DOMAINS AND TAXONOMIES OF LEARNING

Week 3: 17th Aug. 2010.

Learning Domains or Bloom's Taxonomy

There are three type of LEARNING

i. Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge)

ii. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)

iii. Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills)

iv.Cognitiveo involves knowledge and the development of intellectual

skillso includes the recall or recognition of specific facts,

procedural patterns,and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills.

o There are six major categories.

Category Examples and key words

Knowledge: Recall data or information.

Example: Recite a policy. Quote prices from

memory to a customer. Knows the safety

rules.

Key Words: defines, describes, identifies,

knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines,

recalls.

Comprehension: Understand the meaning, translation, interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.

Example: Rewrites the principles of test writing. Explain in one’s own words the steps for performing a complex task. Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends, generalizes, gives.

Application: Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction

Example: Use a manual to calculate an employeeís vacation timeKey Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates, modifies, operates.

Analysis: Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences.

Examples: Recognize logical fallacies in reasoning. Key Words: analyzes, breaks down,compares,contrasts, diagrams.

Synthesis: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.

Examples: Write a company operations or process manual. Revises and process to improve the outcome.Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises.

Evaluation: Make judgments

about the value of ideas or

materials.

Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a new budget.Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes.

ii. Affective DomainCategory EExample and Key Words

xample and Key Words

Receiving Phenomena: Awareness, willingness to hear, selected attention.

Example: Listen to others with respect. Key Words: asks, chooses, describes, follows, gives, holds, identifies, locates.

Responding to Phenomena: Active participation on the part of the learners.

Examples:  Participates in class discussions. Key Words: answers, assists, aids, complies, conforms, discusses, greets.

Valuing: The worth or value a

person attaches to a particular

object, phenomenon, or

behavior. 

Examples:  Demonstrates belief in the democratic process. Key Words: completes, demonstrates, differentiates, explains, follows, forms,

Organization: Organizes values into priorities by contrasting different values, resolving conflicts between them, and creating an unique value system. 

Examples:  Recognizes the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior. 

Key Words: adheres, alters, arranges, combines, compares, completes, defends.

Internalizing values (characterization): Has a value system that controls their behavior. The behavior is pervasive, consistent, predictable, and most importantly, characteristic of the learner. 

Examples:  Shows self-reliance when working independently. Cooperates in group activities (displays teamwork).

Key Words: acts, discriminates, displays, influences, listens, modifies, performs.

Category Example and Key Words

Perception: The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity. This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to translation.

Examples:  Detects non-verbal communication cues. Key Words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies.

Set: Readiness to act. It

includes mental, physical, and

emotional sets.

Examples:  Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing process.  Key Words: begins, displays, explains.

Mechanism: This is the

intermediate stage in learning

a complex skill. 

Examples:  Use a personal computer. Repair a leaking faucet. Key Words: assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens.

Psychomotor

Complex Overt Response: The skillful performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns. 

Examples:  Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot. Key Words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens.

Adaptation: Skills are well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements.

Examples:  Responds effectively to unexpected experiences.  Key Words: adapts, alters, changes.

Origination: Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem. 

Examples:  Constructs a new theory. Key Words: arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.

Other Psychomotor DomainsDave’s1. Imitation: Observing and patterning behavior after someone else.

Example: Copying a work of art.

2. Manipulation: Being able to perform certain actions by following instructions and practicing. Example: Creating work on one's own

3. Precision: Refining, becoming more exact. Example: Working and reworking something.

4. Articulation: Coordinating a series of actions, achieving harmony and internal consistency. Example: Producing a video that involves music, drama, color, sound, etc.

5. Naturalization: Having high level performance become natural, without needing to think much about it. Example: Michael Jordan playing basketball

Harrow's:

1) Reflex movements - Reactions that are not learned.

2) Fundamental movements - Basic movements such as walking, or grasping.

3) Perception - Response to stimuli such as visual, auditory, kinesthetic,

or tactile discrimination.

4) Physical abilities - Stamina that must be developed for further development such as strength and agility.

5) Skilled movements - Advanced learned movements as one would find in sports or acting.

6) No discursive communication - Effective body language, such as gestures and facial expressions.

Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction

Robert Gagne (1965) published book called “The Conditions of Learning “

Identified the mental conditions for learning.

It is based on the information processing model of the mental events that occur when adults are presented with various stimuli.

He created a nine-step process called the events of instruction, which correlate to and address the conditions of learning.

Instructional Event Internal Mental Process

1. Gain attention Stimuli activates receptors

2. Inform learners of objectives Creates level of expectation for learning

3. Stimulate recall of prior learning Retrieval and activation of short-term memory

4. Present the content Selective perception of content

5. Provide "learning guidance" Semantic encoding for storage long-term memory

6. Elicit performance (practice) Responds to questions to enhance encoding and verification

7. Provide feedback Reinforcement and assessment of correct performance

8. Assess performance Retrieval and reinforcement of content as final evaluation

9. Enhance retention and transfer to the job

Retrieval and generalization of learned skill to new situation