documentation projects, part 1

7/31/2019 Documentation Projects, Part 1

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DDR 3713MEASURED DRAWINGS


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Documentation Projects, Part 2MEASURED DRAWINGS

Measured drawings are made by measuringeach part of a building and conveying this

information in graphic form.

Analytically, measured drawings are, in a sense,the reverse of an architect's working drawings.

Measured drawings depict a building in itsexisting stateand show not only its "as-built"

condition (which often differs markedly from thearchitect's or builder's original drawings), butalso the effects of age and various alterationsover time.


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These drawings also measure and recordthe

numerous quirks that all old buildings exhibit,

such as uneven floors and out of plumb walls.

Measured drawings have many advantages over

photographs.

Views of a building that cannot be portrayed by

photographs, such as floor plans or sections, orfeatures that are normally hidden from view,

such as construction details, can accurately

documented in measured drawings



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In addition, the dimensionsof various building

features can be easily determined from

measured drawings, making them an invaluable

resource for restoration projects, especially if the

building is ever badly damaged by fire or

another disaster.

They are also particularly helpful in obtaining

more accurate and consistent bids for repair and

restoration work.



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Measured drawings are done in orthographic

projection; that is, all lines and features are

drawn in scale as they actually exist.

The principle types of architectural drawings are

plans, sections and elevations.

A plan is a view looking down through a

horizontal slice of a building.

A section is a vertical slice through the building.



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An elevation is a view of a vertical surface of a

building.

Detail drawings are large-scale drawings of

particular structural or decorative elements



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Plans, sections and elevations are all essential

to include in a documentation project.

Plans should be drawn first, starting with a

foundation plan, first floor, gallery or loft (when

applicable) and finally a roof plan.

Sections are the most difficult drawings to

execute but are typically the most valuable tohave.



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They not only reveal the overall measurements,

but also show the interior dimensions,

proportions, finishes and often the wall, roof and

floor construction.

At least two sections to be drawn of a building-one across the longer dimension and one across

the shorter.

Complex buildings sometimes require more than

two sections in order to record the various

architectural features.



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Elevations and detail drawings should follow the

plans and sections.

Elevations should include each of the building's

exterior facades, including those not normally

seen by the public.

Detail drawings may focus on structural

elements, such as the roof construction, or focuson architectural and decorative elements.



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For documentation purposes, however, complex

decorative features can often be more easily

and better recorded through photography.



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MEASURED DRAWINGS Measured drawings are line drawings that follow

standard drafting conventions to portray, in two

dimensions, a three dimensional structure. They are similar to as-built architectural drawings, except

that they are generally produced years after a structureis built, not immediately after construction.

Measured drawings portray conditions at the time ofdocumentation, including the accretions, alterations, anddeletions that have occurred in the original.

Hidden elements, exploded views, sequences ofconstruction, and functional processes are easily

portrayed in a drawing


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Equipment needed to complete a basic set of measured

drawings includes:

a 25' measuring tape; a 100' tape for overallmeasurements; a plumb bob to check vertical walls,

steeples, etc.; a level to establish horizontal reference

(or datum) lines; an oversized clipboard; 11" x 14"

graph paper (preferably with 12 squares per inch); astraight edge, such as a draftsman's triangle; soft 2H

or H pencils; and, most importantly, an eraser. (As the

celebrated 19th century architect H.H. Richardson

said, "An eraser is the draftsman's best friend.") Other

helpful tools include ladders, flashlights and

binoculars

EQUIPMENTS


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Another essential piece of equipment for mostmeasuring projects is a profile gauge.

A profile gauge is the most accurate tool commonlyavailable to measure a complex molding in place, and itis usually necessary if a set of drawings will includeanything beyond a bare outline of ornamental detail.

Profile gauges are typically composed of a magnetichandle threaded with short, stiff wire rods.

When a profile gauge is placed against a molding, thewire rods reproduce the profile of the molding.

This shape is then traced from the profile gauge onto asheet of paper and later incorporated (at a reducedscale) into the final drawings.

EQUIPMENTS


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More sophisticated measuring equipment is available,such as electronic measuring devices and optical plumb

bobs. Civil surveying equipment can also be extremely useful

in establishing accurate reference points. X- raytechniques c also be helpful, when necessary, toexamine hidden structural conditions, such as the interior

of wall cavities. However, this is very expensive and should only be

utilized when the condition of the building warrants thecost.

EQUIPMENTS


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Approaching a large part of the building on the first day

of measuring armed only with measuring tape, pencil

and blank piece of graph paper can be intimidating, evenfor an experienced professional.

It is important not to get muddled with excessive detail at

the beginning of the project, and to focus on "the big

picture." Using the grid paper, establish a rough scale for the field

drawings.

Establish reference points to measure from and think of

the building in terms of vertical and horizontal planes.

MEASURING TIPS


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For example, a water table, if level, may be a good

reference line for vertical measurements.

Approach the building in a systematic way.

Start measuring from the left corner of the front facade

(while facing the building) and work counter-clockwise

around the building.

Using this technique, all the measurements for the fieldnotes and final drawings will be read from left to right.

MEASURING TIPS


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When measuring, take cumulative or "running"

measurements.

