance enhancing drugs is mostly done to improve athletic performance. This is why many sports ban the use done to improve athletic performance. This is why many sports ban the use of performance enhancing drugs. Another similar use of medical technology of performance enhancing drugs. Another similar use of medical technology is called blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone is called blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). The use of drugs to enhance performance is erythropoietin (EPO). The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical by most international sports organizations and considered unethical by most international sports organizations and especially the International Olympic Committee, although ethicists have especially the International Olympic Committee, although ethicists have argued that it is little different from the use of new materials in the argued that it is little different from the use of new materials in the construction of suits and sporting equipment, which similarly aid construction of suits and sporting equipment, which similarly aid performance and can give competitors an unfair advantage over others. The performance and can give competitors an unfair advantage over others. The reasons for the ban are mainly the alleged health risks of performance-reasons for the ban are mainly the alleged health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary effect of "clean" ("doping-free") sports for the public.effect of "clean" ("doping-free") sports for the public.

RegulatoryRegulatory of of dopingdopingThe regulations prohibit sports doping, strictly specifying the types and doses of The regulations prohibit sports doping, strictly specifying the types and doses of

drugs allowed, and put in writing the requirement for athletes to submit to doping drugs allowed, and put in writing the requirement for athletes to submit to doping control, conducted by analysis of urine and in some cases even blood (cross control, conducted by analysis of urine and in some cases even blood (cross checking). Athletes who test positive for analysis (in recent years, prefers the checking). Athletes who test positive for analysis (in recent years, prefers the term non-negative) are disqualified for a period longer or shorter, in cases of term non-negative) are disqualified for a period longer or shorter, in cases of relapse can be reached in disqualification for life. The International Olympic relapse can be reached in disqualification for life. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has established a special agency, WADA, which deals with the Committee (IOC) has established a special agency, WADA, which deals with the fight against doping. In recent years in Italy and other countries has become a fight against doping. In recent years in Italy and other countries has become a doping offense, under the case of sporting fraud.doping offense, under the case of sporting fraud.It is the law of December 14, 2000 n. 376 "Regulation on the protection of health It is the law of December 14, 2000 n. 376 "Regulation on the protection of health of the sport and the fight against doping", which allows more precise of the sport and the fight against doping", which allows more precise individuation of the doping and allows you to more effectively target a practice individuation of the doping and allows you to more effectively target a practice that was previously punishable only on the sport. It is punishable by both the that was previously punishable only on the sport. It is punishable by both the athlete who uses performance-enhancing drugs, is the doctor who prescribes or athlete who uses performance-enhancing drugs, is the doctor who prescribes or administers, or those who trade in prohibited drugs.administers, or those who trade in prohibited drugs.On October 23, 2007 is approved the introduction of the biological passport, a On October 23, 2007 is approved the introduction of the biological passport, a document that records the personal profile (blood and urine values) of each rider. document that records the personal profile (blood and urine values) of each rider. The decree of 12 March 2009 approved a performance-enhancing substances The decree of 12 March 2009 approved a performance-enhancing substances considered, divided into five sections.considered, divided into five sections.

Diffusion of Diffusion of dopingdopingThe countries of Eastern The countries of Eastern

Europe (DDR in the first Europe (DDR in the first place), played the role of place), played the role of pioneers in this field, pioneers in this field, applying a systematic doping applying a systematic doping in the period from the fifties in the period from the fifties to the eighties especially in to the eighties especially in athletes who participated in athletes who participated in the Olympics. Little was the Olympics. Little was known of the side effects data known of the side effects data from substances from substances administered to the athletes, administered to the athletes, while the improvements were while the improvements were evident in terms of physical evident in terms of physical structure and competitive structure and competitive results, especially for female results, especially for female athletes who were "treated" athletes who were "treated" with male hormones. This has with male hormones. This has led to serious physical and led to serious physical and psychological damage to psychological damage to many athletes and there are many athletes and there are some who actually like the some who actually like the weightlifter Heidi Krieger weightlifter Heidi Krieger was forced now given the was forced now given the enormous changes in the enormous changes in the physical to become a man.physical to become a man.

Effects of dopingEffects of dopingIn sports which physical In sports which physical strength is favored, athletes strength is favored, athletes have resorted to anabolic have resorted to anabolic steroids, known for their steroids, known for their ability to increase physical ability to increase physical strength and muscle mass79. strength and muscle mass79. The drug mimics the effect of The drug mimics the effect of testosterone and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the dihydrotestosterone in the body80. They were developed body80. They were developed after Eastern Bloc countries after Eastern Bloc countries demonstrated success in demonstrated success in weightlifting during the weightlifting during the 1940's81. At the time they 1940's81. At the time they were using testosterone, were using testosterone, which carried with it negative which carried with it negative effects; anabolic steroids effects; anabolic steroids were developed as a solution. were developed as a solution. The drug has been used The drug has been used across a wide range of sports across a wide range of sports from football and basketball.from football and basketball.

