document resume title institutionsecond edition of the women's health usa data book. to reflect...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 479 908 SP 041 702
TITLE Women's Health USA, 2003.
INSTITUTION Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS),Rockville, MD. Bureau of Maternal and Child Health andResources Development.
PUB DATE 2003-00-00NOTE 83p.
AVAILABLE FROM HRSA Information Center, Circle Solutions, Inc., 2710Prosperity Avenue, Suite 200, Fairfax, VA 22031 Tel: 703-902-1243; Tel: 888-ASK-HRSA (Toll Free); Web site:http://www.hrsa.gov/womenshealth. For full text:http://www.hsrnet.com/ pubs/whusa03/WHUSA03-color.pdf.
PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055)
EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS Access to Health Care; Chronic Illness; CommunicableDiseases; Death; Employed Women; *Females; Health Behavior;Health Services; Immigrants; Older Adults; Population Trends;Poverty; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Public Health; RacialDifferences; Rural Areas; Substance Abuse; Urban Areas
IDENTIFIERS Materna,1 Health; Medicaid; Medicare
ABSTRACT
This book provides a collection of current and historicaldata on some of the most pressing health challenges facing women, theirfamilies, and their communities. It is intended to be a concise reference forpolicymakers and program managers at the federal, state, and local levels.The book brings together the latest available data from various agencieswithin the federal government. Three chapters focus on: (1) "PopulationCharacteristics" (U.S. population, U.S. female population by race, women andeducation, women in health professions schools, women in the labor force,women and federal programs, participation, and women and poverty); (2)
"Health Status" (health behaviors, health indicators, maternal health, andspecial populations); and (3) "Health Services Utilization" (usual source ofcare, health insurance, Medicare and Medicaid, preventive care, Title Xfamily planning services, Title V abstinence education, programs, HIVtesting, medication use, dental care, hospitalizations, mental health careutilization, home health and hospice care, and health care expenditures).(SM)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
03 0
7:1
rT1 -a C:=
)
U S
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
S IN
FO
RM
AT
ION
CE
NT
ER
(E
RIC
)0
Thi
s do
cum
ent h
as b
een
repr
oduc
ed a
sre
ceiv
ed fr
om th
e pe
rson
or
orga
niza
tion
orig
inat
ing
it
0 M
inor
cha
nges
hav
e be
en m
ade
toim
prov
e re
prod
uctio
n qu
ality
Poi
nts
of v
iew
or
opin
ions
sta
ted
in th
isdo
cum
ent d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
repr
esen
tof
ficia
l OE
RI p
ositi
on o
r po
licy.
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s
Hea
lth R
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau
S. I.
SE
RV
ICE
Set
f-Z
°3'
0
J):4
,
c/a,
'
CA
D
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA
200
3
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Sen
dces
RS
Hea
lth R
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau
SER
Vic
- tS. 6
;LI
16'
0
".1f
4vcr
aa
Plea
se n
ote
that
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA 2
003
is n
ot c
opyr
ight
ed. R
eade
rsar
e fr
eeto
dup
licat
e an
d us
e al
l or
part
of
the
in f
orm
adon
con
tain
ed in
this
pub
licad
on.
Sugg
este
d C
itatio
n:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s, H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
ndSe
rvic
esA
dmin
istr
atio
n, M
ater
nal a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth B
urea
u. W
omen
's H
ealth
USA
200
3.R
ockv
ille,
Mar
ylan
d: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s, 2
003.
Thi
s pu
blic
adon
is a
vaila
ble
onlin
e at
hap
://w
ww
.hrs
a.go
v /w
omen
shea
lthSi
ngle
cop
ies
o f
this
pub
licat
ion
are
also
ava
ilabl
e at
no c
harg
e fr
om th
eH
RSA
In
form
atio
n C
ente
rC
ircl
e So
lutio
ns, I
nc.
2710
Pro
sper
ity A
venu
e, S
uite
200
Fair
fax,
VA
220
31(7
03)
902-
1243
or
1-88
8- A
SK-H
RSA
C.7
1
PR
EF
AC
E
TN
TR
OD
UC
TIO
N
I,PO
PU
LAT
ION
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
SU
.S. P
opul
atio
nU
.S. F
emal
e Po
pula
tion
by R
ace
Wom
en a
nd E
duca
tion
Wom
en in
Hea
lth P
rofe
ssio
ns S
choo
lsW
omen
in th
e L
abor
For
ceW
omen
and
Fed
eral
Pro
gram
Part
icip
atio
nW
omen
and
Pov
erty
I. H
EA
LTH
ST
AT
US
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
Nut
ritio
nV
itam
in a
nd M
iner
al S
uppl
emen
t Use
Phys
ical
Act
ivity
Cig
aret
te S
mok
ing
Alc
ohol
Mis
use
Illic
it D
rug
Use
Wea
lth I
nclic
ator
sSe
lf-R
epor
ted
Hea
lth S
tatu
sA
ctiv
ity L
imita
tions
AID
SA
rthr
itis
3
'CO
N-L
EN
TS
5A
sthm
a35
III. H
EA
LTH
SE
RV
ICE
SA
utoi
m.m
une
Dis
ease
s36
UT
ILIZ
AT
ION
62
6B
leed
ing
Dis
orde
rs37
Usu
al S
ourc
e of
Car
e63
Can
cer
38H
ealth
Ins
uran
ce64
Dia
bete
s40
Med
icar
e an
d M
edic
aid
65
10H
eart
Dis
ease
41Pr
even
tive
Car
e66
11H
yper
tens
ion
42T
itle
X F
amily
Pla
nnin
g Se
rvic
es67
12In
jury
44T
itle
V A
bstin
ence
Edu
catio
n14
Lea
ding
Cau
ses
of D
eath
45Pr
ogra
ms
68
.15
Men
tal I
llnes
s an
d Su
icid
e46
HIV
Tes
ting
69
16O
verw
eigh
t and
Obe
sity
47M
edic
atio
n U
se70
Sexu
ally
Tra
nsm
itted
Dis
ease
s48
Den
tal C
are
71
18V
iole
nce
and
Abu
se49
Hos
pita
li7at
ions
72
20M
enta
l Hea
lth C
are
Util
i7at
ion
73
Mat
erna
l Hea
lthH
ome
Hea
lth a
nd H
ospi
ce C
are
74
21Pr
enat
al C
are
50H
ealth
Car
e E
xpen
ditu
res
75
Liv
e B
irth
s51
Bre
astf
eedi
ng52
Ref
eren
ces
76
22M
ater
nal M
orbi
dity
54C
ontr
ibut
ors
80
.23
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y55
24 25Sp
ecia
l Pop
ulat
ions
26H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
27A
dmin
istr
atio
n's
Popu
latio
ns a
ndPr
ogra
ms
56
Bor
der
Hea
lth57
28Im
mig
rant
Wom
en58
30In
carc
erat
ed W
omen
5932
Rur
al a
nd U
rban
Hea
lth60
34O
lder
Wom
en61
F^
,,
'
'_`''' '' '''I'' ''' ''` ,t..,; ,''' ' "":"O ' :":1;,
?e, q..:I.S,..k.., , .z ti....,, '4." <
< ,.i a
-'13' '.f > "I, ':' ° '
i',''',' ''
F !:
. -',-., ;, ,, -
-ML ., .1 (,,i-=
-kt ;,,,
%,.A"
:!
+4ti
,`64t%
"<, 6p,
:-^ V,
, _ '''i'--. .c",.. s , 'N
irry-^ ,,:"1--,'°, t,
t
-
'''''' *
. ,, 7.-...,,,: '`..--,--1* 7= L.-;-::,; .,...,'" `, k_1, \
.-., 4,,, I f .
,, F
a * it.r.,
A ,, ,,_ ?",), \
BEST COPY MAKABLE
5
PRE
FAC
E
PR
EF
AC
E A
ND
RE
AD
ER
'S G
UID
E"H
ealth
y W
omen
Bui
ld H
ealth
y C
omm
uniti
es"
is th
e pr
inci
ple
that
gui
des
the
wor
k of
the
Hea
lthR
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n (H
RSA
) to
impr
ove
wom
en's
hea
lth.
As
an a
genc
y in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Serv
ices
, HR
SA is
cha
rged
with
ass
urin
g ac
cess
toqu
ality
hea
lth c
arc
thro
ugh
a ne
twor
k of
com
mun
i-ty
-bas
ed h
ealth
cen
ters
, mat
erna
l and
chi
ld h
ealth
prog
ram
s, a
nd S
tate
, Ter
rito
rial
, and
com
mun
ity1-
11V
/AID
S pr
ogra
ms.
In
addi
tion,
HR
SA's
mis
sion
incl
udes
sup
port
ing
indi
vidu
als
purs
uing
hea
lthca
reer
s in
med
icin
e, n
ursi
ng, a
nd m
any
othe
r he
alth
disc
iplin
es. H
RSA
ful
fills
thes
e re
spon
sibi
litie
s by
colle
ctin
g an
d an
alyz
ing
timel
y an
d to
pica
l inf
orm
a-tio
n th
at id
entif
ies
heal
th p
rior
ities
and
tren
ds th
atca
n be
add
ress
ed th
roug
h pr
ogra
m in
terv
entio
nsan
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing.
HR
SA's
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau
(MC
HB
) an
d th
e O
ffic
e of
Wom
en's
Hea
lth a
repl
ease
d to
pre
sent
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA 2
003,
the
seco
nd e
ditio
n of
the
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA d
ata
book
. To
refl
ect t
he e
ver
chan
ging
, inc
reas
ingl
ydi
vers
e po
pula
tion
and
its c
hara
cter
istic
s, W
omen
'sH
ealth
USA
200
3 w
ill s
elec
tivel
y in
clud
e em
ergi
ngis
sues
and
tren
ds in
wom
en's
hea
lth. D
ata
and
info
r-m
atio
n on
inca
rcer
ated
wom
en, i
mm
igra
nt w
omen
,br
east
feed
ing,
med
icat
ion
use,
ble
edin
g di
sord
ers,
and
HR
SA p
rogr
ams
and
popu
latio
ns a
re a
few
of
the
new
topi
cs in
clud
ed in
this
edi
tion.
Whe
re p
os-
sibl
e, e
very
eff
ort h
as b
een
mad
e to
hig
hlig
ht r
acia
lan
d et
hnic
dis
pari
ties
as w
ell a
s se
x di
spar
ities
.T
he d
ata
book
was
dev
elop
ed b
y H
RSA
to p
ro-
vide
rea
ders
with
an
easy
-to-
use
colle
ctio
n of
cur
-re
nt a
nd h
isto
rica
l dat
a on
som
e of
the
mos
t pre
ss-
ing
heal
th c
halle
nges
fac
ing
wom
en, t
heir
fam
ilies
,an
d th
eir
com
mun
ities
. Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA 2
003
is in
tend
ed to
be
a co
ncis
e re
fere
nce
for
polic
ymak
-er
s an
d pr
ogra
m m
anag
ers
at th
e Fe
dera
l, St
ate,
and
loca
l lev
els
to id
entif
y an
d cl
arif
y is
sues
aff
ectin
g th
ehe
alth
of
wom
en.
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA 2
003
is m
odel
ed a
fter
anot
her
data
boo
k pr
oduc
ed b
y H
RSA
, Chi
ldH
ealth
USA
. Now
in it
s th
irte
enth
edi
tion,
Chi
ldH
ealth
USA
has
bec
ome
a us
eful
tool
for
fam
ilyad
voca
tes,
pol
icy
mak
ers,
and
org
aniz
atio
ns to
trac
kke
y in
dica
tors
of
child
and
ado
lesc
ent h
ealth
. The
book
s ad
dres
s co
mm
on th
emes
, inc
ludi
ng p
opul
a-tio
n ch
arac
teri
stic
s, h
ealth
sta
tus,
and
hea
lth s
ervi
c-es
util
izat
ion.
Tog
ethe
r, th
e tw
o pu
blic
atio
ns s
houl
dbe
con
side
red
com
pani
on d
ocum
ents
.In
thes
e pa
ges,
rea
ders
will
fin
d a
prof
ile o
fw
omen
's h
ealth
fro
m a
var
iety
of
data
sou
rces
. The
data
boo
k br
ings
toge
ther
the
late
st a
vaila
ble
info
r-m
atio
n fr
om v
ario
us a
genc
ies
with
in th
e Fe
dera
lG
over
nmen
t inc
ludi
ng th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
ts o
fH
ealth
and
Hum
anSe
rvic
es,
Agr
icul
ture
,C
omm
erce
, and
Jus
tice.
Non
-Fed
eral
dat
a so
urce
sw
ere
used
whe
n no
Fed
eral
sou
rce
was
ava
ilabl
e.E
very
atte
mpt
has
bee
n m
ade
to u
se d
ata
colle
cted
in th
e pa
st f
ive
year
s.
It is
impo
rtan
t to
note
that
the
inci
denc
e an
dm
orta
lity
data
incl
uded
is g
ener
ally
not
age
-adj
uste
dto
the
2000
pop
ulat
ion
stan
dard
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. T
his
affe
cts
the
com
para
bilit
y of
dat
a fr
omye
ar to
yea
r, a
nd th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of d
iffe
renc
esac
ross
var
ious
gro
ups,
esp
ecia
lly th
ose
of d
iffe
rent
race
s/et
hnic
ities
. With
out a
ge a
djus
tmen
t, it
is d
iffi
-cu
lt to
kno
w h
ow m
uch
of th
e di
ffer
ence
in m
or-
bidi
ty a
nd m
orta
lity
rate
s ca
n be
attr
ibut
ed to
dif
fer-
ent a
ge d
istr
ibut
ions
.A
lso,
pre
sent
atio
n of
rac
ial
and
ethn
ic d
ata
may
app
ear
diff
eren
t on
som
e pa
ges
as a
res
ult o
f th
e de
sign
and
lim
itatio
ns o
f th
e or
ig-
inal
dat
a so
urce
.W
omen
's H
ealth
USA
200
3 is
ava
ilabl
e on
line
on th
e H
RSA
Off
ice
of W
omen
's H
ealth
web
site
at
ww
w.h
rsa.
gov/
wom
ensh
ealth
. In
the
effo
rt to
pro
-du
ce a
tim
ely
docu
men
t, so
me
of th
e to
pics
cov
ered
in W
omen
's H
ealth
USA
200
2 w
ere
not i
nclu
ded
inth
is y
ear's
edi
tion
beca
use
new
dat
a w
ere
not a
vail-
able
. For
cov
erag
e of
thes
e is
sues
, ple
ase
refe
r to
Wom
en's
Hea
lth U
SA 2
002,
als
o av
aila
ble
onlin
e.W
omen
's H
ealth
USA
200
3 is
not
cop
yrig
hted
.R
eade
rs a
re f
ree
to d
uplic
ate
and
use
the
info
rma-
tion
cont
aine
d in
this
pub
licat
ion.
Plea
se p
rovi
dean
y fe
edba
ck o
n th
is p
ublic
atio
n to
the
HR
SAIn
form
atio
nC
ente
rat
1-88
8-A
SK-H
RSA
or
ww
w.a
sk.h
rsa.
gov.
Sin
gle
copi
es a
re a
vaila
ble
at n
och
arge
fro
m th
e H
RSA
Inf
orm
atio
n C
ente
r, C
ircl
eSo
lutio
ns, I
nc.,
2710
Pro
sper
ity A
venu
e, S
uite
200
,Fa
irfa
x, V
A 2
2031
, 703
-902
-124
3 or
1-8
88-A
SK-
HR
SA.
6 INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Wom
en c
ompr
ise
mor
e th
an h
alf
of th
eU
.S. p
opul
atio
n. I
n 20
01, t
he U
.S. p
opul
atio
nre
ache
d 27
7 m
illio
n, w
ith f
emal
es r
epre
sent
ing
51 p
erce
nt o
f th
e to
tal p
opul
atio
n. T
he U
.S.
fem
ale
popu
latio
n is
incr
easi
ngly
rac
ially
and
ethn
ical
ly d
iver
se a
nd w
omen
con
tinue
to c
om-
pris
e a
larg
er p
ropo
rtio
n of
our
nat
ion'
s el
der-
ly p
opul
atio
n.O
ver
the
past
thre
e de
cade
s, th
e nu
mbe
r of
colle
gede
gree
s aw
arde
dto
wom
en h
asin
crea
sed
from
518
,000
in 1
969-
1970
to 1
.3m
illio
n in
199
9-20
00.
In 1
999-
2000
wom
enw
ere
awar
ded
a gr
eate
r pr
opor
tion
of th
e as
so-
co c
iate
, bac
helo
r's a
nd m
aste
r's d
egre
es th
an m
en.
