don’t forget the combustion engine
TRANSCRIPT
Robert W. Carling Director, Transportation Energy Center
Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA
Don’t Forget the Combustion Engine
Today’s presentation
• A little about Sandia
• Then the Combustion Research Facility
• Engine combustion research
• Transportation systems analysis
• Livermore Valley Open Campus
• The future
Sandia National Laboratories
• “Exceptional service in the national interest”
• Largest national lab
– ~12,000 employees
– ~$2.5 B/yr
• Missions
– Nuclear weapons engineering
– Defense systems
– Homeland security
– Energy
• Locations
– Albuquerque, NM
– Livermore, CA
– Also Texas, Hawaii, DC
Livermore, California
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2010 1950 1960
Sandia is established as a
nuclear weapons engineering
laboratory with deep science
and engineering
competencies
Energy crisis of the 1970s
spawns the beginning of
significant energy work
SunCatcher™
partnership
with Stirling
Energy
Systems
Distributed Energy Technology
Laboratory (DETL) established to
integrate emerging energy
technologies into new and existing
electricity infrastructure
DOE’s Tech Transfer
Initiative was
established by
Congress in 1991
Combustions Research
Facility results
influence Cummins’
newest diesel engine
Sunshine to
Petrol Pilot Test
Consortium for
Advanced Simulation of
Light Water Reactors
(CASL)
Energy Policy Act
of 2005
Pool fire tests of
LNG conducted
Joint BioEnergy
Institute
established
CRF opens to
researchers
Combustion
Research
Computation and
Visualization
(CRCV) opens
Sandia has a 40-year history in Energy
Strategic
Petroleum Reserve
– characterization
of salt domes to
host oil storage
caverns
NRC cask
certification &
core melt
studies
conducted
Power grid
reliability
study
Solar Tower
opens
Vertical axis
wind turbine
development
FEATURED ANALYSIS, November/December 2008
http://sciencewatch.com/ana/fea/08novdecFea/
Energy & Fuels:
Institutions Ranked by Citations
Rank Institution Citations
1998-2008
1 Sandia National Labs 4,147
2 Natl. Renewable Energy Lab 3,773
3 CSIC (Spain) 3,678
4 Chinese Academy of Sciences 3,541
5 Indian Institutes of
Technology
3,166
“…Among institutions ranked by total
citations, none surpasses Sandia
National Laboratories, with more than
4,100 citations to its 395 papers”
Approximately ½ of these citations are linked to the CRF.
Sandia & CRF Leadership in Energy & Fuels Research
Combustion Research Facility
• 90,000-square-foot office and laboratory facility
• Highly specialized lab building designed to accommodate :
– Laser-based diagnostics
– Combustible and toxic gas handling
– Computer-controlled safety system
• Computational building houses 5000 cores high-performance computer
A DOE/Basic Energy Sciences collaborative research facility dedicated
to energy science and technology for the twenty-first century
Basic
Research
Applied
Research
Industrial
Application
Connecting Research, Innovation, and Application
• Keys to CRF’s success:
– Common scientific purpose
– Collocation and collaboration
– Strong ties to application
– Full spectrum of basic to applied
Balance Discovery, Use-Inspired, and Applied Research
Fuel concentrationFuel concentration
Liquid fuelLiquid fuel
Soot (red) & OH (green)Soot (red) & OH (green)
Liquid fuel & OHLiquid fuel & OH
InIn--cylinder air motion & cylinder air motion &
Unburned hydrocarbonsUnburned hydrocarbons
Fuel concentrationFuel concentration
Liquid fuelLiquid fuel
Soot (red) & OH (green)Soot (red) & OH (green)
Liquid fuel & OHLiquid fuel & OH
InIn--cylinder air motion & cylinder air motion &
Unburned hydrocarbonsUnburned hydrocarbons
Applied
Energy
Science
~$30M/yr
BES Program: Fundamental Science is the Cornerstone of the CRF
Reacting Flows
Combustion Chemistry and Diagnostics
• Mission: Provide the combustion and emission science base
needed by industry to develop high-efficiency, clean engines for
future fuels.
• Integral part of DOE/industry advanced engine and fuels
programs.
• Sponsor is DOE Office of Vehicle Technologies
• Strong collaborations with industry, universities,
and other national labs.
• 25 staff, technologists and post docs; plus visitors
Engine Combustion Research Connects to Needs in Industry
• Advanced combustion strategies for enabling high-efficiency engines – SI, Diesel, and Low-Temperature Combustion (HCCI, PCCI, …)
Working with industry to develop the science- base for next-generation engines for future fuels.