Effect of doping in menEffect of doping in men

AcneAcne Impaired liver functionImpaired liver function ImpotencyImpotency Breast formationBreast formation Increase in estrogenIncrease in estrogen Errectile dysfunctionErrectile dysfunction Increased sex driveIncreased sex drive Male pattern baldnessMale pattern baldness

Effect of doping in Effect of doping in womenwomen

Hair lossHair loss Male pattern baldnessMale pattern baldness Hypertrophy of the clitorisHypertrophy of the clitoris Increased sex driveIncreased sex drive Irregularities of the menstrual cycleIrregularities of the menstrual cycle Development of masculine facial traitsDevelopment of masculine facial traits Increased coarseness of the skinIncreased coarseness of the skin Premature closure of the epiphysisPremature closure of the epiphysis

Origins of dopingOrigins of dopingDoping has probably the same age of sport. It 'was born when man wanted to Doping has probably the same age of sport. It 'was born when man wanted to compare their skills with his fellow man or animals (reproducing the scenes compare their skills with his fellow man or animals (reproducing the scenes of battles and hunting events for recreational purposes) and to do so, began of battles and hunting events for recreational purposes) and to do so, began to prepare for comparison with the aid of any system. Doping, more or less to prepare for comparison with the aid of any system. Doping, more or less subtly crept as unfair and dangerous practice for the achievement of the sport subtly crept as unfair and dangerous practice for the achievement of the sport and, therefore, for the achievement of awards and honors as easier and faster. and, therefore, for the achievement of awards and honors as easier and faster. The goal was to win. Not only in races where the outcome was marked by The goal was to win. Not only in races where the outcome was marked by life or death of participants, but also to get the first prize. Money, property of life or death of participants, but also to get the first prize. Money, property of the state devolved, exemption from military service constituted the most the state devolved, exemption from military service constituted the most coveted post, even for the young athletes of ancient Greece who participated coveted post, even for the young athletes of ancient Greece who participated in the first Olympics. ? The story goes that the gladiators, before descending in the first Olympics. ? The story goes that the gladiators, before descending into the arena of the Flavian Amphitheatre, were used to take a drink into the arena of the Flavian Amphitheatre, were used to take a drink prepared with a mixture of sweat of the "colleagues" in meeting the winners prepared with a mixture of sweat of the "colleagues" in meeting the winners of the previous day and the sand of the "field of play "he had received the of the previous day and the sand of the "field of play "he had received the blood of the vanquished. Beyond preparations purely symbolic meanings and blood of the vanquished. Beyond preparations purely symbolic meanings and pseudo-magic, among the Romans, and at many other ancient peoples were pseudo-magic, among the Romans, and at many other ancient peoples were widespread practices "doping" may also have some pharmacological widespread practices "doping" may also have some pharmacological significance. There are reports of preparations made from fermented fruit significance. There are reports of preparations made from fermented fruit with a high alcohol content (to give the athlete euphoria and reduce the fear with a high alcohol content (to give the athlete euphoria and reduce the fear of confrontation), food prepared with entrails and testicles of a bull (with of confrontation), food prepared with entrails and testicles of a bull (with vague meaning anabolic), extracts of passionflower and lime (anxiolytic vague meaning anabolic), extracts of passionflower and lime (anxiolytic effect) and other improbable mixtures with more or less mild effect) and other improbable mixtures with more or less mild pharmacological effect.pharmacological effect.

Use of doping in Use of doping in the modern agethe modern age

The first documented death of an The first documented death of an athlete due to reckless use of athlete due to reckless use of performance-enhancing drugs performance-enhancing drugs dates back to 1896 when the dates back to 1896 when the cyclist Arthur Linton, Bordeaux-cyclist Arthur Linton, Bordeaux-Paris during the race, he suffered Paris during the race, he suffered a heart attack following an a heart attack following an overdose of stimulants.overdose of stimulants.In the early decades of 1900 was In the early decades of 1900 was very much in use, especially very much in use, especially among cyclists, the practice of among cyclists, the practice of preparing and consuming, even preparing and consuming, even during the race itself, the so-called during the race itself, the so-called "bombs": true mixtures composed "bombs": true mixtures composed of associations of natural or of associations of natural or artificial stimulants diluted in artificial stimulants diluted in water bottle with wine or water.water bottle with wine or water.

A cura di:A cura di:Alessandro BagliviAlessandro BagliviDanilo De GaetanoDanilo De Gaetano