In a
dditi
on, w
omen
mak
e up
an
incr
easi
ng p
er-
cent
age
of e
nrol
lees
in s
choo
ls o
f m
edic
ine,
dent
istr
y, p
harm
acy,
and
pub
lic h
ealth
.T
he n
umbe
r of
U.S
. fem
ales
16
year
s an
dol
der
in th
e la
bor
forc
e ha
s gr
own
to o
ver
62m
illio
n.W
omen
rep
rese
nt th
e m
ajor
ity o
fem
ploy
ees
in th
e sa
les
and
offi
ce o
ccup
atio
ns(6
3.7
perc
ent)
and
ser
vice
sec
tor
(56.
7 pe
rcen
t).
How
ever
, dis
pari
ties
cont
inue
to e
xist
inin
com
es b
etw
een
men
and
wom
en, w
ithw
omen
ear
ning
76
cent
s fo
r ev
ery
dolla
r ea
rned
by m
en.
Pove
rty
cont
inue
s to
dis
prop
ortio
nate
lyaf
fect
wom
en in
the
U.S
. In
2001
, 12.
8 m
illio
nw
omen
and
8.4
mill
ion
men
age
d 18
and
old
er
wer
e liv
ing
with
inco
mes
bel
ow th
e Fe
dera
lpo
vert
y le
vel.
Am
ong
sele
cted
hou
seho
ldty
pes,
fem
ale-
head
ed h
ouse
hold
s ha
d th
e hi
gh-
est r
ates
of
pove
rty,
fol
low
ed b
y fe
mal
es li
ving
alon
e, 2
6.4
and
19.2
per
cent
res
pect
ivel
y. T
heSu
pple
men
tal F
ood
Prog
ram
for
Wom
en,
Infa
nts,
and
Chi
ldre
n (W
IC),
and
the
Fede
ral
Food
Sta
mp
prog
ram
s ar
e nu
triti
on p
rogr
ams
that
ass
ist n
eedy
fam
ilies
and
indi
vidu
als
with
purc
hasi
ng n
utri
tious
foo
ds. I
n 20
01, 7
0.3
per-
cent
of
all a
dult
Food
Sta
mp
prog
ram
par
tici-
pant
s w
ere
fem
ales
whi
le th
e nu
mbe
r of
adu
ltw
omen
par
ticip
atin
g in
WIC
rea
ched
nea
rly
1.9
mill
ion
in 2
000.
The
Fed
eral
- an
d St
ate-
fund
ed T
empo
rary
Ass
ista
nce
to N
eedy
Fam
ilies
(T
AN
F) p
rogr
ampr
ovid
es c
ash
assi
stan
ce a
nd w
ork
oppo
rtun
i-tie
s to
nee
dy f
amili
es.
In 2
000,
adu
lt T
AN
Fre
cipi
ents
num
bere
d 1.
6 m
illio
n, o
f w
hom
1.4
mill
ion
wer
e w
omen
(90
per
cent
). N
inet
y-th
ree
perc
ent o
f ad
ult T
AN
F re
cipi
ents
wer
e he
ads
of h
ouse
hold
s an
d tw
o-th
irds
wer
e of
a m
inor
-ity
rac
ial o
r et
hnic
gro
up.
Peop
le w
ith h
ealth
insu
ranc
e ar
e m
ore
like-
ly to
hav
e a
regu
lar
sour
ce o
f m
edic
al c
are
and
to u
se p
reve
ntiv
e ca
re, w
hile
peo
ple
with
out
heal
th in
sura
nce
are
mor
e lik
ely
to h
ave
unm
etm
edic
al n
eeds
. In
2001
, non
-His
pani
c W
hite
fem
ales
wer
e th
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
be
cove
red
bypr
ivat
e in
sura
nce
(77.
9 pe
rcen
t) a
s co
mpa
red
to
othe
r ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
ps a
nd th
e le
ast
likel
y to
be
unin
sure
d (9
.3 p
erce
nt).
His
pani
cw
omen
wer
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
hav
e no
usu
also
urce
of
care
(20
.8 p
erce
nt).
Imm
igra
nts,
esp
ecia
lly n
on-c
itize
ns, f
ace
spec
ial c
halle
nges
in a
cces
sing
hea
lth c
are
serv
-ic
es, i
nclu
ding
lang
uage
and
cul
tura
l bar
rier
s.In
200
1, w
omen
who
wer
e no
n-ci
tizen
s w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
than
nat
ural
ized
citi
zens
and
U.S
.-bo
rn w
omen
to la
ck a
usu
al s
ourc
e of
hea
lthca
re (
18.9
per
cent
of
non-
citiz
ens
as c
ompa
red
to 1
1.2
and
9.4
perc
ent o
f na
tura
lized
and
U.S
.-bo
rn c
itize
ns, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
. Als
o, n
on-c
itize
nw
omen
rep
orte
d ha
ving
gon
e lo
nger
than
citi
-ze
ns w
ithou
t see
ing
a he
alth
car
e pr
ovid
er.
Alth
ough
the
rate
of
inca
rcer
atio
n fo
rw
omen
is m
uch
low
er th
an it
is f
or m
en, f
rom
1990
to 2
000,
the
tota
l num
ber
of w
omen
inFe
dera
l and
Sta
te p
riso
ns a
nd lo
cal j
ails
nea
rly
doub
led
from
83,2
53to
165,
649.
App
roxi
mat
ely
58.8
per
cent
of
wom
en in
Sta
tean
d Fe
dera
l cus
tody
hav
e m
inor
chi
ldre
n.T
he H
ealth
Res
ourc
esan
dSe
rvic
esA
dmin
istr
atio
n (H
RSA
) se
rves
all w
omen
,in
clud
ing
unin
sure
d an
d un
ders
erve
d w
omen
;ru
ral,
mig
rant
, and
imm
igra
nt w
omen
; hom
e-le
ss w
omen
; wom
en li
ving
with
HIV
/AID
S;an
d pr
egna
nt w
omen
. In
2002
, 59.
3 pe
rcen
t of
the
clie
nts
serv
ed b
y H
RSA
-sup
port
ed h
ealth
cent
ers
wer
e w
omen
. The
maj
ority
(84
.8 p
er-
7
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
cent
) of
wom
en 1
8 ye
ars
and
olde
r se
rved
at
thes
e he
alth
cen
ters
wer
e up
-to-
date
for
Pap
smea
rs, a
nd th
ose
50 a
nd o
lder
had
hig
h ra
tes
for
mam
mog
raph
y an
d cl
inic
al b
reas
t exa
ms.
Rat
es f
or c
omm
unity
hea
lth c
ente
r cl
ient
s w
ere
high
er th
an n
atio
nal a
vera
ges
for
both
Pap
smea
rs a
nd m
amm
ogra
phy.
Wom
en a
re m
ore
likel
y th
an m
en to
see
kpr
even
tive
care
.In
200
0, f
emal
es m
ade
488
mill
ion
offi
ce v
isits
and
mal
es m
ade
335
mil-
lion.
Of
thes
e vi
sits
, fem
ales
mad
e a
grea
ter
prop
ortio
n fo
r pr
even
tive/
non-
illne
ss c
are
(21.
2pe
rcen
t)th
an m
en (
14.7
perc
ent)
,al
thou
gh th
e in
clus
ion
of p
regn
ancy
-rel
ated
exam
inat
ions
in th
e no
n-ill
ness
cat
egor
y co
uld
acco
unt f
or s
ome
of th
e ob
serv
ed d
iffe
renc
e.D
enta
l car
e is
an
impo
rtan
t com
pone
nt o
f pr
e-ve
ntiv
e se
rvic
es.
In 2
001,
the
maj
ority
(66
.7pe
rcen
t) o
f w
omen
rep
orte
d ha
ving
vis
ited
ade
ntis
t in
the
last
yea
r w
hile
12.
0 pe
rcen
tre
port
ed th
ey h
ad n
ot v
isite
d a
dent
ist i
n ov
er 5
year
s.Im
mun
izat
ions
are
als
o an
impo
rtan
tco
mpo
nent
of
prev
entiv
eca
re.
Am
ong
wom
en a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
, non
-His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en o
btai
ned
the
high
est r
ates
of
annu
alin
flue
nza
(flu
) va
ccin
atio
n an
d lif
etim
e pn
eu-
moc
occa
l vac
cina
tion
in 2
001.
Hea
lthy
beha
vior
s, li
ke r
egul
ar p
hysi
cal
activ
ity.a
nd h
ealth
y nu
triti
onal
cho
ices
, are
cri
t-ic
al to
a lo
ng a
nd h
ealth
y lif
e.U
nfor
tuna
tely
,
wom
en a
re le
ss li
kely
to e
ngag
e in
ligh
t or
mod
-er
ate
leis
ure
time
phys
ical
act
ivity
than
men
.T
hey
are
also
less
like
ly to
con
sum
e re
com
-m
ende
d se
rvin
gs o
f fr
uits
and
veg
etab
les.
How
ever
, vita
min
-min
eral
sup
plem
ent u
se is
com
mon
, with
nea
rly
57 p
erce
nt o
f U
.S.
wom
en ta
king
at l
east
one
vita
min
-min
eral
sup
-pl
emen
t in
the
year
200
0.M
aint
aini
ng th
e he
alth
of
wom
en d
urin
gan
d af
ter
preg
nanc
y is
inte
gral
to li
fe-l
ong
heal
th. O
ver
3.9
mill
ion
wom
en g
ave
birt
h in
2001
; how
ever
alm
ost 4
2,00
0 of
thes
e w
omen
deliv
ered
with
out b
enef
it of
pre
nata
l car
e. T
hegr
owin
g pr
opor
tion
of b
irth
s to
wom
en 3
5ye
ars
or o
lder
and
exc
essi
ve w
eigh
t gai
ns in
preg
nanc
y pr
ompt
con
cern
s ab
out c
hron
icco
nditi
ons
and
subs
eque
ntob
esity
.B
reas
tfee
ding
, with
its
num
erou
s be
nefi
ts f
orw
omen
and
thei
r in
fant
s, h
as in
crea
sed
to th
ehi
ghes
t rec
orde
d ra
tes
both
whi
le in
the
hosp
i-ta
l and
at s
ix m
onth
s po
stpa
rtum
.M
enta
l hea
lth is
a c
ritic
al c
ompo
nent
of
ape
rson
's o
vera
ll he
alth
. Mor
e w
omen
than
men
repo
rt s
erio
us m
enta
l illn
ess
acro
ss a
ll ag
egr
oups
. Hig
her
suic
ide
deat
h ra
tes
are
repo
rted
for
both
non-
His
pani
cW
hite
and
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
wom
en th
an o
ther
rac
ial
and
ethn
ic g
roup
s (4
.7 a
nd 4
.6 p
er 1
00,0
00fe
mal
es r
espe
ctiv
ely)
. Des
pite
thes
e ne
eds,
in20
01, 5
.7 m
illio
n w
omen
rep
orte
d an
unm
et
need
for
men
tal h
ealth
trea
tmen
t or
coun
selin
g.N
onet
hele
ss, t
he e
stim
ated
num
ber
of w
omen
rece
ivin
g m
enta
l hea
lth tr
eatm
ent o
r co
unse
ling
incr
ease
d in
200
1 to
14.
4 m
illio
n fr
om 1
3.2
mil-
lion
in 2
000.
Subs
tanc
e ab
use
is a
lso
an im
port
ant h
ealth
conc
ern
amon
g w
omen
with
27.
3 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en a
ged
18-2
5 an
d 20
.5 p
erce
nt o
f fe
mal
esag
ed 1
2-17
hav
ing
used
som
e ty
pe o
f ill
icit
drug
in 2
001.
Mar
ijuan
a/ha
shis
h w
as r
epor
ted
as th
e le
adin
g ill
icit
drug
use
d by
wom
en o
f al
lag
es. So
me
heal
th c
ondi
tions
are
mor
e pr
eval
ent
amon
g 'w
omen
than
men
, inc
ludi
ng a
rthr
itis,
lupu
s, a
nd b
leed
ing
diso
rder
s.A
rthr
itis
is th
ele
adin
g ca
use
of d
isab
ility
for
wom
en, w
hile
lupu
s is
the
mos
t com
mon
ly d
iagn
osed
aut
oim
-m
une
dise
ase
and
von
Will
ebra
nd D
isea
se is
the
mos
t com
mon
ble
edin
g di
sord
er in
wom
en.
Wom
en a
re a
lso
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
ly a
ffec
ted
bysu
ch c
ondi
tions
as
diab
etes
and
ast
hma.
The
prev
alen
ce o
f di
abet
es m
ellit
us in
crea
ses
with
age
and
is h
ighe
r am
ong
peop
le w
ho a
re o
ver-
wei
ght o
r ob
ese.
Rac
ial a
nd e
thni
c di
spar
ities
also
exi
st w
ith th
e ra
te f
or n
on-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckw
omen
nea
rly
twic
e th
e ra
te f
or n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te w
omen
and
1.5
tim
es th
e ra
te f
orH
ispa
nic
wom
en in
200
1. W
omen
with
dia
-be
tes
mel
litus
fac
e sp
ecia
l con
cern
s, in
clud
ing
an in
crea
sed
risk
of
hear
t dis
ease
, blin
dnes
s
8 INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
and
com
plic
atio
ns d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy.
In
2000
,di
abet
es m
ellit
us w
as th
e fi
fth
rank
edca
use
ofde
ath
for
U.S
. fem
ales
, acc
ount
ing
for
37,6
99de
aths
. Wom
en a
re a
lso
mor
e lik
ely
to s
uffe
rfr
om a
sthm
a, w
ith w
omen
age
d 64
and
youn
ger
expe
rien
cing
ast
hma
at n
earl
y tw
o tim
es th
era
te o
f m
en.
Hea
rt d
isea
se is
the
lead
ing
caus
e of
dea
thfo
r w
omen
in th
e U
.S. w
ith 3
65,9
53w
omen
dyin
g in
200
0. F
or o
ther
maj
orca
uses
of
deat
hin
clud
ing
canc
er a
nd s
trok
e,w
omen
die
at
low
er r
ates
than
men
.T
he s
econ
d le
adin
g ca
use
of d
eath
for
wom
en is
canc
er, a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r 26
7,00
9de
aths
in 2
000.
Rep
rese
ntin
g a
quar
ter
of a
llfe
mal
e ca
ncer
dea
ths,
lung
/bro
nchu
sca
ncer
was
the
lead
ing
caus
e of
can
cer
mor
talit
y, f
ol-
low
ed b
y br
east
can
cer
and
canc
er o
f th
e co
lon
and
rect
um. A
lthou
gh lu
ng c
ance
r ki
llsm
ore
wom
en, m
ore
wom
en a
re d
iagn
osed
eac
h ye
arw
ith b
reas
t can
cer
than
any
oth
er ty
pe o
fca
n-ce
r. F
rom
199
2 to
199
9, th
e in
cide
nce
rate
of
brea
st c
ance
r am
ong
U.S
. wom
en in
crea
sed
near
ly 5
per
cent
, fro
m 1
29.8
per
100
,000
wom
en in
199
2 to
135
.9 in
199
9.In
199
9,W
hite
wom
en h
ad th
e hi
ghes
t inc
iden
cera
tes
of b
reas
t can
cer
(140
.8),
fol
low
ed b
y B
lack
wom
en (
120.
9). A
lthou
gh W
hite
wom
en h
ave
a hi
gher
inci
denc
e of
bre
ast c
ance
r, B
lack
wom
en h
ave
high
er d
eath
rat
es f
rom
bre
ast
canc
er. B
etw
een
1995
-200
0, th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
wom
en w
ho s
mok
ed r
emai
ned
stea
dy a
t slig
ht-
ly m
ore
than
20
perc
ent o
f w
omen
age
d 18
and
olde
r. O
f pa
rtic
ular
con
cern
is th
at a
dole
scen
tgi
rls
repo
rt s
mok
ing
ciga
rette
s at
slig
htly
hig
h-er
rat
es th
an b
oys
(13.
6 pe
rcen
t com
pare
d w
ith12
.4 p
erce
nt).
In
2001
, 23.
0 pe
rcen
t of
fem
ales
aged
12
and
olde
r re
port
ed s
mok
ing
ciga
rette
sw
ithin
the
past
mon
th.
Tw
o ot
her
heal
th c
once
rns
on th
e fo
re-
fron
t of
the
wom
en's
hea
lth a
gend
aar
eH
1V/A
IDS
and
viol
ence
aga
inst
wom
en. I
n20
01, t
here
wer
e 11
,082
AID
Sca
ses
amon
gU
.S. f
emal
es a
ged
13 y
ears
and
old
er a
ttrib
uted
to th
ree
maj
or e
xpos
ure
cate
gori
es: h
eter
osex
-ua
l con
tact
, inj
ectin
g dr
ugus
e, a
nd u
ndet
er-
min
ed m
odes
of
tran
smis
sion
.O
f ca
ses
infe
mal
es w
ith k
now
n tr
ansm
issi
onso
urce
s, 3
7.4
perc
ent w
ere
expo
sed
thro
ugh
hete
rose
xual
cont
act.