Hold the measuring tape at one corner or "datum point"and read all desired points along that line without moving

the tape, rather than continually moving the tape and

taking each measurement from the last reading.

MEASURING TIPS


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This prevents the accumulation of small errors and

makes any measuring errors quickly apparent.

As a way of verifying the accuracy of the exteriormeasurements, make checks from the interior once the

wall thickness is determined.

After the building's main dimensions are established, go

back for detailed measurements of typical features, suchas windows, columns and pinnacles.

MEASURING TIPS


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The drawing process typically begins with measuring

each building by hand to produce field records.

Supplemented by field photography, these notes areused to construct the preliminary penciling and produce

drawings.

Recording tools also include photogrammetric, a means

of extracting measurements from photographs.

ABOUT THE PROCESS
http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/fieldrec.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/fieldrec.htm


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Although detailed hand-measuring and delineation is still

the backbone of the drawings program, students are

encouraged to employs computer-aided drafting (CAD)to document such structures.

Large buildings with complex repetitive details are ideally

suited for this process.

ABOUT THE PROCESS


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Don't assume that rooms or buildings are square, walls

are plumb, or floors are level.

Take diagonal measurements and check walls and floorsto determine distortion early in the documentation

project.

Establish datum lines and planes as reference points.

Cumulative measurements are more accurate thanconsecutive measurements because they use a common

zero point and thus do not require the tape to be

relocated after each measurement.

OTHER TIPS


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Hold the tape taut when making measurements.

Temperatures, tension and wind can affect the accuracy

of tape measurements by causing the tape to stretch,shrink or sag.

Know where the zero point is on the tape. It is not always

at the end.

Horizontal distances must be measured with the tapeheld level.

Use a plumb line to measure points displaced vertically.

OTHER TIPS


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Access to roofs, vaulted ceilings, steeples and crawlspace is often a major difficulty.

However, it is vitally important that these areas aremeasured.

Vital information, such as the thickness of the wall, thestructure of the ceiling, and the pitch of the roof and itsstructural framing, can often only be determined by

taking measurements in attics or crawl spaces.

OTHER TIPS


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The process of measuring a building can be simplified ifa construction project is in progress.

Scaffolding and cherry pickers allow access to otherwisehard to reach parts of the building.

If the walls need to be opened up in order to replacemechanical systems or investigate structural problems,use the opportunity to examine and measure the internal

construction of the wall

OTHER TIPS


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The drawings should first be traced in pencil on vellum

and reviewed by someone experienced with

documentation projects. Final drawings should be traced in ink on Mylar.

OTHER TIPS


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Each set of drawings generally includes

plans, elevations, sections, details and a

cover sheet with a site plan and written

information

TYPES OF DRAWING
http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htmhttp://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/note/drawings.htm


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Plans are an essential element of measured

drawings. Plan drawings are horizontal cutsthrough a structure that portray thearrangement and progression of spaces.Plans are cut at a consistent height; the

convention is to cut through openings suchas doors, windows, and fireplaces. Plansshould be projected views; that is, where"horizontal" surfaces are inclined or curve, as

in the deck of a ship, they should beprojected into a horizontal plane. Buildingplans are recorded from foundation to roof(although most sets of floor plans include

only basement to top floor).

TYPES OF DRAWING - plan


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Elevations show facades, room elevations,

and other vertical elements of a structure

projected into a vertical plane. Elevations

show structures upright and facing straight

ahead (but without perspective). Theelevation drawing is typically the most

familiar and recognizable to laymen. The

illusion of depth is provided by varying line

weights, not by diminishing size as in aperspective drawing.

Typically buildings have four facades and, if

possible, all four should be drawn.

TYPES OF DRAWING - elevation


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Sections are vertical cuts through a structure

that show the arrangement of spaces andobjects. What you see in a section drawingof a building is a series of room elevations inaccurate relation to one another butseparated by walls, floors, and ceilings. Theyare cut in a plane but may jog horizontallyfrom floor to floor to reveal differentinformation.

TYPES OF DRAWING - section

TYPES OF DRAWING ti


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The locations of section cuts are indicated

on each floor plan. Section drawings areuseful because they provide verticalinformation: floor-to-floor heights, ceilingheights, roof height, and the verticalprogression of spaces. They are alsovaluable for structural details, interiordecorative finishes, the relation of functions,and the relationship between interior andexterior spaces

TYPES OF DRAWING - section

TYPES OF DRAWING d ili


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Large-scale details explain how objects fit or

together or relate to one another. A door or

window detail may include a plan; interior

and exterior elevations; and jamb, lintel, and

sill sections. Exploded-view drawings showhow an object's component parts fit

together. Often an exploded view is the only

way to explain the intricacies of a heavy-

timber framing joint or a pin connection in abridge truss. Large-scale drawings are

appropriate for depicting complex objects,

such as machines, that cannot be

delineated adequately at a small scale

TYPES OF DRAWING - detailing

TYPES OF DRAWING h


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Landscapes include a whole range of

resources including site vegetation (typically

recorded with a historic structure), classical

gardens and parks, industrial and

engineering landscapes, culturallandscapes, and parkways.

TYPES OF DRAWING - others

documentation projects, part 1

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