does the division of domestic labour differ after a marital separation ?
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Does the division of domestic labour differ after a marital separation ?. Anne Solaz INED. Theories of work specialization within the couple. Economic framework specialization within marriage= main gain to marriage (Becker) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Does the division of domestic
labour differ after a marital separation ?
Anne Solaz
INED
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Theories of work specialization within the couple
Economic framework specialization within marriage= main gain to
marriage (Becker) For any couple, the initial gain
to specialization will be reinforced over time as husbands and wife acquire skills specific to market or
domestic sector.
Gender role theory Gender social norms in the
society and family explain the
specialization
None of those theories predicts how would be and change the work division in a repartnering union comparing to the first one.
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Specialization becomes dangerous in case of divorce
• Specialization increases the divorce cost• Exchange of marriage specific skills no more
possible • Human capital loss for divorced women who
specialize in home production (wage penalty due to interruptions, less easier return to the labour market…)
• Difficulties for divorced fathers to face alone with parental tasks
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
High degree of specialization may be
a source of disagreement• Housework division plays on divorce risk
(Nock & Brining 2002) • … amplified in case of unfair feeling about
household division (Craig & Sawrikar).
• Among couple regular disagreements, housework division and child education are the more frequent
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Main couple disagreements topics
Desagreement on never rarely sometimes often Very often
N (population concerned)
Domestic taks 52,5% 20,8% 21,0% 4,3% 1,4% 6747 Money 57,8% 22,4% 15,4% 3,2% 1,1% 6808 Leisure organization 56,5% 24,4% 16,2% 2,2% 0,6% 6778 Friends relatinship 63,0% 22,3% 12,1% 2,0% 0,5% 6803 Parents and parents in law relationship 56,4% 19,5% 17,5% 4,7% 1,9% 5913 Children education 45,4% 23,8% 24,0% 5,3% 1,6% 3132 Child desire 77,3% 9,3% 9,6% 2,6% 1,2% 3842 Alcohol consumption 79,0% 10,2% 8,0% 1,8% 0,9% 6667 Sexual relations 68,9% 15,9% 12,2% 2,3% 0,7% 6699
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
AIM : Do we observe different housework division after a marital separation ?
PREVIOUS RESULTS • The effect of status of chidren (stepchildren or
not) has little effect on parental tasks division (Rapoport Lebourdais 2001)
• Women’s second union are more egalitarian (Sullivan 1997) but not men’s one (BHPS).
• Remaried men participate more than men in their first marriage (Ishii-Kuntz & Coltrane1992)
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
PROBLEM :
• No panel data on time use.
• No information on marital history in time use data that allows to distinguish union type, union duration.
SOLUTION: We use a demographic survey with subjective data on housework division
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
3 main questions
1) May the housework and parental tasks division be measured by subjective questions?
2) Is there a dynamic in specialization within the couple?
3) Does first couple failure affect the new repartnering organization?
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
DataFrench Generation and Gender Survey (first wave Erfi-GGS 2005)
Sample : all couples (reduced to parents for parental tasks)
Only one partner interviewed about the sharing
Size: 5500
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Female overimplication indicatorsFrom subjective questions about some regular activities “Who in your household does theses tasks? “ always me(+2), usually me(+1), me or my partner equally(0), usually my partner (-1), always my partner(-2), someone else (0)
We are not interesting in total time but in the sharing, inequality between partners
3 Indicators of inequality in 8 domestic tasks (preparing meals, doing the dishes, shopping for food, vacuum-cleaning, ironing, doing small repairs, paying bills and keeping financial records, organising social activities)
6 parental tasks (dressing, putting the children to bed, staying at home when ill, playing, homework, child transportation)
4 decision process (routine purchase, occasional expensive purchase, the way children are raised, social life and leisure)
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
May the housework division be measured by subjective questions?
Constant 5,427 *** 1,122 ** 4,063 ***
Domestic helpNo
Yes -0,576 -1,052 *** -0,673 ***
Generation
20-29 years 30-39 years -0,375 -0,615 ** -0,344 40-49 years Ref. Ref. Ref.50-59 years 0,371 1,133 *** 0,910 ***60-69 years 2,100 1,679 *** 1,214 ***
Professional situations
Dual career couple Ref . Ref . Ref .
Both partners unemployed -1,158 -0,414 -0,560Only the man working 3,337 *** 1,414 *** 1,860 ***Only the woman working -5,453 *** -1,533 *** -1,336 ***
Age difference -0,006 -0,052 *** 0,028 *
Number of children
0 Ref . Ref . Ref .
1 0,249 0,578 0,1662 1,216 *** 1,217 *** 0,638 ***3 and more 0,952 ** 1,060 *** 0,844 ***
Child under 3 years of age Ref . Ref . Ref .
No -0,069 -0,360 -0,122Yes
Educational level
No qualificationsPrimary school certificate 1,210 ** 2,251 *** 1,462 ***Lower secondary school diploma 1,057 * 0,961 * 1,182 ***Vocational qualification 0,149 2,048 *** 0,882 ***Vocational high school diploma Ref . Ref . Ref .