In 2
001,
fem
ales
acc
ount
ed f
or 2
5.8
perc
ent o
f al
l dia
gnos
ed A
IDS
case
s.W
omen
are
mor
e lik
ely
to e
xper
ienc
ea
vio-
lent
cri
me
perp
etra
ted
by a
fri
end
or a
cqua
in-
tanc
e w
hile
men
are
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e vi
ctim
-iz
ed b
y a
stra
nger
. Whi
le th
e ov
eral
l pre
vale
nce
of v
iole
nce
agai
nst w
omen
in 1
999
was
5.8
per
1,00
0, a
mon
g w
omen
age
d 16
-24
year
s it
was
15.6
per
1,0
00. F
or a
ll ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
ps,
intim
ate
part
ner
viol
ence
exp
erie
nced
by
wom
en p
eaks
bet
wee
n th
e ag
es o
f 20
-24
year
s.B
lack
wom
en w
ithin
this
age
coh
ort e
xper
i-en
ced
vict
imiz
atio
ns a
t a r
ate
of n
earl
yon
e an
d
aha
lftim
esth
atof
Whi
te w
omen
.A
dditi
onal
ly, w
omen
are
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e vi
c-tim
s of
hom
icid
e by
intim
ate
part
ners
and
repo
rt th
e m
ajor
ity o
f se
xual
ass
aults
and
rap
es.
As
the
num
ber
of o
lder
Am
eric
ans
grow
s,at
tent
ion
is a
lso
focu
sed
on th
eca
re o
f se
nior
s.In
200
0, 6
4.8
perc
ent o
f ho
me
heal
thca
re s
erv-
ice
reci
pien
ts w
ere
wom
en.
Incr
easi
ng n
um-
bers
of
wom
en a
nd m
en a
re a
lso
usin
g ho
spic
eca
re to
mee
t the
ir e
nd-o
f-lif
e ne
eds.
Bet
wee
n19
92 a
nd 2
000,
the
num
ber
of h
ospi
ceca
repa
tient
s do
uble
d. I
n 20
00, w
omen
outn
um-
bere
d m
en a
mon
g ho
spic
eca
re p
atie
nts
with
60,6
00 f
emal
es c
ompa
red
to 4
4,90
0 m
ales
.W
omen
's H
ealth
USA
200
3 pr
ovid
es th
ein
form
atio
n fo
r tr
acki
ng o
ur e
ffor
ts to
hel
psh
ape
a he
alth
y fu
ture
for
all
Am
eric
ans.
The
sest
atis
tics
show
sig
nifi
cant
adv
ance
s in
wom
en's
heal
th, y
et c
halle
nges
rem
ain.
Adv
ance
s in
med
ical
res
earc
h an
d tr
eatm
ent p
rom
ise
solu
-tio
ns to
som
e of
our
mos
t pre
ssin
g co
nditi
ons,
such
as
hear
t dis
ease
, dia
bete
s,ca
ncer
, and
HIV
/AID
S, w
hile
beh
avio
r ch
ange
and
per-
sona
l res
pons
ibili
ty p
rovi
de o
ppor
tuni
ties
tofu
rthe
r im
prov
e ou
r he
alth
and
qua
lity
of li
fe.
Hea
lthy
wom
en b
uild
hea
lthy
com
mun
ities
.
----<-7rc=,
';.4
-
,-s=r,
t;i.",
<t<,,
tc`v.`4
,,;1 '") nt`.
'';4::<
-4
,r-,` '
.
;'`=
'ot^=
;"41'
4P1r
5v, 4
5s,` 59 S
tkc<
.11,?,,
'4"
9,55
E .
=
54 ,
1 1BEST COPY AVALABLE
10
I. PO
PU
LAT
ION
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
Popu
latio
nch
arac
teri
stic
sde
scri
be th
edi
vers
e so
cial
, dem
ogra
phic
, and
eco
nom
ic f
ea-
ture
s of
wom
en in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es (
U.S
.).
Rep
rese
ntin
g sl
ight
ly m
ore
than
hal
f of
the
Nat
ion'
s po
pula
tion,
wom
en a
nd g
irls
num
ber
appr
oxim
atel
y 14
2 m
illio
n.A
naly
sis
and
com
pari
son
of d
ata
acro
ssge
nder
, age
, and
rac
e an
d et
hnic
ity c
an b
e us
edto
tailo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
eva
luat
ion
ofpr
ogra
ms
and
polic
ies
serv
ing
wom
en's
hea
lth.
The
fol
low
ing
sect
ion
pres
ents
dat
a on
popu
latio
n ch
arac
teri
stic
s th
at a
ffec
t wom
en's
heal
th. T
hese
indi
cato
rs in
clud
eag
e, r
ace,
edu
-ca
tion,
inco
me,
occ
upat
ions
, and
par
ticip
atio
nin
Fed
eral
prog
ram
s.
11
POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
CtE
RIS
TIC
S
U.S
. PO
PU
LAT
ION
In 2
001,
the
U.S
. pop
ulat
ion
reac
hed
277
mill
ion,
with
fem
ales
rep
rese
ntin
g 51
.2 p
erce
ntof
the
tota
l pop
ulat
ion.
Fem
ales
und
er a
ge 3
4ac
coun
ted
for
47.3
per
cent
of
the
fem
ale
pop-
ulat
ion,
thos
e ag
ed 3
5-64
rep
rese
nted
39.
2 pe
r-ce
nt, a
nd f
emal
es a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
acc
ount
edfo
r 13
.6 p
erce
nt.
The
pop
ulat
ion
of w
omen
and
men
was
very
sim
ilar
for
all a
ge g
roup
s, w
ith th
e ex
cep-
tion
of a
sig
nifi
cant
ly la
rger
num
ber
of w
omen
in th
e ol
der
age
grou
p. O
f pe
ople
age
d 65
and
olde
r, 5
8.0
perc
ent w
ere
wom
en.
U.S
. Pop
ulat
ion,
by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(1.
1): U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u
50,0
00
40,0
00
30,0
00
20,0
00
10,0
00
29,4
4330
,849
18,1
3018
,636
19,4
0819
,083
U.S
. Fem
ale
Pop
ulat
ion,
by
Age
, 200
1So
urce
(L
1): U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u
55-6
4 ye
ars
9 2%
L5-5
4 ye
ars
30 0
%
42'4
9840
,677
Fem
ale
FM
ale
L1is
25-3
4 ye
ars
3 7%
Und
er15
yea
rs20
7%
15-2
4 ye
ars
8%,
13,0
6111
,973
19 2
76
13,9
83
Und
er 1
5 ye
ars
15-2
4 ye
ars
25-3
4 ye
ars
35-5
4 ye
ars
55-6
4 ye
ars
65 Y
ears
'and
old
er
(A)
12 POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
C 1
ER
IST
1CS
U.S
. FE
MA
LE P
OP
ULA
TIO
N B
YR
AC
ET
he f
emal
e po
pula
tion
in th
e U
.S. i
sgr
ow-
ing
incr
easi
ngly
div
erse
. Thi
s di
vers
ity is
ref
lect
-ed
in th
e ra
cial
and
eth
nic
dist
ribu
tion
ofw
omen
by
age
grou
p.In
200
0, a
larg
er p
ortio
n of
the
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en w
ere
aged
65
or o
lder
(17.
2 pe
rcen
t) a
s co
mpa
red
to o
ther
rac
ial a
ndet
hnic
gro
ups
(9.6
per
cent
of
Bla
ckw
omen
, 5.9
perc
ent o
f H
ispa
nic,
6.4
per
cent
of
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/Ala
ska
Nat
ive,
and
8.6
per
cent
of
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
fem
ales
). T
hepr
opor
-tio
n of
fem
ales
age
d 25
yea
rs a
ndyo
unge
r is
muc
h hi
gher
in n
on-W
hite
rac
ial a
nd e
thni
cgr
oups
, with
47.
6 pe
rcen
t of
the
fem
ale
His
pani
c po
pula
tion,
44.
4 pe
rcen
t of
the
fem
ale
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n/A
lask
a N
ativ
epo
pu-
latio
n, a
nd 4
0.1
perc
ent o
f th
e B
lack
fem
ale
popu
latio
n w
ithin
this
age
coh
ort.
U.S
. Fem
ale
Pop
ulat
ion,
by
Age
and
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
0So
urce
(L
2): U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u
50 40C
I) a) g 30 10
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
172
*Doe
s no
t exc
lude
His
pani
cs
Und
er 2
5 ye
ars
25-3
4 ye
ars
35-6
4 ye
ars
65 y
ears
and
olde
r
47.6 I7 629
0
111
His
pani
c
44.4
34 5
6 4
33 9 18
6
38.9
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
lask
a N
ativ
e*
8 6
Asi
an/
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
*
- t`t
tt
'144k
,^,
t.t.tst.4,t
,'
"
>.",
s'ke,
" Aulsc, 4,; NNS
4 'k
5BEST COPY AVAILABLE
14 POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
WO
ME
N A
ND
ED
UC
AT
ION
The
num
ber
of e
duca
tiona
l deg
rees
aw
ard-
ed to
wom
en h
as in
crea
sed
dram
atic
ally
over
the
past
thre
e de
cade
s fr
om 5
18,2
94 in
196
9-19
70 to
ove
r1.
3m
illio
nin
1999
-200
0.A
lthou
gh th
e nu
mbe
rs f
or e
very
type
of
degr
eeha
ve in
crea
sed,
the
larg
est g
row
th h
as b
een
in
Deg
rees
Aw
arde
d to
Wom
en, b
y T
ype,
196
9-20
00So
urce
(1.
3): U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
n
800,
000
or)
700,
000
mu'
600,
000
ca 5
00,0
00
8,
400
000
.0 z 30
0,00
0
200,
000
100,
000 0
Bac
helo
r'sD
egre
eF
irst
Pro
fess
iona
lD
egre
e*
Mas
ter's
Deg
ree
Ass
ocia
teD
egre
e
prof
essi
onal
deg
rees
, gro
win
g fr
om 1
,841
in19
69-1
970
to 3
5,81
8 in
199
9-20
00.
In 1
999-
2000
, fem
ales
obt
aine
da
grea
ter
perc
ent o
f th
e as
soci
ate,
bac
helo
r's a
nd m
as-
ter's
deg
rees
aw
arde
d. T
his
refl
ects
con
side
r-ab
le g
ains
fro
m 1
969-
1970
, whe
n m
ales
wer
em
ore
likel
y th
an f
emal
es to
be
awar
ded
post
-se
cond
ary
degr
ees
of a
ll ty
pes.
Alth
ough
mal
es
Doc
tora
lD
egre
e**
1969
-197
019
79-1
980
1989
-199
0
*Inc
lude
s fie
lds
of d
entis
try
(D.D
.S. o
r am
p.),
med
icin
e (M
.D.)
, opt
omet
ry (
0.0.
),os
teop
athi
c m
edic
ine
(0.0
.), p
harm
acy
(D.P
har.
), p
odia
try
(D.P
M.)
, vet
erin
ary
med
icin
e (D
.V.M
.), c
hiro
prac
tic (
D.C
. or
acm
.), l
aw (
LL.B
. or
J.D
.), a
nd th
eolo
gica
lpr
ofes
sion
s (M
.Div
. or
M.H
.L.)
.
*inc
lude
s D
octo
r of
Phi
loso
phy
degr
ee (
Ph.
D.)
as
wel
l as
degr
ees
awar
ded
for
fulfi
lling
spec
ializ
ed r
equi
rem
ents
in p
rofe
ssio
nal f
ield
s su
ch a
s ed
ucat
ion
(Ed0
), m
usic
al a
rts
(D.M
.A.)
, bus
ines
s ad
min
istr
atio
n (D
.B.A
.), a
nd e
ngin
eerin
g (D
.Eng
. or
D.E
S.)
. Firs
t-pr
ofes
sion
al d
egre
es, s
uch
as M
.D.,
and
D.D
.S.,
are
not i
nclu
ded
unde
r th
is h
eadi
ng.
707
, 508
wer
e st
ill m
ore
likel
y th
an f
emal
es to
ear
npr
o-fe
ssio
nal a
nd d
octo
ral d
egre
es, t
hepr
opor
tion
of p
rofe
ssio
nal d
egre
es a
war
ded
tow
omen
incr
ease
d fr
om 5
.3pe
rcen
t in
1969
-197
0 to
44.7
per
cent
in 1
999-
2000
.W
hile
onl
y 13
.3pe
rcen
t of
doct
oral
deg
rees
aw
arde
d in
196
9-19
70 w
ent t
ow
omen
, thi
s pr
opor
tion
mor
eth
an tr
iple
d to
44.
1pe
rcen
t in
1999
-200
0.
Deg
rees
Aw
arde
d to
Wom
en, b
y T
ype,
196
9-19
70 a
nd 1
999-
2000
Sour
ce (
1.3)
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tion
80 70 60
Co
340,
212
e ).
50a)
265,
264
rn "640
°- 3
035
,818
19,7
80
1999
-200
020 10
1969
-197
0
1999
-200
0
58.0
Ass
ocia
teD
egre
eB
ache
lor's
Deg
ree
Mas
ter's
Deg
ree
44.7
5
1111 F
irst
Pro
fess
iona
l
Deg
ree*
44.1
Doc
tora
l
Deg
ree*
*
15
POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
WO
ME
N IN
HE
ALT
HP
RO
FE
SS
ION
S S
CH
OO
LSH
ealth
pro
fess
ions
hav
e lo
ng b
een
char
ac-
teri
zed
by s
ex d
ispa
ritie
s.In
the
past
, mal
esdo
min
ated
med
ical
, den
tal,
and
phar
mac
eutic
alsc
hool
s, w
hile
wom
en m
ade
up th
e m
ajor
ity o
fnu
rsin
g an
d pu
blic
hea
lth s
tude
nts.
Dur
ing
the
past
two
deca
des,
the
enro
llmen
t of
wom
en in
med
ical
, den
tal,
phar
mac
y, a
nd p
ublic
hea
lthsc
hool
s ha
s in
crea
sed
cons
ider
ably
. For
exa
m-
ple,
fem
ale
dent
al s
tude
nts
grew
fro
m 1
7.0
per-
cent
of
tota
l enr
ollm
ent t
o 38
.7 p
erce
ntbe
twee
n 19
80-1
981
and
2000
-200
1. T
he p
er-
cent
age
of m
edic
al s
tude
nts
who
wer
e w
omen
also
incr
ease
d dr
amat
ical
ly o
ver
this
sam
e pe
ri-
od.
In 1
980-
1981
, fem
ales
acc
ount
ed f
orsl
ight
ly m
ore
than
one
qua
rter
of
med
ical
stu
-de
nts;
by
2000
-200
1, th
is p
ropo
rtio
n ha
din
crea
sed
to 4
4.6
perc
ent.
Wom
en o
utnu
m-
bere
d m
en in
U.S
. sch
ools
of
phar
mac
y an
dpu
blic
hea
lth in
200
0-20
01.
As
wom
en h
ave
incr
ease
d th
eir
repr
esen
ta-
tion
in h
ealth
pro
fess
iona
l sch
ools
that
hav
etr
aditi
onal
ly b
een
dom
inat
ed b
y m
en, t
heir
con
-ce
ntra
tion
has
decr
ease
d in
nur
sing
, a f
ield
that
has
been
and
con
tinue
s to
be
mad
e up
alm
ost
entir
ely
of w
omen
. Whi
le th
e nu
mbe
rs o
f st
u-de
nts
enro
lled
in n
ursi
ng s
choo
ls in
crea
sed
over
the
past
two
deca
des,
the
perc
enta
ge o
f
nurs
ing
stud
ents
who
wer
e w
omen
dec
lined
from
94.
3 pe
rcen
t in
1980
-198
1 to
90.
3 in
2000
-200
1, r
efle
ctin
g m
en's
incr
easi
ng r
ole
inth
e nu
rsin
g pr
ofes
sion
.
Wom
en in
Sch
ools
for
Sel
ecte
d H
ealth
Pro
fess
ions
, 198
0-19
81 a
nd20
00-2
001
Sour
ce (
1.4)
: Pro
fess
iona
l Ass
ocia
tions
100 80
94.3
90.3
1980
-198
1
2000
-200
1
67.9
65.4
6055
.2
47 4
44.6
4038
.7
26.5
I20
17.0
I
0M
edic
ine
Den
tistr
yN
ursi
ngP
ublic
Hea
lthP
harm
acy
16
POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
WO
ME
N IN
TH
E L
AB
OR
FO
RC
EA
s th
e pr
opor
tion
of U
.S.
wom
en in
the
labo
r fo
rce
cont
inue
s to
incr
ease
, so
does
thei
rre
pres
enta
tion
in v
ario
us o
ccup
atio
nal s
ecto
rs.
