Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana

Marieke AdankIRC webinar on MUS

IRC-nergy week, 22 June 2012

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Formal service delivery models for domestic water supply:

Rural areas: • COM of point sources with design for basic domestic service level• real service levels lower mainly because of crowding/distance, though some use

water productively

Small towns: • COM of piped systems with levels of service above basic• MUS for informal commercial activities

Emerging between rural and small town: • limited mechanical scheme, with higher levels of service, so potential for MUS • no data on actual use as yet

Urban: • utility managed piped systems with different service levels• apart from formal industries, MUS for informal commercial activities

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

A large proportion of point sources are used for productive uses

Akatsi East Gonja Sunyani West0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Water from the facility used for watering gardenswater from the facility used for watering livestockWater from the facility used for small commercial uses (brick mak-ing, pito making etc)%

of p

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rce

Source of data: Triple-S (2012)

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

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% of population using water from community-managed point source for productive uses

% o

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Source of data: IRC/ Aquaconsult (Rotary/USAID sustainability check (2012)

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Possible MUS models identified:

Domestic plus approaches:Communal productive uses of point sources Productive use of piped systems in small towns and citiesUpgrading point sources to limited mechanical schemes with higher levels of service

Irrigation plusRehabilitation and retrofitting small reservoirsPromoting self-supply for irrigation, even though not MUSMUS in public surface irrigation schemes – not analysed because in disarray

Community-driven MUS:Promoting self-supply alongside formal domestic suppliesIntegrated local level planning Improving conditions of reuse of wastewater

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Domestic plus around point sourcesDescription of model and scaling pathway: promoting cattle troughs and communal gardens around handpumps. Needs some piloting to showcase itPotential: 10 million of people relying on point sources; less when zooming in to Northern belt and coastal zone where there are less open water sourcesPolicy and legislation: CWSA water use regulations are not a limitation; move to higher levels of service is in fact encouragingWater resources implications: depends on yield of boreholesInstitutional arrangements: can be done from within domestic sector (CWSA, MMDAs and WATSANs), making their staff aware of MUS and include in project / service provision cycle; requires setting local regulationsFinancing: can be done at minimal incremental costs, as no major hardware costs are involved. Piggy backing on investments in rural WASHTechnical issues: can be first step in going for higher levels of services. However a bigger step will require change in technology

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Commercial use of piped systems in small towns and cities

Description of model and scaling pathway: use existing model of differential levels of services, may need further adjustments. Market mechanisms: users will only pay for it if they can make a return. Need for extension supportPotential: # of people in small towns. Mainly in the Northern region. could be temporary when there are no other sources availablePolicy and legislation: by-laws and CWSA guidelinesWater resources implications: probably minor, probably only in bigger cities there may be limitationsInstitutional arrangements: can be done from within domestic sector; requires setting local regulationsFinancing and cost recovery: payment of tariffs. Are people willing to pay tariff for productive uses or rather develop alternative sources?Technical issues: straightforward

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Upgrading point sources to limited mechanical schemes

Description of model: upgrading to higher level of service on existing boreholes with handpumps to motorised pumps and small distribution network. Requires pilot projectsPotential: # of boreholes per region and nr of people served and to be served. Policy and legislation: supportive through drive for increasing service levels and de facto priority for small towns. MUS not explicit thoughWater resources implications: only possible on high yielding boreholesInstitutional arrangements: via CWSA, DAs, WATSANsFinancing: estimated increase from 30 US$/capita with some 5-6 US$/capita, so 20% incremental costsTechnical issues: there are already standardised designs, needs new design for community garden and cattle trough.

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Investment opportunities: low risk, potential to reach large numbers of people but with small per capita impact.

Consortia for investment opportunities:

CWSA, DAs and their donors. For learning and sharing, use platforms and networks of domestic sector: RCN, CONIWAS, NLLAP

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

ConclusionMUS is practiced within formal domestic services but not clearly articulated in sectoral documents or thinkingOpenness to consider it – at least no prohibitionMove from de facto practice to planned MUS Risks beyond MUS with sustainability

Domestic-plus approaches in Ghana June 2012

Thanks