General high school diploma 0,271 1,146 ** 0,978 ***2 years higher education -0,579 0,342 0,484 > 2 years higher education -0,726 0,071 -0,560 *
Number 3,430 2,488 3,024R2 0.09 0.11 0.12
0,444 1,075 * 2,129 ***
**
-2,192 ***
* *
-0,583 -0,950 **
Time Use Survey According to the men According to the women
Ref. Ref. Ref.
Objective indicator Subjective indicatorTime use diary ERFI-GGS
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Index of female overimplication in domestic tasks according sex
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
Age
men women
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
daily meals
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
others equalitarian more w oman more man
man with presenceof partnerman alone
woman withpresence of partnerwoman alone
dish washing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
others equalitarian more w oman more man
shopping for food
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
others equalitarian more w oman more man
ironing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
others equalitarian more w oman more man
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
…the presence of the partner during interview guaranties similar indicators
Female overimplication in: Parental tasks Domestic tasks Decisionsall 3,25 4,03 1,04Men 2,49 3,08 0.75Women 4,02 4,99 1,33% gender gap -47% -47% -56%
all 3,07 4,09 0,93Men 3,08 4,11 0,92Women 3,05 4,07 0,95% gender gap 1% 1% -3%
With presence of partner
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 - 4years
5 - 9years
10 -14years
15 - 20years
20 - 29years
30 - 39years
40 yearsand more
couple duration
parental
domestic
decisions
2) Is there a dynamic in specialization within the couple?
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Housework division according to generation and couple duration
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
couple duration (years)
1976-1985
1966-1975
1956-1965
1946-1955
1936-1945
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
3) Does first couple failure affect the new repartnering organization?
.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
housework parental decision
all unions
first union
others unions
Female overimplication in domestic, parental tasks and decisions according union order
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Female overimplication in domestic according to union order and generation.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49
Duration of the couple in years
first union 1966-1987
first union 1946-1965
other union 1966-1987
other union 1946-1965
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Econometric approach
First step : estimation of a probit on the probability of having a second union
Second step: effect of union order on housework division by IV(Instrumental variables)
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Second union probability (probit)
intercept -1,594 *** -1,051 ***earlier widowhood (<50 years) 0,733 1,423 ***parent's divorce 0,524 *** 0,119values against divorce -0,631 *** -0,964 ***no religion 0,327 ** 0,115 <22 years old for the first union 0,826 *** 0,700 ***first partner had previous 0,093 0,273child(ren) during first union -0,282 ** 0,206 *first union married union -1,199 *** -1,536 ***union generation (ref=before 66) 1966-75 0,458 *** 0,678 ***
1976-85 0,545 *** 0,489 ***1986-95 0,221 *** 0,0151996- -1,018 *** -1,385 ***
Education (ref=secondary) sans -0,317 0,276 very low -0,205 0,757 **
low 1 -0,121 0,267 low 2 -0,273 -0,178
medium -0,122 0,136 high -0,121 -0,131
very high 0,027 0,274N (events)
Women Men
4150 (578) 3081 (525)
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Regression (OLS and IV) on the 3 indicators of female overimplication
according to model 1partner presence 0.946 *** -1.475 *** 0.697 *** -1.334 *** 0.233 *** -0.429 ***couple duration 0.035 ** 0.051 *** 0.008 0.035 0.008 0.007union order >1 -0.735 *** -0.198 -0.009 -0.27 -0.157 * 0.074
partner presence 0.934 *** -1.472 *** 0.702 *** -1.329 *** 0.234 *** -0.427 ***couple duration 0.057 *** 0.055 *** 0.007 0.048 *** 0.012 ** 0.004 union order >1 -2.752 *** 0.485 0.103 -0.97 -0.527 * 0.656 **
model 2: with union order intrumented
controlled by domestic help, birth cohort, marital status, profesional status, number and age of children, education, individual and partner incomes
DecisionMEN WOMEN MEN WOMEN MEN WOMEN
Female overimplication in Domestic tasks Parental tasks
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
CONCLUSION Division of housework may be correctly measured by
subjective indicators if we control for respondent's sex and presence of partner during the interview.
Specialization in housework increases with union duration
Male second unions seem a little more egalitarian for division of housework, all other things being equal, but sharing of parental tasks and decision-making are similar in first and second unions.
Gender differences may come from different assortative matching for men and women in second union
Groupe GEPP OFCE - 28/6/ 2007
Men who will separate (between 2005 and 2008) had different domestic tasks division (in 2005)?
All 4.03 3.25 1.04the couple will separate 3.85 3.20 1.24
partners will stay together 4.20 3.31 1.08Men 3.08 2.49 0.75
the couple will separate 1.84 1.88 0.81partners will stay together 3.11 2.59 0.75
Women 4.99 4.02 1.33the couple will separate 4.93 3.82 1.47partners will stay together 5.10 3.90 1.36
Female over-implication in domestic tasks parental tasks decisions