In 2
001,
wom
en m
ade
up 4
6.5
perc
ent o
f th
ela
bor
forc
e. T
he o
ccup
atio
nal s
ecto
rs w
ith th
ehi
ghes
t rep
rese
ntat
ion
of w
omen
incl
uded
sale
s an
d of
fice
occ
upat
ions
(63
.7 p
erce
nt)
and
serv
ice
occu
patio
ns (
56.7
per
cent
).A
lthou
gh w
omen
may
be
mak
ing
stri
des
inte
rms
of e
qual
em
ploy
men
t with
men
, onl
y29
.0 p
erce
nt o
f th
ose
who
ear
ned
betw
een
$50,
000-
$99,
999
wer
e w
omen
, and
an
even
Dis
trib
utio
n of
Wom
en A
ged
Sour
ce (
I.1)
: U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau
00
smal
ler
prop
ortio
n of
thos
e w
ho e
arne
dov
er$1
00,0
00w
ere
wom
en(1
7.1
perc
ent)
.Fu
rthe
rmor
e, w
omen
ear
ned
only
76
cent
s fo
rev
ery
dolla
r th
at m
en e
arne
d in
200
1.1
With
60.
9 m
illio
n w
omen
in th
e w
ork
forc
e,th
eir
heal
th a
nd s
afet
y is
cri
tical
to A
mer
ica'
spr
oduc
tivity
. In
2000
, 555
,722
wom
en s
us-
tain
ed a
non
-fat
al o
ccup
atio
nal i
njur
y. W
omen
wor
king
in s
ales
/adm
inis
trat
ive
supp
ort a
ndse
rvic
e oc
cupa
tions
had
the
high
est
perc
ent-
ages
of
inju
ries
(23
.8 a
nd 3
2.4
perc
ent r
espe
c-tiv
ely)
. Nea
rly
half
(47
.5 p
erce
nt)
of a
llno
n-fa
tal i
njur
ies
incl
uded
spr
ains
, str
ains
,or
tear
sto
a m
uscl
e, te
ndon
, lig
amen
t, or
join
t.2 I
n
addi
tion
to p
hysi
cal r
isks
, one
stu
dy s
how
edth
at 6
0 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en r
epor
ted
that
stre
ssw
as th
eir
mos
t sig
nifi
cant
pro
blem
at w
ork.
3
1U.S
. Dep
a.rt
men
t of
Lab
or. B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tatis
tics.
Lab
orFo
rce
Stat
istic
s fo
r th
e C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n Su
rvey
. Med
ian
Wee
kly
Ear
ning
s. h
ttp://
stat
s.b1
s.go
v/cp
s/cp
saat
37.p
df
2U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
. Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tistic
s. I
njur
ies,
Illn
esse
s, a
nd F
atal
ities
, Tab
le R
43 a
nd R
47.
http
://st
ats.
b1s.
gov/
iif/o
shcd
new
.htm
#Res
ourc
e%20
Tab
le%
20ca
tego
ries
%20
-%20
2000
3Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
r O
ccup
atio
nal S
afet
y an
d H
ealth
,"W
omen
's S
afet
y an
d H
ealth
Iss
ues
at W
ork.
" C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
seC
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n, N
IOSH
. Cin
cinn
ati,
OH
, 200
1.h
up://
ww
w. c
dc.g
ov/n
iosh
/01-
123.
h tm
l.
16 a
nd O
lder
in O
ccup
atio
nal S
ecto
rs, 2
001
Dis
trib
utio
n of
Wom
en A
ged
16 a
nd O
lder
Acr
oss
Ear
ning
Lev
els,
2001
Sour
ce (
I.1)
: U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau
80 7063
.7
6056
.7
5049
.9
40 3024
.921
.020 10
3.5
0S
ales
Ser
vice
Man
agem
ent,
Pro
duct
ion,
Far
min
g,C
onst
ruct
ion,
and
Offi
ceO
ccup
atio
nsO
ccup
atio
nsP
rofe
ssio
nal,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
and
Rel
ated
and
Mat
eria
lF
ishi
ng,
and
Ext
ract
ion,
and
Mai
nten
ance
Occ
upat
ions
Mov
ing
For
estr
YO
ccup
atio
nsO
ccup
atio
nsO
ccup
atio
ns
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
57.7
60.2
55.4
43 4
Less
$2,5
00-
$10,
000-
$25,
000-
than
9,99
924
,999
49,9
99$2
,500
$50,
000-
99,9
99
17.1
$100
,000
+
9
lEST COPY AVAILABLE
18
POPL
ILA
liO
N C
l IA
RA
CT
I.iR
JS
WO
ME
N A
ND
FE
DE
RA
LP
RO
GR
AM
PA
RT
ICIP
AT
ION
Fede
ral f
ood
and
nutr
ition
ass
ista
nce
pro-
gram
s se
rve
man
y w
omen
in th
e U
.S.
The
Fede
ral F
ood
Stam
ppr
ogra
m h
elps
low
-in
com
e in
divi
dual
s pu
rcha
se n
utri
tious
foo
ds.
In 2
001,
70.
3 pe
rcen
t of
all a
dult
Food
Sta
mp
prog
ram
par
ticip
ants
wer
e fe
mal
es. T
he la
rges
tpe
rcen
t of
wom
en p
artic
ipan
ts w
ere
aged
18-
35 (
44.8
per
cent
).
Adu
lt R
ecip
ient
s of
Foo
d S
tam
ps, b
y A
ge, 2
001
Sour
ce (
1.5)
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
re
t\.)
3,00
0
2,50
0
2,00
0
1,50
0
1,00
0
500
The
Sup
plem
enta
l Foo
d Pr
ogra
m f
orW
omen
, Inf
ants
, and
Chi
ldre
n (W
IC)
also
play
san
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
ser
ving
wom
en b
y pr
ovid
-in
g su
pple
men
tary
nut
ritio
n du
ring
preg
nanc
y,th
e po
stpa
rtum
per
iod,
and
whi
lebr
east
feed
-in
g. F
rom
199
2 to
200
0, th
e nu
mbe
r of
adul
tw
omen
par
ticip
atin
g in
WIC
incr
ease
d by
47
perc
ent,
from
app
roxi
mat
ely
1.3
mill
ion
part
ic-
ipan
ts in
199
2 to
nea
rly
1.9
mill
ion
in 2
000.
Fe-m
ale
Mal
e
1,18
8
473
18-3
5 ye
ars
36-5
9 ye
ars
60 y
ears
and
old
er
Wom
en W
IC P
artic
ipan
ts, S
elec
ted
Yea
rs19
92-2
000
Sour
ce (
1.6)
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
re
2,00
0,00
0
1,89
3,18
41,
774,
164
1,87
3,96
3
1,59
5,71
31,
500,
000
1,28
8,89
7
1,00
0,00
019
9219
9419
9619
9820
00
19
POPU
LA
TIO
N C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
WO
ME
N A
ND
FE
DE
RA
LP
RO
GR
AM
PA
RT
ICIP
AT
ION
(Con
t'd)
Tem
pora
ry A
ssis
tanc
e to
Nee
dy F
amili
es(T
AN
F) is
the
Fede
ral-
and-
Stat
e fu
nded
pro
-gr
am th
at p
rovi
des
cash
ass
ista
nce
and
wor
kop
port
uniti
es to
nee
dy f
amili
es. I
n 19
96,
TA
NF
repl
aced
the
natio
nal w
elfa
re p
rogr
amkn
own
as A
id to
Fam
ilies
with
Dep
ende
ntC
hild
ren
(AFD
C)
and
rela
ted
initi
ativ
es k
now
nas
the
Job
Opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d B
asic
Skill
s
Tra
inin
g (J
OB
S) p
rogr
am a
nd th
e E
mer
genc
yA
ssis
tanc
e (E
A)
prog
ram
. The
ove
rarc
hing
goal
s of
TA
NF
are
to m
ove
reci
pien
ts in
to
wor
k an
d tu
rn w
elfa
re in
to a
pro
gram
of
tem
-po
rary
ass
ista
nce
with
a li
fetim
e m
axim
umal
low
ance
of
5 ye
ars.
In F
isca
l Yea
r 20
00, a
dult
TA
NF
reci
pien
tsnu
mbe
red
1.6
mill
ion,
of
who
m 1
.4 m
illio
nw
ere
wom
en (
90 p
erce
nt).
Fem
ales
usi
ng th
eT
AN
F pr
ogra
m w
ere
larg
ely
dom
inat
ed b
yyo
ung
and
mid
dle-
aged
wom
en, w
ith th
ree-
quar
ters
of
adul
t fem
ale
reci
pien
ts b
etw
een
20an
d 39
yea
rs o
f ag
e. A
mon
g ad
ult f
emal
eT
AN
F re
cipi
ents
, nea
rly
27 p
erce
nt w
ere
empl
oyed
(co
mpa
red
to 2
5.1
perc
ent o
f m
ale
reci
pien
ts),
49.
3 pe
rcen
t wer
e no
t em
ploy
ed,
and
the
rem
aini
ng 2
4.2
perc
ent w
ere
not i
n th
ela
bor
forc
e.
Fem
ale
Rec
ipie
nts
of T
AN
F, b
y A
ge, F
isca
l Yea
r 20
00So
urce
(1.
7): A
dmin
istr
atio
n fo
r C
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
30-3
9 ye
ars
31.9
%
II
40-4
9 ye
ars
- 13
.5%
4--
50 y
ears
and
old
er -
2.8
%U
nkno
wn
- 0.
1%
4--
Und
er 2
0 ye
ars
- 7.
3%
In 2
000,
the
aver
age
amou
nt o
f m
onth
lyas
sist
ance
pro
vide
d th
roug
h T
AN
F w
as $
349.
Som
e T
AN
F fa
mili
es w
ith c
hild
ren
who
wer
eno
t em
ploy
ed a
lso
rece
ived
ass
ista
nce
in th
efo
rm o
f ch
ild c
are
and
tran
spor
tatio
n. O
fT
AN
F fa
mili
es w
ho w
ere
empl
oyed
, the
ave
r-ag
e m
onth
ly n
on-T
AN
F in
com
e w
as $
580.
Supp
lem
enta
l Sec
urity
Inc
ome
(SSI
)is
anot
her
publ
ic a
ssis
tanc
e pr
ogra
m th
at p
ro-
vide
s su
ppor
t to
low
-inc
ome
and
disa
bled
per
-so
ns. I
n 20
01, 6
1.6
perc
ent o
f ad
ults
rec
eivi
ngfe
dera
lly-a
dmin
iste
red
SSI
paym
ents
wer
ew
omen
. The
maj
ority
of
adul
t fem
ales
rec
eiv-
ing
SSI
paym
ents
wer
e un
der
age
65.
Fem
ale
Rec
ipie
nts
of T
AN
F, b
y E
mpl
oym
ent S
tatu
s, F
isca
l Yea
r 20
00So
urce
(1.
8): A
dmin
istr
atio
n fo
r C
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
Not
in L
abor
For
ce24
.2%
Une
mpl
oyed
49.3
%j
Em
ploY
ed26
.6%
20 WO
ME
N A
ND
PO
VE
RT
YIn
200
1, 1
2.8
mill
ion
wom
en a
nd 8
.4 m
il-lio
n m
en a
ged
18 a
nd o
lder
wer
e liv
ing
with
inco
mes
bel
ow th
e Fe
dera
l pov
erty
leve
l.1W
omen
age
d 18
-24
wer
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
be
poor
,w
ith a
pov
erty
rat
e of
19.
0 pe
rcen
t. T
hepe
r-ce
ntag
e of
fem
ales
und
er th
e Fe
dera
l pov
erty
leve
l dec
lines
aft
er w
omen
rea
chag
e 65
.In
2001
, the
low
est p
over
ty r
ate
was
am
ong
wom
en a
ged
45-6
4 (8
.7 p
erce
nt).
The
pov
erty
rate
then
incr
ease
d fo
r w
omen
age
d 65
and
olde
r to
11.
2 pe
rcen
t and
13.
6pe
rcen
t for
wom
en a
ged
75 a
nd o
lder
.A
mon
g se
lect
ed h
ouse
hold
type
s,w
omen
head
ing
hous
ehol
ds w
ithno
spo
use
had
the
high
est r
ates
of
pove
rty
(26.
4 pe
rcen
t), f
ol-
low
ed b
y fe
mal
es li
ving
alo
ne (
19.2
per
cent
).T
he p
over
ty r
ate
for
wom
en li
ving
in m
arri
edco
uple
fam
ilies
was
muc
h lo
wer
(4.
9 pe
rcen
t).
Wom
en L
ivin
g B
elow
the
Pov
erty
Lev
el, b
y A
ge, 2
001
Sour
ce (
1.9)
: Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey
t,) (\)
20 15 10 5 0
19.0
13.6
10.0
8.7
11.2
13.6
18-2
4ye
ars
25-3
4ye
ars
35-4
4ye
ars
45-6
4ye
ars
65-7
4ye
ars
75 y
ears
and
olde
r
.1;1
1
1The
Cen
sus
Bur
eau
uses
a s
et o
f m
oney
inco
me
thre
shol
ds th
atva
ry b
y fa
mily
siz
e an
d co
mpo
sitio
n to
det
erm
ine
who
is p
oor.
If
a fa
mily
's to
tal i
ncom
e is
less
than
that
fam
ily's
thre
shol
d, th
enth
at f
amily
and
eve
ry in
divi
dual
in it
is c
onsi
dere
d to
be
poor
.E
xam
ples
of
2001
pov
erty
leve
ls w
ere
$9,0
39 f
oran
indi
vidu
al,
$11,
569
for
a fa
mily
of
two,
$14
,128
for
a f
amily
of
thre
e, a
nd$1
8,10
4 fo
r a
fam
ily o
f fo
ur.
Wom
en L
ivin
g B
elow
the
Pov
erty
Lev
el, b
y H
ouse
hold
Typ
e, 2
001
Sour
ce (
1.9)
: Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey
30 25 20 15 10
5 0
4.9
Wom
en in
Mar
ried
Cou
ple
Fam
ilies
26.4
19.2
Wom
en in
Fem
ale-
Hea
ded
Hou
seho
lds
Wom
en L
ivin
gA
lone
21
HE
ALT
H S
TA
TU
ST
he s
yste
mat
ic a
sses
smen
t of
wom
en's
heal
th s
tatu
s en
able
s he
alth
pro
fess
iona
ls a
ndpo
licy
mak
ers
to d
eter
min
e th
e im
pact
of
past
and
curr
ent h
ealth
inte
rven
tions
and
the
need
for
new
pro
gram
s. T
rend
s in
hea
lth s
tatu
s he
lpto
iden
tify
new
issu
es a
s th
ey e
mer
ge.
In th
e fo
llow
ing
sect
ion,
hea
lth s
tatu
s in
di-
cato
rs a
re p
rese
nted
rel
ated
to m
orta
lity,
heal
thbe
havi
ors,
mor
bidi
ty, a
nd r
epro
duct
ive
heal
th.
Issu
es p
ertin
ent t
o se
lect
ed p
opul
atio
ns o
fw
omen
, inc
ludi
ng o
lder
, im
mig
rant
,ru
ral,
and
inca
rcer
ated
wom
en a
re a
lso
addr
esse
d. T
heda
ta a
re d
ispl
ayed
by
gend
er, a
ge, a
nd r
ace
and
ethn
icity
, whe
re a
vaila
ble.
22 HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
NU
TR
ITIO
NT
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
's(U
SDA
) Fo
od G
uide
Pyr
amid
pro
vide
s di
etar
ygu
idel
ines
for
indi
vidu
als
aged
2 y
ears
and
old
eron
dai
ly n
utri
tiona
l int
ake
and
redu
cing
exc
es-
sive
fat
con
sum
ptio
n. A
ccor
ding
to th
e Fo
odG
uide
Pyr
amid
, eve
ryon
e sh
ould
eat
at l
east
the
min
imum
num
ber
of s
ervi
ngs
with
in th
ere
c-om
men
ded
rang
es, w
hich
are
6-1
1 gr
ain
serv
-in
gs, 3
-5 v
eget
able
ser
ving
s, 2
-4 f
ruit
serv
ings
,2-
3 da
iry
serv
ings
, and
5-7
oun
ces
of m
eat.
The
num
ber
of s
ervi
ngs
that
is r
ight
for
a pe
r-so
n m
ay v
ary
depe
ndin
g on
thei
r ca
lori
c ne
eds,
age,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l, an
d w
heth
er a
wom
an is
pre
gnan
t or
lact
atin
g.rD
Dur
ing
1994
-199
6, th
e m
ajor
ity o
fw
omen
411.
age
d 20
and
old
er d
idno
t con
sum
e th
e da
ilyre
com
men
ded
serv
ings
for
any
of
the
food
grou
ps in
the
Food
Gui
de P
yram
id. W
omen
wer
e m
ore
likel
y (4
5 pe
rcen
t) to
con
sum
e th
ere
com
men
ded
serv
ings
for
the
vege
tabl
egr
oup
and
less
like
ly (
16 p
erce
nt)
toco
nsum
e th
e re
c-om
men
ded
serv
ings
of
dair
y, w
hich
isan
impo
rtan
t sou
rce
of c
alci
um. H
owev
er,
men
wer
e m
ore
likel
y th
an w
omen
to c
onsu
me
the
reco
mm
ende
d am
ount
s of
all
food
gro
ups.
