Done By: Rakan Masarweh 0076370

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a fuel that is similar to diesel fuel and is derived from usually vegetable sources (as soybean oil)

Forty years before the first diesel engine was demonstrated by Rudolf diesel on August 10, 1893 in Germany. He used a vegetable oil.

In remembrance of the event August 10 has been declared International Biodiesel Day.

Biomass Potential

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Installed Capacity of Biomass Power Plant: 302 MW (Aryadi, 2006)

Biodiesel

Biomass is seen as an interesting energy source for several reasons

• First is that bioenergy can contribute to sustainable development

• Biomass energy is also interesting from an energy security perspective

• Resources are often locally available and conversion into secondary energy carriers is feasible withouthigh capital investments

Introduction

Biodiesel

• Moreover, biomass energy can have a positive effect on degraded land by adding organic matter to the soil.

• Furthermore, biomass energy can play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, since if produced and utilized in a sustainable way, the use of biomass for energy offsets fossil fuel greenhouse gasEmissions.

Biodiesel

Definition

Biodiesel refers to vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines

Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel.

Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil

Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix

Biodiesel

Biodiesel

•100% biodiesel is referred to as B100

•20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20

•5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5

•2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

Biodiesel

Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor modifications, although certain manufacturers do not extend warranty coverage if equipment is damaged by these blends.

Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems

Biodiesel

Since the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, biodiesel use has been increasing in the United States.

In the UK, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation obliges suppliers to include 5% renewable fuel in all transport fuel sold in the UK by 2010.

In 2005, Chrysler released the Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends, indicating at least partial acceptance of biodiesel as an acceptable diesel fuel additive.

Biodiesel

The Volkswagen Group (VW)has released a statement indicating that several of its vehicles are compatible with B5 and B100 made from rape seed oil and compatible with the EN 14214 standard. The use of the specified biodiesel type in its cars will not void any warranty.

In 2007, McDonalds of UK announced it would start producing biodiesel from the waste oil byproduct of its restaurants. This fuel would be used to run its fleet.

Biodiesel

In 2005, Congress authorized the EPA's (Environmental Protection Agency) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program, an ambitious plan that requires fuel blenders to incorporate 7.5 billion gallons of renewable fuel a year by 2012

The program, which takes effect later this year, aims to cut U.S. petroleum consumption by 3.9 billion gallons annually, or roughly 1.6 percent of the fossil fuels that would otherwise be used for transportation.

Biodiesel

ProductionBiodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of the vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock.

There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic methods, and even microwave methods.

Biodiesel

Chemically, transesterified biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol (converted to sodium methoxide) to produce methyl esters (commonly referred to as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester - FAME) as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester (commonly referred to as Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester - FAEE) biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used.

Biodiesel

A lipid transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. Any free fatty acids (FFAs) in the base oil are either converted to soap and removed from the process, or they are esterified (yielding more biodiesel) using an acidic catalyst. After this processing, unlike straight vegetable oil, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to those of petroleum diesel, and can replace it in most current uses.

Biodiesel

A by-product of the transesterification process is the production of glycerol.For every 1 ton of biodiesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol are produced

Originally, there was a valuable market for the glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole. However, with the increase in global biodiesel production, the market price for this crude glycerol (containing 20% water and catalyst residues) has crashed

BiodieselWhere does Biodiesel come from

A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include:

Virgin oil feedstock – soybean oils are most commonly used, soybean oil alone accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks in the US. It also can be obtained from other crops such as mustard, jojoba, flax, sunflower, palm oil, coconut.

Waste vegetable oil (WVO)Animal fats including tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-products of the production of Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.

Biodiesel

Algae – which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage and without displacing land currently used for food production.

Oil from halophytes – such as Salicornia bigelovii, which can be grown using saltwater in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown, with yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using freshwater irrigation

Biodiesel

Many advocates suggest that waste vegetable oil is the best source of oil to produce biodiesel, but since the available supply is drastically less than the amount of petroleum-based fuel that is burned for transportation and home heating in the world, this local solution could not scale to the current rate of consumption.

Biodiesel

Make Biodiesel At Home

With conversion costs currently at 16 pence a liter it makes both financial and environmental sense. Under current government legislation everyone is allowed to produce for their own use 2500 liters per year without paying duty (In the US). If you can find a source of used cooking oil then the payback is however long it takes you to use approx 1100 liters (at current prices).

The kit costs £1250 plus vat and delivery. All you need is some methanol and some sodium hydroxide and off you go. Ideal for a garage or an outhouse.

Biodiesel@home

How IT Works

The chemical reaction to make biodiesel is very straightforward. Vegetable oil (used or unused) is a 'triglyceride', which means three hydrocarbon chains are all attached to one glycerin molecule. It takes a certain amount of catalyst (sodium hydroxide otherwise known as caustic) to break off these hydrocarbon chains.

If using used cooking oil there is a need to add even more caustic to help neutralize the "free fatty acids" that form in used cooking oil. The sodium hydroxide is dissolved into methanol (methyl alcohol) using a volume that is 20% of the oil you want to convert. This is your 'premix' solution

Biodiesel@home

This is then blended vigorously with the oil to enable total conversion of the oil. The blending allows the catalyst to separate each hydrocarbon chain, one by one. They then bond with a floating methanol molecule to form biodiesel. The glycerin molecules that have been stripped away fall to the bottom of the reaction tank where they are removed. Glycerin usually represents about 10% of the total mix volume.And then you have pure

Biodiesel@home

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