• Next generation computational tools – massively parallel machines
Time varying,
3 million cell grids
• Future fuels – adv. Petroleum – bio-fuel – gas-to-liquid – oil sand and shale – natural gas & H2
Research is conducted under a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) led by Sandia
Diesel LTC fuel-air distribution measurements clarify the mixing processes critical to operation
Motivation: – Dominant sources of UHC and CO at light-load from LTC
combustion include crevices and over-lean mixture formation
– First-of-kind, quantitative fuel-air distribution measurements in light-duty engines required to understand and verify UHC and CO sources, and provide model validation data for challenging swirl and wall interaction conditions
Results on sources of UHC and CO: – Substantial over-lean mixture exists in the upper-central regions
of the bowl and clearance volume
– Despite MBT timing, fuel penetrates to near the cylinder walls and will be forced into the ring-land crevice during high temperature heat release
– Fuel-rich mixtures persist within the squish volume with< > < 2
Newly developed conceptual model for diesel LTC combustion describes in-cylinder processes
Motivation:
– 1997: Conventional diesel conceptual model (left) is foundation of understanding for industry
– 2013: Need new conceptual model to aid development of low-temperature combustion (LTC)
Impact of new LTC conceptual model:
– Describes LTC operating condition effects on spray, mixing, combustion, efficiency, emissions
– Supported by years of optical data and simulations in heavy-duty (left) and light-duty (right)
Planar-imaging thermometry shows the source of thermal stratification critical to HCCI operation
End view of laser sheet
Raw Image
Exhaust Valve Intake Valve Blank
Injector
T-map
Binary Image
Identified Cold Pockets
Almost all cold “pockets” are turbulent structures attached to firedeck or piston top.
Prob. (%)
600 rpm
1500 rpm
Probability of cold structures increases with decreased speed.
Motivation:
● Natural thermal stratification (TS) in an HCCI engine enables much higher loads
● Increasing TS has a high potential to extend the high-load limit and/or increase efficiency.
● An understanding of TS is required to realize potential
Method:
● Establish side-view technique to obtain thermal images of bulk gas & boundary layer simultaneously.
Accomplishments:
● TS occurs as cold regions dispersed intermittently throughout the otherwise-hot bulk-gas.
– Develops progressively during latter part of compression stroke.
● TS is turbulent in nature no evidence of flows transporting cold wall-gas into central region.
● TS results from turbulent structures of cold gas extending from the walls into the bulk gas.
● Amount of TS varies with operating conditions.
6
The Engine Combustion Network (ECN) (http://www.ca.sandia.gov/ECN/) provides an open forum for collaboration among experimental and computational researchers. The ECN:
– Has an internet library of well-documented experiments appropriate for model validation and the advancement of understanding.
– Provides a framework for collaborative comparisons of measured and modeled results.
– Identifies priorities for further experimental and computational research.
Developed and led by Sandia National Laboratories – close collaboration with IFP.
Progress: – Operational and receiving very positive feedback.
– Bosch donated 10 diesel fuel injectors to be used by selected ECN collaborators.
– First standardized set of fuel injection conditions established – Spray A
A collaboration and web database to leverage research on DI engine fuel sprays and combustion
Leveraging international fundamental spray combustion
research to speed progress
Scenarios Forums Trade-offs
Architectures
We focus on
understanding context
to inform decisions
Production
SRWC
Herbaceous EC
Forest Residues
Ag Residues
Corn
Biofuels Pipeline
Rail
Truck
Distribution
BioThermal
Thermochemical
Biochemical
Conversion
On-farm Storage
Logistics
Solid Biomass
Intermediates
Cellulosic EtOH
Grain EtOH
Biofuels
Biofuels Deployment Model
GREET
Production
SRWC
Herbaceous EC
Forest Residues
Ag Residues
Corn
Biofuels Pipeline
Rail
Truck
Distribution
BioThermal
Thermochemical
Biochemical
Conversion
On-farm Storage
Logistics
Solid Biomass
Intermediates
Cellulosic EtOH
Grain EtOH
Biofuels
Biofuels Deployment Model
GREET
Production
SRWC
Herbaceous EC
Forest Residues
Ag Residues
Corn
Biofuels Pipeline
Rail
Truck
Distribution
BioThermal
Thermochemical
Biochemical
Conversion
BioThermal
Thermochemical
Biochemical
Conversion
On-farm Storage
Logistics
Solid Biomass
Intermediates
Cellulosic EtOH
Grain EtOH
Biofuels
Biofuels Deployment Model
GREET
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ve
hic
les in
Fle
et
(M)
Total
PHEVHFCV
Biochem
Biother
mal
Thermo
chem
Forest
Residue
SRWC Ag
Residue Herba-
ceous
Biomass
Syngas
Ethanol
Gasification
Catalysts
Biomass
Syngas
Ethanol
Gasification
Microorganisms
Biomass
Sugars
Ethanol
Enzymes
Microorganisms
Simulations
We apply a variety of approaches to
analyze transportation energy options
Livermore Valley Open Campus
LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories
LVOC is designed to enhance and accelerate scientific and engineering collaborations and partnerships with industry and academia
LVOC Objectives:
– Enhance the two laboratories’ national security missions
– Stay at the forefront of the science, technology, and engineering fields
– Ensure a quality future workforce
Developing Future Vision of Combustion Research with DOE
• PreSICE (Predictive Simulation for Internal Combustion Engines)
• DOE vision for accelerating ICE design and enhancing performance
– Greater efficiency (>50% improvement)
– Meeting stricter emissions more cheaply
– Reduce time to market (>30% shorter)
• ICE focus driven by DOE interests
• Workshop with report March 2011 – Invitation only – 63 participants.
– Significant industrial participation (Cummins, GM, Ford, Chrysler, Cat, GE ...)
• Identified two focus areas
– Sprays
– Stochastic in-cylinder behavior
Come work with us!