Adu
lts A
ged
20 a
nd O
lder
Who
Con
sum
ed th
e R
ecom
men
ded
Ser
ving
s* o
f Foo
d G
roup
s,by
Sex
, 199
4-19
96So
urce
(H
A):
Con
tinui
ng S
urve
y of
Foo
d In
take
s by
Ind
ivid
uals
80 70
'cr) -0
60
CZ 0 C
\1 -050
a) -040
"5 a)30
0_
20 10
37
65
45
65
26
Gra
inV
eget
able
Fem
ale
Mal
e
28
16
2725
61
Fru
itD
airy
Mea
t
*Rec
omm
ende
d se
rvin
gs w
ere
deriv
ed fr
om "
The
Foo
d G
uide
Pyr
amid
," b
ased
on a
t lea
st 6
ser
ving
s of
gra
ins,
3 s
ervi
ngs
of v
eget
able
s, 2
ser
ving
s of
frui
t, 2
serv
ings
of d
airy
, and
5ou
nces
of m
eat p
er d
ay w
hen
an in
divi
dual
con
sum
ed 2
,200
to2,
800
calo
ries.
Con
sum
ptio
n of
ser
ving
s w
as a
vera
ged
over
a 2
-day
per
iod.
23
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
VIT
AM
IN A
ND
MIN
ER
AL
SU
PP
LEM
EN
T U
SE
Vita
min
and
min
eral
sup
plem
ent
use
is o
fpa
rtic
ular
inte
rest
for
the
heal
th o
fw
omen
.T
here
are
spe
cifi
c ci
rcum
stan
ces
duri
ng a
wom
an's
life
cyc
le w
hich
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ithsp
ecia
l vita
min
and
min
eral
sup
plem
ent n
eeds
(e.g
the
peri
od p
rior
to c
once
ptio
n,du
ring
preg
nanc
y, a
nd w
hen
at r
isk
for
cert
ain
heal
thco
nditi
ons
such
as
oste
opor
osis
).In
200
0, 5
6.9
perc
ent o
f U
.S.
wom
en to
okat
leas
t one
type
of
a vi
tam
inor
min
eral
sup
-
plem
ent d
urin
g th
e ye
ar. N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tew
omen
rep
orte
d th
e hi
ghes
t pro
port
ion
ofsu
pple
men
t use
(61
.7 p
erce
nt).
In
gene
ral,
the
use
of v
itam
in a
nd m
iner
al s
uppl
emen
tsin
crea
sed
with
age
. In
2000
, 64.
6pe
rcen
t of
wom
en a
ged
65-8
4 re
port
ed u
sing
any
vita
min
or m
iner
al s
uppl
emen
t com
pare
d to
43.
8pe
r-ce
nt o
f w
omen
age
d 18
-24,
alth
ough
use
decl
ined
am
ong
wom
en a
ged
85 a
ndol
der.
Cal
cium
is n
eces
sary
for
bui
ldin
g an
dm
ain-
tain
ing
stro
ng a
nd h
ealth
y bo
nes.
The
Nat
iona
lA
cade
my
of S
cien
ces
reco
mm
ends
that
adu
ltsag
ed 1
9-50
yea
rs g
et 1
,000
mg
of c
alci
um p
er
Vita
min
and
Min
eral
Sup
plem
enta
tion
Am
ong
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
0So
urce
(11
.2.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
56 9
H5
-^
70-
Tot
a I
61.7
29 7
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
2
34 2
10
Any
Vita
min
or
Min
eral
Sup
plem
ent
Mul
ti-V
itam
inC
alci
um 43 3
15 1
48 0
-
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
20 4
His
pani
cN
on-
His
pani
cO
ther
Rac
es
day
and
adul
ts a
ged
51 a
nd o
lder
get 1
,200
mg
per
day.
1 W
omen
may
take
a c
alci
um s
uppl
e-m
ent i
f th
ey d
o no
t thi
nk th
ey a
re m
eetin
g th
isre
com
men
datio
n by
eat
ing
calc
ium
ric
hfo
ods
such
as
milk
, che
ese,
and
yogu
rt. I
n 20
00, 2
5.5
perc
ent o
f w
omen
took
a c
alci
um s
uppl
emen
t.W
omen
age
d 65
-84
repo
rted
the
high
est
per-
cent
of
calc
ium
sup
plem
ent u
se (
37.5
per
cent
).
ISta
ndin
g C
omm
ittee
on
the
Scie
ntif
ic E
valu
atio
n of
Die
tary
Ref
eren
ce I
ntak
es, F
ood
and
Nut
ritio
n B
oard
, Ins
titut
e of
Med
icin
e. D
ieta
ry R
efer
ence
Int
akes
For
Cal
cium
, Pho
spho
rus,
Mag
nesi
um, V
itam
in D
, and
Flu
orid
e. T
able
Sl.
http
://w
ww
.nap
.edu
/htr
nI/d
ri_c
a1ci
um/ta
bIes
.htm
l
Vita
min
and
Min
eral
Sup
plem
enta
tion
Am
ong
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Age
, 200
0So
urce
(II
.2):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
Any
Vita
min
or
Min
eral
Sup
plem
ent
Mul
ti-V
itam
in
Cal
cium
10 9
111
18-2
4 ye
ars
25-4
4 ye
ars
45-6
4 ye
ars
65-8
4 ye
ars
85 y
ears
and
olde
r
24,
liEA
T-T
ti ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth )
3eha
vior
s,
PH
YS
ICA
L A
CT
IVIT
YH
ealth
pro
fess
iona
ls r
ecom
men
d re
gula
rph
ysic
al a
ctiv
ity to
impr
ove
wel
lnes
s an
dre
duce
ris
k of
dis
ease
.Ph
ysic
al in
activ
ity is
asi
gnif
ican
t pro
blem
am
ong
U.S
. adu
lts, c
on-
trib
utin
g to
a h
ost o
f he
alth
ris
k fa
ctor
s an
dhe
alth
con
ditio
ns in
clud
ing
obes
ity, h
yper
ten-
sion
, hea
rt d
isea
se, d
iabe
tes,
and
can
cer.
Am
ong
all a
ge g
roup
s, m
en w
ere
mor
e lik
e-ly
than
wom
en to
par
ticip
ate
in r
egul
ar p
hysi
cal
activ
ity. T
he la
rges
t dis
pari
ty b
etw
een
mal
esan
d fe
mal
es w
asam
ong
adul
ts a
ged
18-2
4, o
fw
hom
35.
3 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en a
nd 4
8.5
perc
ent
of m
en r
epor
ted
enga
ging
in r
egul
ar p
hysi
cal
activ
ity. R
ates
dec
reas
ed f
or b
oth
men
and
wom
en w
ith a
dvan
cing
age
; onl
y 13
.1 p
erce
ntof
wom
en a
nd 1
8.9
perc
ent o
f m
en a
ged
75an
d ol
der
repo
rted
bei
ng p
hysi
cally
act
ive.
Adu
lts W
ho E
ngag
ed In
Reg
ular
Lei
sure
-Tim
eP
hysi
cal A
ctiv
ity,*
by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
50 40
0 7its 0.
30
0 a. a) 2
043
10
35.3
48.5
18-2
4 ye
ars
30.1
35.6
Fem
ale
30.0
Mal
e
24.3
18.9
13 1
25-6
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
75 y
ears
and
olde
r*R
egul
ar le
isur
e-tim
e ph
ysic
al a
ctiv
ity w
as d
efin
ed a
s en
gagi
ng in
ligh
t-m
oder
ate
leis
ure-
time
phys
ical
act
ivity
for
grea
ter
than
or
equa
l to
30 m
inut
es 5
or m
ore
times
per
wee
k or
enga
ging
in v
igor
ous
leis
ure-
time
phys
ical
act
ivity
for
grea
ter
than
or
equa
l to
20 m
inut
es3
or m
ore
times
per
wee
k.
25
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
CIG
AR
ET
TE
SM
OK
ING
The
per
cent
age
of w
omen
who
sm
oke,
abe
havi
or a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith n
umer
ous
chro
nic
ill-
ness
es, h
as r
emai
ned
stea
dy o
ver
the
last
sev
er-
al y
ears
at s
light
ly m
ore
than
20
perc
ent o
fw
omen
age
d 18
and
old
er.1
In
2001
, 23.
0 pe
r-ce
nt o
f fe
mal
es a
ged
12 a
nd o
lder
rep
orte
dsm
okin
g ci
gare
ttes
with
in th
e pa
st m
onth
.A
mon
g ad
oles
cent
s ag
ed 1
2-17
, slig
htly
mor
efe
mal
es th
an m
ales
rep
orte
d sm
okin
g in
the
past
mon
th (
13.6
per
cent
ver
sus
12.4
per
cent
).H
owev
er, w
omen
age
d 18
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
wer
e
less
like
ly th
an m
en to
hav
e sm
oked
in th
e pr
e-vi
ous
mon
th. F
or b
oth
sexe
s co
mbi
ned,
cig
a-re
tte s
mok
ing
was
mos
t pre
vale
nt a
mon
g yo
ung
adul
ts a
ged
18-2
5 an
d de
crea
sed
with
incr
eas-
ing
age
to 9
.1 p
erce
nt o
f in
divi
dual
s ag
ed 6
5an
d ol
der.
Am
ong
fem
ales
who
wer
e no
t pre
gnan
t,A
mer
ican
Ind
ian/
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en w
ere
mos
t lik
ely
to s
mok
e in
200
0-20
01, f
ollo
wed
by
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en.
Alth
ough
the
prev
alen
ce o
f sm
okin
g w
as lo
wer
am
ong
preg
-na
nt w
omen
in a
ll ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
ps,
Per
sons
Rep
ortin
g P
ast M
onth
Use
of C
igar
ette
s, b
y A
gean
d S
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
4): N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se
42.7
Fem
ale
Mal
e
13
26.4
12-1
7 ye
ars
18-2
5 ye
ars
26 y
ears
and
old
er
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en w
ere
mor
e th
antw
ice
as li
kely
to s
mok
e du
ring
pre
gnan
cy th
anno
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck w
omen
. The
re w
as a
slig
htin
crea
se in
rec
ent y
ears
in th
e pr
opor
tion
ofpr
egna
nt w
omen
who
rep
orte
d ci
gare
tte s
mok
-in
g in
the
past
mon
th, f
rom
18.
6 pe
rcen
t in
1999
-200
0 to
19.8
per
cent
in 2
000-
2001
.M
ater
nal s
mok
ing
duri
ng p
regn
ancy
is a
ssoc
iat-
ed w
ith e
ctop
ic p
regn
anci
es, m
isca
rria
ges,
low
birt
h w
eigh
t, an
d in
fant
mor
talit
y.
1Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics
(200
2). H
ealth
, Uni
ted
Stat
es. H
yatts
ville
, Mar
ylan
d: D
HH
S (T
able
61)
.
Fem
ales
Age
d 15
-44
Yea
rs R
epor
ting
Pas
t Mon
th U
se o
f Cig
aret
tes,
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty a
nd P
regn
ancy
Sta
tus,
200
0-20
01So
urce
(11
.4):
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld S
urve
y on
Dru
g A
buse
40 35
Co
30
Ce E 2
5C
eu_ 15
20
C'
Ce P.
15
co
10
5 0
19 8
29 5
25 3
33.7
10
Pre
gnan
t
19.5
7
rNot
22 9
Pre
gnan
t
Tot
alN
on-
Non
-H
ispa
nic
His
pani
cH
ispa
nic
Whi
teB
lack
*Low
pre
cisi
on,
no e
stim
ate
for
preg
nant
wom
en r
epor
ted
36.6
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/A
lask
aN
ativ
e*
Asi
an*
Mor
e T
han
One
Rac
e*
26
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
ALC
OH
OL
MIS
US
EIn
200
1, 1
3.4
perc
ent o
f fe
mal
es a
nd 2
8.2
perc
ent o
f m
ales
age
d 12
and
old
er r
epor
ted
bing
e al
coho
l use
in th
e pa
st m
onth
, def
ined
as
havi
ng f
ive
or m
ore
drin
ks o
n th
e sa
me
occa
-si
on a
t lea
st o
nce
in th
e m
onth
pri
or to
the
sur-
vey.
Add
ition
ally
, 2.6
per
cent
of
fem
ales
and
9.2
perc
ent o
f m
ales
12
year
s an
d ol
der
repo
rt-
ed h
eavy
alc
ohol
use
in th
e pa
st m
onth
, def
ined
as h
avin
g fi
ve o
r m
ore
drin
ks o
n th
e sa
me
occa
-si
on o
n fi
ve o
r m
ore
days
with
in th
e m
onth
prio
r to
the
surv
ey.
Alc
ohol
mis
use
appe
ars
high
er a
mon
gyo
ung
adul
t wom
en th
an a
mon
g th
eir
youn
ger
and
olde
r co
unte
rpar
ts. A
mon
g w
omen
18-
25ye
ars
old
in 2
001,
29.
2 pe
rcen
t rep
orte
d bi
nge
drin
king
in th
e pa
st m
onth
, and
7.7
per
cent
of
wom
en in
this
age
gro
up r
epor
ted
drin
king
heav
ily. F
emal
es in
oth
er a
ge g
roup
s re
port
edlo
wer
rat
es o
f bo
th b
inge
and
hea
vy d
rink
ing.
Aft
er a
ge 2
5, b
inge
and
hea
vy a
lcoh
olco
n-su
mpt
ion
decl
ined
sig
nifi
cant
ly f
or b
oth
mal
esan
d fe
mal
es.
Per
sons
Rep
ortin
g P
ast M
onth
Alc
ohol
Use
and
Hea
vy A
lcoh
ol U
se,"
by A
ge a
nd S
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
1I.4
): N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
ser 00
Fem
ale
Bin
ge D
rinki
ng
Hea
vy D
rinki
ng
Mal
e
Bin
ge D
rinki
ng
Hea
vy D
rinki
ng
9.9
1.9
7.7
1.8
11.3
11.2
29.2
12-1
7 ye
ars
18-2
5 ye
ars
1111
1 26
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
748.
5
19.6
27.1
8.2 I
II
I
1020
3040
Per
cent
of P
opul
atio
n
50
Am
ong
wom
en a
ged
15-4
4 w
ho w
ere
not
preg
nant
, non
-His
pani
c W
hite
and
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en w
ere
the
mos
tlik
ely
to b
e bi
nge
drin
kers
(22
.7 p
erce
nt a
nd21
.4 p
erce
nt, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
com
pare
d to
oth
erra
cial
/eth
nic
grou
ps.
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en w
ere
also
the
mos
t lik
ely
to e
ngag
e in
bing
e al
coho
l use
dur
ing
preg
nanc
y. D
rink
ing
alco
hol d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy
cont
ribu
tes
to F
etal
Alc
ohol
Syn
drom
e (F
AS)
, inf
ant l
ow b
irth
wei
ght,
and
deve
lopm
enta
l del
ays
in c
hild
ren.
Fem
ales
Age
d 15
-44
Yea
rs R
epor
ting
Pas
t Mon
th B
inge
Alc
ohol
Use
,**
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty a
nd P
regn
ancy
Sta
tus,
200
0-20
01So
urce
(11
.4):
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld S
urve
y on
Dru
g A
buse
Pre
gnan
t
Not
Pre
gnan
t
15.7
3 9
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
17 1
;
2.7
111
His
pani
c
21.4
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/A
lask
aN
ativ
e*
9.4
Asi
an*
21 0
Mor
e th
anon
e ra
ce*
*Low
pre
cisi
on; n
o es
timat
e re
port
ed.
"Bin
ge"A
lcoh
ol U
se w
as d
efin
ed a
s dr
inki
ng fi
ve o
r m
ore
drin
ks o
n th
e sa
me
occa
sion
on
at le
ast 1
day
in th
e pa
st 3
0 da
ys.
"Occ
asio
n" m
eans
at t
he s
ame
time
or w
ithin
a fe
w h
ours
of e
ach
othe
r. "
Hea
vy"A
lcoh
ol U
se is
def
ined
as d
rinki
ng fi
ve o
r m
ore
drin
ks o
n th
e sa
me
occa
sion
on
each
of 5
or
mor
e da
ys in
the
past
30
days
; all
"Hea
vy"A
lcoh
ol U
sers
are
also
"B
inge
" A
lcoh
ol U
sers
.
