donald w. cline national operational hydrologic remote sensing center national weather service, noaa...
TRANSCRIPT
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Donald W. ClineNational Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center
National Weather Service, NOAA
CLPM Planning Workshop June 28-30 Fort Collins, Colorado
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• What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?– The Terrestrial Cryosphere– NASA Post-2002 Mission Planning & EX-7
• Mission Objectives– Major Science Questions– Measurement Goals
• Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements– Sensor Options: Type, Frequency, and Resolution– Modeling and Data Assimilation– Ground Segment Architecture
• Needed Pre-launch Science Investments– Science-oriented Trade Studies– Large Scale Airborne/Field Campaign
• Status of the Cold Land Processes Mission
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• Cold areas of the Earth’s land surface where water is frozen either seasonally or permanently.
What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?
HydrologicFocus
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What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?
• NASA Request for Information (RFI), April 1998– To develop a nominal mission scenario for 2003-2010– 100 responses
• reviewed by six NASA disciplinary panels
– Integrated into 23 mission concepts in three categories:• EOS follow-on Missions (EOS)
– for systematic measurement of critical parameters
• Earth Probe Missions (EX)– for exploratory research or focused process studies– included the Cold Land Processes Mission (EX-7)
• Operational Prototype Missions (OP)– for instrument development
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What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?
• Earth Probe Missions (EX)– Each EX mission considered essential for advancement
of respective disciplines• No particular priority
– Intended to follow the model of Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP)
• Baseline mission descriptions allow science, technology, and programmatic planning
• Select missions as late as possible in implementation process to ensure latest science and technology issues are addressed.
• Missions not selected until science and technology are “mission-ready”
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What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?
• Easton, MD Workshop (August, 1998) – 150 participants, in disciplinary and interdisciplinary
panels– Reviewed and amended the nominal mission
scenario– Report published November, 1998– Endorsed the nominal Cold Land Processes Mission
Concept• Measure snow water equivalent and frozen ground• SAR imaging techniques at moderate-high resolution
(1 km) with a short repeat cycle (3 days)
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What is the Cold Land Processes Mission?
• Irvine, CA Workshop (April, 1999) – NASA Land Surface Hydrology Program convened a
workshop to refine three hydrology-related missions• 15 participants for EX-7
– Prepared EX-7 Science and Technology Implementation Plan
• Refined nominal mission concept• Identifies key science and technology
development/investments needed to become “mission-ready”
• http://www.nohrsc.nws.gov/cline/ex7_web/ex7_home.html
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How does the extent of snow and frozen ground affectweather and climate?
Can the components of the terrestrial cryosphere be observedfrom space accurately enough to identify meaningfulclimatic trends?
To what extent can this information improve models of coldseason processes, hydrologic forecasts and forecasts ofhigh-latitude ecosystem functions?
To what accuracy can snow water equivalent be estimatedfrom remote sensing data, and is this sufficient forhydrologic applications?
Mission Objectives …Science Drivers
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Mission Objectives
Determine the fundamental freeze/thawstate of the land surface.
Determine the physical characteristics of snow cover:snow extent, snow depth, snow density, and the
amount of free liquid water (snow wetness).
…Science Drivers
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Dual-frequency (L- and X-band)
Dual-polarization
Duty Cycle (Sensor Activation)All latitudes between 30oN-75oN
All elevations over 1000 m
ResolutionModerate Spatial (250 m - 1 km)
High Temporal (1-3 days)
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
Simultaneous MeasurementsRadar data for each frequency collected simultaneously
from the same spacecraft or from two spacecraftflown in formation.
InterferometrySensor configuration must support
cross-track interferometry.
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
Physical Modeling and Data AssimilationRequired to integrate remotely sensed information
and ancillary information in a comprehensive manner.
Ground Segment ArchitectureAlthough a research mission, demonstrate a clear path
to operational hydrology and meteorology.
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
At $400M, a dual-frequency dual-pol. SARis likely too expensive for NASA to put intoits own budget.
Three obvious cost reduction strategies:
InternationalPartnerships
DODBuy-down
SpecificationReduction
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
Single-Frequency SARLow-frequency only (e.g. L-band), similar spatial and
temporal resolutions and duty cycle. Suitable forfreeze/thaw status retrieval, but not snow retrieval.
Dual-Frequency Passive Microwave RadiometerDual-polarization 19 and 37 GHz, with moderate
spatial (1-5 km) and high temporal (1-3 days) resolution.
Combined Active/Passive MicrowaveSingle-frequency L-band SAR for freeze/thaw, plus
dual-frequency passive radiometer for snow.
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
NextSAR: LightSAR Legacy, Learning Experience
Market risks and potential returns on investments donot justify an industry investment in a science-focusedL-band only mission.
If commercial enhancements are added (e.g. dual-frequency, high-resolution), the market potentialincreases, but so do costs, market risks, anduncertainty.
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Science Measurement and Modeling Requirements
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF)
Petroleum industry interested in a dual-frequency (L-and X-band) dual-polarization SAR for oil spillmonitoring.
OSLTF provides an opportunity to co-fund $400M SAR mission with commercial partners.
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Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
Snow AlgorithmsRetrieve snow properties with fewer SAR measurements.
(e.g. develop 2-frequency algorithms instead of 3-frequency algorithms)
Snow AlgorithmsEvaluate performance limits to snow detection and
measurement under wide range of conditions.
Freeze/Thaw AlgorithmsDevelop algorithms to partition freeze/thaw processes
between different land cover elements (e.g. soil).
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Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
Modeling and Data AssimilationStrategies needed to organize and analyze temporal
information retrieved from RS data(e.g. track changes in freeze/thaw status, use time series in algorithms)
Modeling and Data AssimilationStrategies needed to assimilate RS data directly intophysical land surface models, including developmentof appropriate snow models and an ability to predictbackscatter/emission using forward DMRT models.
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Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
Resolution RequirementsWhat are trade-offs of different spatial and temporalresolution options for both algorithm performance
(e.g. S/N) and for measurement applications?
Sensor RequirementsWhat are trade-offs of different sensor configurations?
Algorithm RequirementsWhat are trade-offs of different algorithms on
measurement accuracy/confidence, geographicapplication, and data processing?
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Critical for Science Development
A comprehensive ground truth database that hasconsistency across all locations of field campaigns is
required to support investigations pursuing thescience questions.
Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
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Comprehensive in Scope
The lack of wide variation in snow cover properties,land cover, and terrain in testing current algorithms hasprevented a thorough determination of the accuracy and
suitability of different approaches.
Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
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Multi-sensor, Multi-purpose, Legacy Dataset
Simultaneous RS observations from active, passive, andoptical sensors, combined with intensive ground
observations and distributed modeling informationwill provide the basis for firming up candidate
candidate algorithms and sensor options.
Needed Pre-launch Science Investments
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Understanding Earth System Change,NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise Research Strategy
2000-2010 (Draft)
Status of the Cold Land Processes Mission
…exploratory observations ofsoil moisture, snow accumulation,and freeze/thaw transitions…will provide critical process-levelinformation...
New active and passive remotesensing techniques from spacemay lead to global observationsof soil moisture, snow waterequivalent, freeze-thaw transitions,...
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Understanding Earth System Change,NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise Research Strategy
2000-2010 (Draft)
Status of the Cold Land Processes Mission
Quantitative understanding ofhydrologic processes over largeareas…will require a breakthroughin large-scale observation ofhydrologic properties...
Specific observational requirements toaddress this problem include…exploratory measurements of soilmoisture, snow accumulation, and thetransition between frozen and thawedsoil conditions.