27
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth B
ehav
iori
ILLI
CIT
DR
UG
US
EB
ecau
se o
f th
eir
pote
ntia
l ris
k fo
r m
isus
ean
d ad
dict
ion,
mar
ijuan
a/ha
shis
h, c
ocai
ne,
inha
lant
s, h
allu
cino
gens
, her
oin,
and
pre
scri
p-tio
n-ty
pe p
sych
othe
rape
utic
dru
gs u
sed
for
non-
med
ical
pur
pose
s ar
e cl
assi
fied
as
illic
itdr
ugs
in th
e U
.S.
In 2
001,
27.
3 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en a
ged
18-2
5 an
d 20
.5 p
erce
nt o
f fe
mal
esag
ed 1
2-17
had
use
d so
me
type
of
illic
it dr
ugw
ithin
the
past
yea
r.M
ariju
ana/
hash
ish
was
repo
rted
as
the
lead
ing
illic
it dr
ug u
sed
byw
omen
of
all a
ges.
Ove
r on
e-fi
fth
of w
omen
aged
18-
25, 1
4.1
perc
ent o
f fe
mal
es a
ged
12-
17, a
nd 4
.1 p
erce
nt o
f w
omen
26
and
olde
rre
port
ed u
sing
mar
ijuan
a/ha
shis
h in
the
past
year
. The
18-
25 a
ge g
roup
was
als
o m
ore
like-
ly to
use
coc
aine
and
hal
luci
noge
ns.
Inha
lant
use
was
mos
t fre
quen
tly r
epor
ted
by f
emal
es a
ged
12-1
7. W
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
ofin
hala
nt d
rugs
, the
pro
port
ion
of w
omen
who
used
illic
it dr
ugs
incr
ease
d fr
om th
e te
enye
ars
to th
e m
id-t
wen
ties
and
then
dec
reas
ed a
mon
gw
omen
age
d 26
and
old
er.
Fem
ales
Rep
ortin
g P
ast Y
ear
Use
of I
llici
t Dru
gs, b
y A
ge a
nd D
rug
Typ
e, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
4): N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se
30 25 20 15 10
27.3
22.1
20 5
14 1
4 1
Any
Illic
it D
rug*
Mar
ijuan
a/C
ocai
neH
ashi
sh
12-1
7 ye
ars
18-2
5 ye
ars
26 y
ears
and
old
er
3.6
10,1
Inha
lant
s
4 2
7.0
Hal
luci
noge
ns
*Any
illic
it dr
ug in
clud
es m
anju
anal
hash
ish,
coc
aine
(in
clud
ing
crac
k), h
eroi
n, h
allu
cino
gens
, inh
alan
ts,
or a
nypr
escr
iptio
n-ty
pe p
sych
othe
rape
utic
use
d fo
r no
n-m
edic
al p
urpo
ses.
**D
ata
for
use
of h
eroi
n no
t ava
ilabl
e fo
r fe
mal
es a
ged
26 y
ears
and
old
er.
Her
oin*
*
28
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
SE
LF-R
EP
OR
TE
D H
EA
LTH
ST
AT
US
In 2
001,
nea
rly
two-
thir
ds o
f w
omen
and
men
rep
orte
d be
ing
in e
xcel
lent
or
very
goo
dhe
alth
. For
bot
h m
en a
nd w
omen
, the
per
cent
repo
rtin
g th
eir
heal
th a
s ex
celle
nt o
r ve
ry g
ood
decl
ined
sig
nifi
cant
ly w
ith a
ge. W
hile
65.
9 pe
r-ce
nt o
f fe
mal
es b
etw
een
the
ages
of
18 a
nd 6
4
repo
rted
thei
r he
alth
as
exce
llent
or
very
goo
d,on
ly 5
0.1
perc
ent o
f fe
mal
es a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
did
so.
Mor
e th
an h
alf
of w
omen
in a
ll ra
cial
and
ethn
ic g
roup
s re
port
ed b
eing
in e
xcel
lent
or
very
goo
d he
alth
, alth
ough
a g
reat
er p
ropo
r-tio
n of
non
-His
pani
c W
hite
and
His
pani
cfe
mal
es r
ated
thei
r he
alth
as
exce
llent
or
very
good
than
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en. N
on-
Sel
f-R
epor
ted
Hea
lth S
tatu
s of
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
18-6
4 ye
ars
C.4
) F
emal
e
Mal
e
65 y
ears
and
olde
r
Fem
ale
Mal
e
65.9
24.2
9.9
67.7
9.3
50.1
30.2
19 7
49.4
1111
1111
1.11
41=
, 20
2
111
Exc
elle
nt o
r V
ery
Goo
d
Goo
d
010
2030
4050
6070
80
Per
cent
of P
opul
atio
n
Fai
r or
Poo
r
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en w
ere
mos
t lik
ely
tore
port
bei
ng in
fai
r or
poo
r he
alth
. Wom
en o
fot
her
race
s1 w
ere
the
mos
t lik
ely
to r
epor
tbe
ing
in e
xcel
lent
or
very
goo
d he
alth
(65
.3pe
rcen
t) a
nd th
e le
ast l
ikel
y to
rep
ort b
eing
infa
ir o
r po
or h
ealth
(10
.0 p
erce
nt).
10th
er r
aces
may
incl
ude
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der,
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/Ala
skan
Nat
ive
or m
ultir
acia
l.
Sel
f-R
epor
ted
Hea
lth S
tatu
s of
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
80 70 60
E, 5
0 40
a) ;2 3
0 20 10
0
64 4
56.3
60 4
65.3
27.8
27.
024
624
8
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
His
pani
c
Non
-His
pani
c O
ther
Rac
es
11 0
5.9
12.6
10 0
Exc
elle
ntN
ery
Goo
d H
ealth
Goo
d H
ealth
Fai
r/P
oor
Hea
lth
31 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
30 AC
TIV
ITY
LIM
ITA
TIO
NS
Wo.
men
's li
kelih
ood
of e
xper
ienc
ing
activ
itylim
itatio
ns1
incr
ease
s w
ith a
ge.
In 2
001,
wom
en a
ged
45-6
4 w
ere
near
ly tw
ice
as li
kely
to r
epor
t an
activ
ity li
mita
tion
as f
emal
es a
ged
18-4
4. F
emal
es a
ged
65-7
4 an
d 75
yea
rs a
ndol
der
had
the
high
est r
ate
of a
ctiv
ity li
mita
tions
(21.
4 an
d 31
.5 p
erce
nt, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
.T
he f
our
cond
ition
s m
ost f
requ
ently
repo
rted
by
wom
en in
200
1 as
the
caus
e of
an
activ
ity li
mita
tion
incl
uded
art
hriti
s/rh
eum
a-
tism
(25
.5 p
erce
nt),
bac
k/ne
ck p
robl
ems
(20.
4pe
rcen
t), h
eart
pro
blem
s (1
4.0
perc
ent)
, and
hype
rten
sion
(12
.9 p
erce
nt).
Wom
en's
act
ivi-
ties
wer
e no
t onl
y lim
ited
by p
hysi
cal i
mpa
ir-
men
ts; 1
1.7
perc
ent o
f w
omen
cite
d de
pres
-si
on, a
nxie
ty, o
r ot
her
men
tal h
ealth
pro
blem
sas
the
caus
e of
thei
r ac
tivity
lim
itatio
ns.
lAn
activ
ity li
mita
tion
is d
efin
ed a
s be
ing
limite
d in
any
way
in a
nyac
tiviti
es b
ecau
se o
f a
phys
ical
, men
tat o
r em
otio
nal p
robl
em.
Sel
f-R
epor
ted
Act
ivity
Lim
itatio
ns o
f Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Age
, 200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
C.°
35
31.5
25
21.4
20
15.4
15 109.
8
18-4
445
-64
65-7
475
yea
rsye
ars
year
sye
ars
and
olde
r
Con
ditio
ns C
ausi
ng A
ctiv
ity L
imita
tions
in W
omen
Age
d 18
and
Old
er, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
Art
hriti
s/R
heum
atis
m
Bac
k/N
eck
Pro
blem
Hea
rt P
robl
em
Hyp
erte
nsio
n
Dep
ress
ion/
Anx
iety
/E
mot
iona
l Pro
blem
Dia
bete
s
Fra
ctur
e/B
one/
Join
t Inj
ury
Lung
/Bre
athi
ng P
robl
em
Vis
ion
20 4
14 0
12 9
11.7
11.0
10.5
10 2
9 0
25.5
510
1520
25
Per
cent
of W
omen
with
Act
ivity
Lim
itatio
ns
,
7 1 1
,,
,
0
\
x
32
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
AID
SA
lthou
gh A
cqui
red
Imm
unod
efic
ienc
ySy
ndro
me
(AID
S) w
as p
rim
arily
dia
gnos
ed in
men
in th
e ea
rly
1980
s, b
y th
e 19
90s
the
dise
ase
had
beco
me
mor
e pr
eval
ent a
mon
g w
omen
. In
1993
, the
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Prev
entio
n ex
pand
ed th
e cr
iteri
a fo
r A
IDS
case
s to
incl
ude
pers
ons
with
sev
ere
imm
uno-
supp
ress
ion,
pul
mon
ary
tube
rcul
osis
, rec
urre
ntpn
eum
onia
, or
inva
sive
cer
vica
l can
cer.
1 T
his
had
the
effe
ct o
f gr
eatly
incr
easi
ng th
e nu
mbe
rof
rep
orte
d A
IDS
case
s.In
200
1, 2
5.8
perc
ent (
11,0
82 c
ases
) of
all
repo
rted
U.S
. AID
S ca
ses
amon
g th
ose
aged
13
year
s an
d ol
der
occu
rred
in f
emal
es. A
IDS
case
s am
ong
thes
e fe
mal
es w
ere
attr
ibut
ed to
two
maj
or e
xpos
ure
cate
gori
es: h
eter
osex
ual
cont
act a
nd in
ject
ing
drug
use
. Und
eter
min
edm
odes
of
tran
smis
sion
acc
ount
ed f
or a
noth
er4,
606
case
s.
AID
S C
ases
, by
Sel
ecte
d E
xpos
ure
Cat
egor
ies*
for
Fem
ales
Age
d13
Yea
rs a
nd O
lder
at D
iagn
osis
, Sel
ecte
d Y
ears
198
5-20
01cd
ourc
e (1
1.5)
: Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
5000
a) To G)
4000
u_ .c fob:
: 300
00 11
) 20
00
1000
0
Coa
gula
tion
Dis
orde
ran
d R
ecei
pt o
f Blo
od/
Blo
od C
ompo
nent
s
Und
eter
min
ed
Inje
ctin
gD
rug
Use
1
Het
eros
exua
l Con
tact
1985
1990
1995
Cha
nges
in r
epor
ting
proc
edur
es in
199
3 le
d to
an
incr
ease
in th
enu
mbe
r of
cas
es r
epor
ted
with
out i
nfor
mat
ion
abou
t the
exp
osur
e ca
tego
ry.
4,60
6
4,14
2
2,21
2
122
2001
AID
S ca
ses
due
to h
eter
osex
ual c
onta
ctan
d in
ject
ing
drug
use
wer
e hi
ghes
t am
ong
non-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en in
200
1 (2
,606
and
1,25
7 ca
ses,
res
pect
ivel
y). N
on-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckw
omen
rep
rese
nted
63
perc
ent o
f al
l AID
Sca
ses
in w
omen
attr
ibut
able
to h
eter
osex
ual
cont
act a
nd 5
7 pe
rcen
t of
AID
S ca
ses
amon
gw
omen
attr
ibut
able
to in
ject
ing
drug
use
.
1Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion,
199
3. I
mpa
ct o
f th
eE
xpan
ded
AID
S Su
rvei
llanc
e C
ase
Def
initi
on o
n A
IDS
Cas
eR
epor
ting-
Uni
ted
Stat
es, F
irst
Qua
rter
, 199
3. M
MW
R, A
pril
30,
1993
. 42(
16);
308
-310
.
Fem
ale
Adu
lt/A
dole
scen
t AID
S C
ases
, by
Exp
osur
e C
ateg
orie
s*an
d R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.6
): C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n
Het
eros
exua
l Con
tact
Inje
ctin
g D
rug
Use
Coa
gula
tion
Dis
orde
r an
dR
ecei
pt o
f Blo
od/
71B
lood
Com
pone
nts
7
707 78
1
578
355
23
Und
eter
min
ed
12,6
06
727
1,25
7III
INon
-His
pani
c W
hite
'Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
His
pani
c
3,08
6
050
010
0015
0020
0025
0030
00
Num
ber
of C
ases
in F
emal
es
Wum
ber
for
Asi
an P
acifi
c Is
land
ers
and
Am
eric
an In
dian
/Ala
ska
Nat
ives
is to
o sm
all t
o ill
ustr
ate
on g
raph
.
*Eac
h re
port
ed c
ase
of A
IDS
is a
ssig
ned
to o
ne e
xpos
ure
cate
gory
, eve
n if
mor
e th
an o
ne r
isk
fact
oris
pre
sent
, acc
ordi
ng to
the
prob
abili
ty o
f acq
uirin
g th
e in
fect
ion
from
eac
h ris
k be
havi
or.
3500
33
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
AID
S(C
ont'd
)A
s of
Dec
embe
r 20
01,
a to
tal o
f 14
1,04
8ca
ses
of A
IDS
had
been
rep
orte
d in
ado
lesc
ent
and
adul
t wom
en in
the
U.S
. The
maj
ority
of
repo
rted
AID
S ca
ses
amon
g ad
oles
cent
and
adul
t wom
en w
ere
amon
g w
omen
age
d 25
-44
year
s. T
he la
rges
t num
ber
of r
epor
ted
AID
Sca
ses
in th
is a
gegr
oup
was
am
ong
non-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en.
Fem
ale
AID
S C
ases
, by
Age
of D
iagn
osis
and
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
1So
urce
(1I
.6):
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
295
13-1
9 ye
ars
al,2
5031
6 1 77
420
-24
year
s4,
844
1,62
5
25-3
4 ye
ars
35-4
4 ye
ars
4 95
145
-64
year
s
65 y
ears
and
olde
r,0
44,0
7335
5
4,65
5
11,6
49
10,7
82
10,4
43
9,82
8
13,3
37
129,
931
131,
572
05,
000
10,0
00 1
5,00
0 20
,000
25,
000
30,0
00 3
5,00
0N
umbe
r of
Cas
es in
Fem
ales
IIII N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
teN
on-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
His
pani
c
34
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
AR
TH
RIT
ISA
rthr
itis
is th
e le
adin
g ca
use
of d
isab
ility
amon
g w
omen
in th
e U
.S. C
hara
cter
ized
by
anin
flam
mat
ion
of th
e jo
ints
, rat
es o
f ar
thri
tisin
crea
se d
ram
atic
ally
with
age
. In
2001
, wom
enre
port
ed h
ighe
r ra
tes
of a
rthr
itis
com
pare
d to
men
in e
very
age
gro
up. T
he r
ate
of a
rthr
itis
was
91.
6 pe
r 1,
000
popu
latio
n am
ong
wom
enag
ed 1
8-44
as
com
pare
d to
64.
7 in
men
of
this
age
grou
p. F
or w
omen
age
d 45
-64,
the
rate
of
arth
ritis
ros
e to
340
.1 a
nd to
617
.3 f
or w
omen
aged
75
and
olde
r.H
igh
rate
s of
art
hriti
s am
ong
non-
His
pani
cW
hite
wom
en m
ay b
e la
rgel
y ac
coun
ted
for
byth
e ol
der
age
dist
ribu
tion
of th
is p
opul
atio
n.
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Art
hriti
s,*
by A
ge a
nd S
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
800
700
600
Fem
ale
Mal
e61
7.3
518.
850
046
9 1
418
940
034
0.1
300
248
6
200
100
_91
664
7
018
-44
year
s45
-64
year
s65
-74
year
s75
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Art
hriti
s,*
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,"
200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
300
250
c 1 20
0 00 50
273.
2
251.
2
232.
0
170.
8
123
3
Tot
alN
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
teN
on-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckH
ispa
nic
Non
-His
pani
cO
ther
Rac
es
*Rep
orte
d a
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
nal h
as e
ver
told
them
they
hav
e ar
thrit
is.
'Rat
es r
epor
ted
are
crud
e ra
tes,
mea
ning
that
they
are
not
adj
uste
d fo
r th
e di
ffere
nt a
ge d
istr
ibut
ions
of th
ese
popu
latio
ns.
35
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
AST
HM
AA
sthm
a is
a c
hron
ic in
flam
mat
ory
diso
rder
of th
e ai
rway
s pr
oduc
ing
epis
odes
of w
heez
-in
g, c
hest
tigh
tnes
s, s
hort
ness
of
brea
th, a
ndco
ughi
ng. E
piso
des
are
trig
gere
d by
alle
rgen
s,
toba
cco
smok
e an
d ot
her
irri
tant
s,ex
erci
se, a
nd
infe
ctio
ns o
f th
e re
spir
ator
y tr
act.
With
effe
c-
tive
man
agem
ent,
how
ever
, per
sons
with
ast
h-
ma
can
enjo
y no
rmal
activ
ities
of
daily
livi
ng.
In 2
001,
wom
en h
ad h
ighe
r ra
tes
of a
sthm
ath
an m
en. T
his
disp
arity
was
the
mos
t pro
-
Adu
lts w
ith A
sthm
a, b
y A
ge a
ndS
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ewSu
rvey
100 80
'5 a. a. cc
20
Fem
ale
89 5
90.1
74 9
Mal
e
54 1
53 2
43 3
18-4
4 ye
ars
C.d
.)
,1
45-6
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
noun
ced
amon
g w
omen
age
d 64
and
you
nger
,w
ho e
xper
ienc
ed a
sthm
a at
near
ly tw
ice
the
rate
of
men
the
sam
e ag
e.A
mon
g U
.S. w
omen
in 2
001,
non
-His
pani
cB
lack
and
non
-His
pani
c W
hite
fem
ales
had
the
high
est r
ates
of
asth
ma
per
1,00
0po
pula
tion
(93.
3 an
d 88
.5, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
,fo
llow
ed b
yH
ispa
nic
wom
en (
68.4
)an
d ot
her
non-
His
pani
c w
omen
(54
.8).
57.6 75
yea
rsan
d ol
der
Wom
en w
ith A
sthm
a,*
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,"
2001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ewSu
rvey
100 80
3 60
8 a. 4
0
cc
20
0
85.6
88.5
93.3
68.4
54.8
'Tot
alN
ori-
His
pani
cW
hite
N'O
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckH
ispa
nic
'Rep
orte
d a
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
nal h
as e
ver
laid
them
they
hav
east
hma
and
repo
rt th
ey s
till h
ave
asth
ma.
**R
ates
nap
orte
d ar
e cr
ude
rate
s, m
eani
ng th
at th
ey a
re n
otad
just
ed fo
r th
e di
ffere
nt a
ge d
istr
ibut
ions
of th
ese
popu
latio
ns.
Oth
er R
aces
36 HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lthin
dicA
tois
AU
TO
IMM
UN
E D
ISE
AS
ES
Aut
oim
mun
e di
seas
es in
clud
e a
dive
rse
grou
p of
mor
e th
an 8
0 ch
roni
c an
d of
ten
seri
-ou
s co
nditi
ons
that
can
aff
ect n
earl
y ev
ery
orga
n sy
stem
in th
e hu
man
bod
y. I
n al
l of
thes
edi
seas
es, t
he b
ody'
s im
mun
e sy
stem
har
ms
itsow
n he
alth
y ce
lls,
tissu
es, a
nd o
rgan
s. F
ive
maj
or c
ateg
orie
s of
aut
oim
mun
e di
seas
es e
xist
:co
nnec
tive
tissu
e di
seas
es, i
nclu
ding
sys
tem
iclu
pus
eryt
hem
atos
us a
nd r
heum
atoi
d ar
thri
tis;
neur
omus
cula
r di
seas
es s
uch
as m
ultip
le s
cler
o-si
s; e
ndoc
rine
dis
ease
s, in
clud
ing
Has
him
oto'
sth
yroi
ditis
and
Gra
ves'
dis
ease
; gas
troi
ntes
tinal
diso
rder
s su
ch a
s C
rohn
's d
isea
se; a
nd o
ther
auto
imm
une
dise
ases
pri
mar
ily a
ffec
ting
the
vasc
ular
sys
tem
.',I
AD
App
roxi
mat
ely
75 p
erce
nt o
f th
ose
affe
cted
00by
aut
oim
mun
e di
seas
esar
e w
omen
, mos
t fre
-qu
ently
duri
ngth
ech
ildbe
arin
gye
ars.
Indi
vidu
ally
, aut
oim
mun
e di
seas
es a
re n
ot v
ery
com
mon
, how
ever
, tak
en a
s a
who
le, t
hey
rep-
rese
nt th
e fo
urth
-lar
gest
cau
se o
f di
sabi
lity
amon
g w
omen
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.1O
ne o
f th
e m
ost c
omm
on a
utoi
mm
une
dise
ases
am
ong
wom
en is
sys
tem
ic lu
pus
ery-
them
atos
us (
SLE
). S
LE
is c
hara
cter
ized
by
the
infl
amm
atio
n of
con
nect
ive
tissu
es a
nd c
anaf
fect
var
ious
par
ts o
f th
e bo
dy, i
nclu
ding
the
join
ts, s
kin,
and
kid
neys
. Nin
ety
perc
ent o
f
indi
vidu
als
diag
nose
d w
ith th
e di
seas
e ar
ew
omen
, and
80
perc
ent o
f th
ose
affl
icte
d w
ithSL
E d
evel
op it
bet
wee
n th
e ag
es o
f 15
and
452
Lup
us is
thre
e tim
es m
ore
com
mon
in B
lack
wom
en th
an W
hite
wom
en a
nd m
ore
com
mon
amon
g w
omen
of
His
pani
c, A
sian
, and
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n de
scen
t.3
lAm
eric
an A
utoi
mrn
une
Rel
ated
Dis
ease
s A
ssoc
iatio
n,"A
utoi
mm
une
Dis
ease
in W
omen
The
Fac
ts."
http
://w
ww
.aar
da.o
rg/w
orne
n.ht
ml 1
998-
1999
.
2Lup
us F
ound
atio
n of
Am
eric
a. L
upus
Fac
t She
et.
http
://w
ww
.lupu
s.or
g/ed
ucat
ion/
fact
shee
thtm
l
3Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Art
hriti
s an
d M
usco
losk
elet
al a
nd S
kin
Dis
ease
s, N
atio
nal I
nstit
utes
of
Hea
lth. H
ando
ut o
n H
ealth
:Sy
stem
ic L
upus
Ery
them
atos
us.
http
://w
ww
.nia
ms.
nih.
gov/
hi/to
pics
/lupu
s/sl
ehan
dout
/inde
x.ht
37
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
1th
Indi
cato
rs
BLE
ED
ING
DIS
OR
DE
RS
Ble
edin
g di
sord
ers
occu
r w
hen
bloo
dpl
atel
ets
(blo
od c
ells
) do
not
wor
k co
rrec
tly,
whi
ch c
an h
inde
r bl
ood
clot
ting
and
mak
e it
mor
e di
ffic
ult f
or th
e bo
dy to
sto
p bl
eedi
ng.
The
mos
t com
mon
ble
edin
g di
sord
er a
mon
gfe
mal
es is
von
Will
ebra
nd D
isea
se (
vWD
).vW
D a
ffec
ts u
p to
4 m
illio
n A
mer
ican
s, h
alf
ofw
hom
are
fem
ale.
1T
ypic
al s
ympt
oms
are
heav
y m
enst
rual
per
iods
(m
enor
rhag
ia),
eas
ybr
uisi
ng, f
requ
ent n
oseb
leed
s, a
nd p
rolo
nged
blee
ding
aft
er m
inor
inju
ries
, sur
gery
, chi
ld-
birt
h, o
r de
ntal
wor
k.T
he A
mer
ican
Col
lege
of
Obs
tetr
icia
ns a
ndG
ynec
olog
ists
rec
omm
ends
that
fem
ales
who
have
hea
vy m
enst
rual
per
iods
be
scre
ened
for
vWD
, and
that
hys
tere
ctom
y fo
r m
enor
rhag
iash
ould
not
be
perf
orm
ed w
ithou
t tes
ting
for
vWD
.2 A
dia
gnos
is o
f vW
D r
equi
res
taki
ng a
pers
onal
med
ical
his
tory
, fam
ily m
edic
al h
isto
-ry
, and
con
duct
ing
labo
rato
ry te
sts.
Eff
ectiv
etr
eatm
ents
are
ava
ilabl
e, a
llow
ing
affe
cted
per
-so
ns to
live
a n
orm
al li
fe.
The
134
Fed
eral
ly-f
unde
d H
emop
hilia
Tre
atm
ent C
ente
rs a
re m
edic
al f
acili
ties
with
heal
thca
re p
rovi
ders
who
are
exp
erts
in d
iag-
nosi
ng a
nd tr
eatin
g bl
eedi
ng d
isor
ders
. Fro
m19
96 to
200
1 th
e nu
mbe
r of
fem
ales
enr
olle
d
in H
emop
hilia
Tre
atm
ent C
ente
rs in
crea
sed
from
4,8
18 to
7,8
53.
1Rod
eghi
ero
F, C
asta
man
G, D
ini E
. Epi
dem
iolo
gica
l inv
estig
a-tio
n of
the
prev
alen
ce o
f V
on W
illeb
rand
's D
isea
se. B
lood
;69
:454
-459
. 198
7.
2Am
eric
an C
olle
ge o
f O
bste
tric
ians
and
Gyn
ecol
ogis
ts C
omm
ittee
Opi
nion
No.
263
Von
Will
ebra
nd D
isea
se in
Gyn
ecol
ogic
Prac
tice.
Obs
tet G
ynec
ol; 9
8;11
85-1
186.
200
1.
Fem
ales
(A
ll A
ges)
with
Ble
edin
g D
isor
ders
Tre
ated
at H
emop
hilia
Tre
atm
ent C
ente
rs, 1
996-
2001
Sour
ce (
11.7
): M
ater
nal a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth B
urea
u an
d C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n
(,)
TrE a) u_ "E)
sa
8,00
0
7,00
0
6,00
0
5,00
0
4,00
0
3,00
0
2,00
0
1,00
0 0
4,81
8
1996
5,53
4
6,41
16,
558
7,30
6
7,85
3
`199
7.19
9819
9920
0020
01
38 CA
NC
ER
In 2
002,
an
estim
ated
267
,300
fem
ales
die
dof
can
cer
in th
e U
.S. O
f th
ese,
itw
as e
stim
at-
ed th
at lu
ng/b
ronc
hus
canc
er c
ause
d 25
per-
cent
of
canc
er d
eath
s, f
ollo
wed
by
brea
st c
an-
cer
(15
perc
ent)
and
can
cer
of th
e co
lon
and
rect
um (
11 p
erce
nt).
Can
cer
rate
s ar
e tr
acke
d by
the
Nat
iona
lC
ance
r In
stitu
te's
Sur
veill
ance
, Epi
dem
iolo
gy,
and
End
Res
ults
(SE
ER
) Pr
ogra
m, w
hich
obta
ins
data
fro
m 1
1 po
pula
tion-
base
dre
g-is
trie
s an
d th
ree
supp
lem
enta
l reg
istr
ies
cove
r-in
g ap
prox
imat
ely
14 p
erce
nt o
f th
e U
.S. p
opu-
latio
n.2
Acc
ordi
ng to
SE
ER
dat
a fr
om 1
992-
1999
, the
rat
e of
new
cas
es o
f lu
ng/b
ronc
hus
canc
er in
fem
ales
has
rem
aine
d st
able
fro
m48
.7 c
ases
per
100
,000
pop
ulat
ion
in 1
992
to48
.2 in
199
9. I
n 19
99, B
lack
and
Whi
tew
omen
had
the
high
est
inci
denc
era
tes
oflu
ng/b
ronc
hus
canc
er (
55.7
and
49.
9,re
spec
-tiv
ely)
, with
inci
denc
e ra
tes
that
wer
e at
leas
ttw
ice
thos
e of
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
and
His
pani
c w
omen
.A
mer
ican
Ind
ian/
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en h
ad th
e lo
wes
tca
ncer
inci
denc
era
tes;
how
ever
, can
cer
rem
ains
the
seco
nd le
ad-
ing
caus
eof
deat
ham
ong
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en.1
1Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s R
epor
t, V
ol. 4
9, N
o. 1
1, O
ctob
er 1
2,20
01.
21n
2001
, the
reg
istr
ies
wer
e ex
pand
ed to
cov
er 2
6 pe
rcen
t of
the
Lead
ing
Cau
ses
of C
ance
r D
eath
s fo
r F
emal
es (
All
Age
s),
by S
ite, 2
002
Est
imat
esSo
urce
(II
.8):
Nat
iona
l Can
cer
Inst
itute
80,0
00
70,0
00
60,0
00
(13
50,0
00
"6 4
0,00
0
.o § 30
,000
Z20
,000
10,0
00
111
11
11
II1
III
1III
I1
.1.
1M
N1
Lung
and
Bre
ast
Col
onP
ancr
eas
Ova
ryN
on-
Leuk
emia
Ute
rine
Bra
inM
ultip
leB
ronc
hus
and
Hod
gkin
sC
orpu
sM
yelo
ma
Rec
tum
Lym
phom
a
Fem
ales
With
Lun
g an
d B
ronc
hus
Can
cer,
by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
,19
92-1
999
Sour
ce (
II.9
): N
atio
nal C
ance
r In
stitu
te
60 50 ao 30 20 10
Whi
te
Tot
al
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
lask
a N
ativ
e
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
er
Oth
er
Bla
ck
55.7
49.9
48.2
His
pani
c*
128
.6
20.2
8.6
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
*May
be
of a
ny r
ace
39
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
CA
NC
ER
(C
ont'd
)Fr
om 1
992
to 1
999,
the
inci
denc
e ra
te o
fbr
east
can
cer
amon
g U
.S. w
omen
incr
ease
dne
arly
5 p
erce
nt, f
rom
129
.8 p
er 1
00,0
00 p
opu-
latio
n in
199
2 to
135
.9 in
199
9. B
reas
t can
cer
incr
ease
d am
ong
Whi
te a
nd A
sian
/Pac
ific
Isla
nder
fem
ales
, whi
le th
era
tes
amon
gA
mer
ican
Ind
ian/
Ala
ska
Nat
ive,
His
pani
c an
dB
lack
wom
en r
emai
ned
rela
tivel
y st
able
dur
ing
this
per
iod.
In
1999
, Whi
te w
omen
had
the
high
est i
ncid
ence
rat
es o
f br
east
can
cer
(140
.8),
follo
wed
by
Bla
ck w
omen
(12
0.9)
.T
he c
olon
can
cer
rate
for
fem
ales
ove
rall
decl
ined
slig
hdy,
fro
m 4
7.9
in 1
992
to 4
5.5
in19
99. A
mer
ican
Ind
ian/
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
enha
d a
maj
or d
ecre
ase
in th
e in
cide
nce
ofco
lon/
rect
um c
ance
r, w
hile
oth
er r
acia
l gro
ups
had
smal
ler
decr
ease
s. I
n 19
99, B
lack
wom
enha
d th
e hi
ghes
t inc
iden
ce r
ates
of
colo
rect
alca
ncer
(56
.1),
fol
low
ed b
y W
hite
(44
.6)
and
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
wom
en (
40.2
).A
lthou
gh d
eath
rat
es f
rom
col
orec
tal a
ndlu
ng/b
ronc
hus
canc
ers
are
high
er th
an b
reas
tca
ncer
dea
th r
ates
, bre
ast c
ance
r is
mor
e co
m-
mon
am
ong
U.S
. wom
en. T
he r
ate
of n
ewca
ses
of b
reas
tca
ncer
(13
5.9)
in 1
999
was
near
ly th
ree
times
hig
her
than
the
inci
denc
era
tes
of lu
ng/b
ronc
hus
(48.
2) a
nd c
olon
/rec
-tu
m (
45.5
) ca
ncer
s.
Hea
lth b
ehav
iors
suc
h as
not
sm
okin
g,be
ing
phys
ical
ly a
ctiv
e, a
nd e
atin
g a
low
-fat
and
nutr
itiou
s di
et m
ay r
educ
e th
e ri
sk o
f ca
ncer
.1Sc
reen
ing
for
spec
ific
type
s of
can
cer
inw
omen
isal
so r
ecom
men
ded.
Pap
sm
ears
shou
ld b
egin
thre
e ye
ars
afte
r se
xual
act
ivity
begi
ns, o
r at
the
age
of 2
1, w
hich
ever
com
esfi
rst.
Mam
mog
ram
s ar
e re
com
men
ded
for
wom
en a
ged
40 y
ears
and
old
er to
scr
een
for
brea
st c
ance
r an
d, f
or p
erso
ns a
ged
50 a
ndol
der,
fec
al o
ccul
t blo
od te
stin
g an
d si
gmoi
-do
scop
y ar
e re
com
men
ded
to s
cree
n fo
r co
l-or
ecta
l can
cer.
2 A
rec
ent s
tudy
fou
nd th
atbr
east
feed
ing
may
als
o re
duce
the
risk
for
pre
-m
enop
ausa
l bre
ast c
ance
r an
d ov
aria
n ca
ncer
.3
lUni
ted
Stat
es D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s.C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n. N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
rC
hron
ic D
isea
se P
reve
ntio
n an
d H
ealth
Pro
mot
ion.
Chr
onic
Dis
ease
s an
d T
heir
Ris
k Fa
ctor
s. D
ecem
ber
1999
.ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/n
ccdp
hp/s
tatb
ook/
stat
book
.htm
2U.S
. Pre
vent
ive
Serv
ices
Tas
k Fo
rce.
Scr
eeni
ng f
or C
olor
ecta
lC
ance
r: R
ecom
men
datio
ns a
nd R
atio
nale
. Jul
y 20
02. O
rigi
nally
inA
nnal
s of
Int
erna
l Med
icin
e 20
02; 1
37:1
29-3
1. A
genc
y fo
rH
ealth
care
Res
earc
h an
d Q
ualit
y, R
ockv
ille,
MD
.ht
tp://
ww
w.a
hrq.
gov/
clin
ic/3
rdus
pstf
/col
orec
tal/c
olor
r.ht
m
3Lab
bok
MH
. Eff
ects
of
brea
stfe
edin
g on
the
mot
her.
Ped
iatr
icC
linic
s of
Nor
th A
mer
ica
2001
; 48(
1):1
43-1
57.
Fem
ales
(A
ll A
ges)
with
Bre
ast C
ance
r,by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 199
2-19
99So
urce
(11
.9):
Nat
iona
l Can
cer
Inst
itute
-ow
90o) 2
30
Tot
alW
hite
Bla
ck
Asi
an/
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
His
pani
c'
140.
813
5.9
120.
9
102.
0
81.6
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
lask
a N
ativ
e
1992
199
3
5.5
1994
199
5 19
96 1
997
1998
1999
Fem
ales
(A
ll A
ges)
with
Col
on a
nd R
ectu
m C
ance
r,by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
,199
2-19
99So
urce
(11
.9):
Nat
iona
l Can
cer
Inst
itute
inv
co Li g ;t3
30c b
20
.610 0
1992
199
3 19
94 1
995
1996
199
7 19
98 1
999
Bla
ckT
otal
60W
hite
50 40
Asi
an/
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
His
pani
c'
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
lask
a N
ativ
e
56.1
45.5
44.6
40.2
28.9
13.2
'May
be
of a
ny r
ace
40
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndka
tors
DIA
BE
TE
SD
iabe
tes
is a
chr
onic
con
ditio
n an
d a
lead
-in
g ca
use
of d
eath
and
dis
abili
ty in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Com
plic
atio
ns f
rom
dia
bete
s in
clud
elo
ss o
f vi
sion
, kid
ney
failu
re, h
eart
dis
ease
,lim
b am
puta
tions
, and
ner
ve d
amag
e, c
ondi
-tio
ns w
hich
can
bot
h sh
orte
n th
e lif
e sp
an a
nddi
min
ish
the
qual
ity o
f lif
e.Pe
ople
may
dev
elop
dia
bete
s at
any
age
. Of
the
two
mai
n ty
pes
of d
iabe
tes,
Typ
e 1
diab
etes
is u
sual
ly f
irst
dia
gnos
ed in
chi
ldre
n, te
enag
ers,
or y
oung
adu
lts, a
nd a
ccou
nts
for
5 to
10
per-
cent
of
all d
iagn
osed
cas
es o
f di
abet
es. T
ype
2
diab
etes
can
dev
elop
at a
ny a
ge a
ndac
coun
tsfo
r m
ore
than
90
perc
ent o
f al
l dia
gnos
edca
ses
of d
iabe
tes.
The
ris
k fo
r T
ype
2 di
abet
esm
ayin
crea
se w
ith a
ge, o
besi
ty, a
nd p
hysi
cal i
nact
iv-
ityA
In 2
001,
the
rate
s of
dia
bete
s in
crea
sed
with
age
amon
g bo
th m
en a
nd w
omen
. Com
pare
dto
wom
en a
ged
18-4
4, th
e ra
te o
f di
abet
es is
mor
e th
an f
our
times
hig
her
in w
omen
age
d45
-64
and
mor
e th
an s
even
tim
es h
ighe
r in
wom
en a
ged
65-7
4. A
mon
g ad
ults
age
d 44
and
youn
ger,
the
rate
of
diab
etes
is s
light
ly h
ighe
ram
ong
fem
ales
than
mal
es.
How
ever
, thi
s
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Dia
bete
s,*
by A
ge a
nd S
ex,
2001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
(N.)
200
50
21.0
19 2
18-4
4 ye
ars
Fem
ale M
ale
101
.188
2
tren
d is
rev
erse
d in
adu
lts a
ged
45 a
nd o
lder
,w
here
men
exh
ibit
high
er r
ates
of
the
dise
ase.
Alth
ough
the
rate
s ar
e no
t age
-adj
uste
d,no
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck w
omen
wer
em
ore
likel
yth
an w
omen
of
othe
r ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
psto
hav
e di
abet
es. I
n 20
01, t
he r
ate
of n
on-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en w
as n
earl
y tw
ice
the
rate
for
non
-His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en (
102.
5co
mpa
red
to 5
5.7)
and
1.5
tim
es th
e ra
te f
orH
ispa
nic
wom
en.
1Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion.
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Chr
onic
Dis
ease
Pre
vent
ion
and
Hea
lth P
rom
otio
n. D
iabe
tes
Publ
ic H
ealth
Res
ourc
e.ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/d
iabe
tes/
faqs
.htr
n#w
hatis
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Dia
bete
s,*
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,"
2001
Sou
rce
(II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Inte
rvie
w S
urve
y
186
512
0
c10
0cu
156
315
6.6,
80
126.
0F
)60
0- a) res
40
cc20
0
45-6
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
75 y
ears
and
olde
r
Tot
alN
on-
His
pani
cW
hite
Non
-H
ispa
n ic
Bla
ck
His
pani
c
*Rep
orte
d a
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
nal h
as e
ver
told
them
they
hav
e di
abet
es.
**R
ates
rep
orte
d ar
e cr
ude
rate
s, m
eani
ng th
at th
eyar
e no
t adj
uste
dfo
r th
e di
ffere
nt a
ge d
istr
ibut
ions
of t
hese
pop
ulat
ions
.
Non
-His
pani
cO
ther
Rac
es
41
.-H
EA
LT
H S
TA
TU
S-H
ealth
Ind
icat
ors
HE
AR
T D
ISE
AS
EM
ore
wom
en d
ie f
rom
hea
rt d
isea
se th
anm
en. I
n 20
01, w
omen
und
er a
ge 4
5 ex
peri
-en
ced
high
er r
ates
of
hear
t dis
ease
than
men
of
the
sam
e ag
e (4
9.7
vs. 2
7.9
per
1,00
0 po
pula
-tio
n, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
. How
ever
, with
incr
ease
dag
e, th
e ra
tes
reve
rsed
; clim
bing
to 2
48.0
for
men
and
179
.5 f
or w
omen
age
d 75
and
old
er.
Dif
fere
nces
in h
eart
dis
ease
am
ong
vari
ous
raci
al a
nd e
thni
c gr
oups
may
be
due
to th
e di
f-fe
renc
e in
age
dis
trib
utio
ns o
f th
ese
popu
la-
tions
. In
2001
, non
-His
pani
c W
hite
wom
enex
hibi
ted
the
high
est r
ates
of
hear
t dis
ease
and
wer
e tw
ice
as li
kely
as
His
pani
c w
omen
to b
edi
agno
sed
with
the
cond
ition
.
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Hea
rt D
isea
se,*
by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
250
200
8'15
0
CB
100
Co
Co
50
18-4
4 ye
ars
45-6
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
75 y
ears
and
old
er
Hig
h bl
ood
pres
sure
, obe
sity
, and
sm
okin
gar
e si
gnif
ican
t ris
k fa
ctor
s fo
r de
velo
ping
hea
rtdi
seas
e.H
ealth
pro
fess
iona
ls r
ecom
men
dm
odif
ying
beh
avio
rs s
uch
as s
mok
ing,
die
t, an
dex
erci
se to
pre
vent
the
onse
t or
furt
her
pro-
gres
sion
of
the
dise
ase.
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Hea
rt D
isea
se,*
by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
,**
2001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
100
80 20
78.9
Tot
iti
88.2
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
63.9
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
50.6
42.2
,
His
pani
cN
on-H
ispa
nic
Oth
er R
aces
*Rep
orte
d a
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
nal h
as e
ver
told
them
that
they
hav
e a
hear
t con
ditio
n or
dis
ease
.
**R
ates
rep
orte
d ar
e cr
ude
rate
s, m
eani
ng th
at th
ey a
re n
ot a
djus
ted
for
the
diffe
rent
age
dis
trib
utio
nsof
thes
e po
pula
tions
.
42 fiE
AL
:TI-
1 ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
HY
PE
RT
EN
SIO
NH
yper
tens
ion
(hig
h bl
ood
pres
sure
) is
a s
ig-
nifi
cant
ris
k fa
ctor
for
hea
rt d
isea
se a
nd s
trok
e.In
200
1, m
ales
age
d 64
and
you
nger
had
slig
ht-
ly h
ighe
r ra
tes
of h
yper
tens
ion
than
thei
rfe
mal
e co
unte
rpar
ts. H
owev
er, r
ates
of
hype
r-te
nsio
n w
ere
high
er a
mon
g ol
der
wom
en th
anm
en. T
his
patte
rn c
ontr
asts
with
that
see
n fo
r
othe
r m
ajor
con
ditio
ns s
uch
as h
eart
dis
ease
and
diab
etes
, whi
ch w
ere
high
eram
ong
youn
ger
wom
en th
an m
en a
nd lo
wer
for
wom
en in
old
er a
ge g
roup
s.Si
mila
r to
the
tren
ds f
ound
in h
eart
dis
ease
and
diab
etes
, the
rat
e of
hyp
erte
nsio
n fo
r bo
thw
omen
and
men
incr
ease
d w
ith a
ge. T
he r
ates
of h
yper
tens
ion
incr
ease
d fr
om 9
1.7
amon
g
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Hyp
erte
nsio
n,*
by A
ge a
nd S
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
600
b-ro
:450
0
tt; 8.40
0
O 3
00
;i5
200
cc
91.7
96.1
18-4
4 ye
ars
wom
en a
ged
44 a
nd y
oung
er to
591
.2 a
mon
gw
omen
age
d 75
and
old
er.
Alth
ough
rat
es a
re n
ot a
djus
ted
for
age,
non-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en h
ad h
ighe
r ra
tes
ofhy
pert
ensi
on th
an o
ther
rac
es a
nd e
thni
cgr
oups
. In
2001
, the
hyp
erte
nsio
n ra
te a
mon
gno
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck w
omen
was
1.3
tim
es th
era
te o
f no
n-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te w
omen
and
1.5
times
the
rate
of
His
pani
c w
omen
.
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
Hyp
erte
nsio
n,*
byR
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,"
200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
0
Fem
ale
Mal
e51
4.0
499
3'
591
2
528
9N
,
350
300
320
1
E25
024
2.0
238.
3
317
733
2.1
0 20
0
o 15
0o_ 1
100 50 0
45-6
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
75ye
ars
and
olde
rT
otal
Non
-His
pani
cN
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
teB
lack
205.
2
173.
8
His
pani
cN
on-H
ispa
nic
Oth
er R
aces
*Rep
orte
d a
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
nal h
as e
ver
told
them
that
they
hav
e hy
pert
ensi
on.
**R
ates
rep
orte
d ar
e cr
ude
rate
s, m
eani
ng th
at th
ey a
re n
ot a
djus
ted
for
the
diffe
rent
age
dist
ribut
ions
of th
ese
popu
latio
ns.
tee
.1"
,. .
...., .
r., ''',.te ,./:,,,,;4 ' "`
..&.. -',.
..
*
45
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
44
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
INJU
RY
Alth
ough
man
y in
juri
es a
re p
reve
ntab
le, i
n20
00 th
ere
wer
e 40
.4 m
illio
n vi
sits
toem
er-
genc
y de
part
men
ts (
ED
) du
e to
inju
ries
, rep
re-
sent
ing
a 7.
4 pe
rcen
t inc
reas
e fr
om 1
999
(37.
6m
illio
n).
Ove
rall,
fem
ales
acc
ount
ed f
or 4
5pe
rcen
t of
thes
e in
jury
-rel
ated
ED
vis
its.
Am
ong
fem
ales
with
inju
ry-r
elat
ed E
D v
isits
,th
e gr
eate
st p
ropo
rtio
n (3
1.0
perc
ent)
,w
ere
amon
g w
omen
age
d 25
-44.
In 2
000,
the
over
all n
umbe
r of
inju
ry-r
elat
-ed
vis
its to
ED
s pe
r 10
0 pe
rson
spe
r ye
ar w
as
14.8
, with
a r
ate
of 1
3.0
for
fem
ales
and
16.
6fo
r m
ales
. For
per
sons
age
d 44
and
youn
ger,
mal
es h
ad a
hig
her
rate
of
inju
ry-r
elat
ed E
Dvi
sits
per
yea
r th
an f
emal
es, w
ith th
e ge
nder
disp
arity
par
ticul
arly
larg
e fo
rpe
rson
s un
der
15. H
owev
er, g
ende
r di
ffer
ence
sw
ere
min
imal
amon
g pe
rson
s ag
ed 4
5-74
, whi
le f
emal
es a
ged
75 a
nd o
lder
dis
play
ed a
hig
her
rate
of
inju
ry-
rela
ted
ED
vis
its p
er y
ear
than
mal
es. A
mon
gfe
mal
es, t
he r
ate
of in
juri
es r
esul
ting
inan
ED
visi
t was
hig
hest
for
wom
en a
ged
75 a
nd o
lder
,
Inju
ry-R
elat
ed E
mer
genc
y D
epar
tmen
t Vis
its fo
r F
emal
es,
by A
ge, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.1
0): N
atio
nal A
mbu
lato
ry M
edic
al C
are
Surv
ey
CT
) t5-4
4 ye
ars
31 0
%
15-2
4 ye
ars
19.1
%
45 6
4 ye
ars
- 15
.7%
465
74
year
s -
5.7%
-475
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
- 9
.7%
.4--
Und
er 1
5 ye
ars
18.8
%
with
the
seco
nd h
ighe
st r
ate
amon
g fe
mal
esag
ed 1
5-24
.Fa
lls a
re a
lead
ing
caus
e of
inju
ry in
wom
en,
espe
cial
ly a
mon
g w
omen
age
d 65
and
old
er.
Oth
er in
juri
es c
omm
only
res
ultin
g in
an E
Dvi
sit r
esul
t fro
m b
eing
str
uck
byor
aga
inst
ape
rson
or
obje
ct, c
ar c
rash
es, o
vere
xert
ion,
and
cuts
.1
lWar
ner
M, B
arne
s PA
and
Fth
gerh
ut L
A. I
njur
y an
d po
ison
ing
epis
odes
and
con
ditio
ns, N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y, 1
997.
Vita
l Hea
lth S
tat 1
0(20
2), 2
000.
Inju
ry-R
elat
ed V
isits
to E
mer
genc
y D
epar
tmen
ts, b
y A
ge a
ndS
ex, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.1
0): N
atio
nal A
mbu
lato
ry M
edic
al C
are
Surv
ey
25 20 15 10
0
16.6
Tot
alU
nder
15 y
ears
18.1
Fem
ale
i
0.7
9 2
10 7
25-4
4ye
ars
45-6
4ye
ars
19.6
14.3
65-7
475
yea
rsye
ars
and
olde
r
45
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
LEA
DIN
G C
AU
SE
S O
F D
EA
TH
The
re w
ere
1.2
mill
ion
deat
hs a
mon
gfe
mal
es in
200
0.D
isea
ses
of th
e he
art a
ndm
alig
nant
neo
plas
ms
(can
cer)
acc
ount
ed f
orm
ore
than
hal
f of
tota
l dea
ths
(365
,953
and
267,
009
deat
hs, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
.D
eath
rat
es f
rom
the
four
lead
ing
caus
es o
fde
ath
amon
g fe
mal
es v
ary
by r
ace/
ethn
icity
. In
2000
, Bla
ck f
emal
es h
ad th
e hi
ghes
t dea
th r
ates
for
dise
ases
of
the
hear
t, m
alig
nant
neo
plas
ms,
and
cere
brov
ascu
lar
dise
ases
(28
4.1,
196
.6, a
nd78
.1 p
er 1
00,0
00 f
emal
es, r
espe
cdve
ly).
Non
-
Lead
ing
Cau
ses
of D
eath
in F
emal
es (
All
Age
s), 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.1
1): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
lkila
ligna
nt N
eopl
asm
s(C
ance
r) -
21
8%
Cer
ebro
vasc
ular
Dis
ease
s (S
trok
e) -
8.4
%
Chr
onic
Low
erR
espi
rato
ry D
isea
ses
- 5.
1%
4 D
iabe
tes
Mel
litus
- 3
.1%
Influ
enza
and
4-- P
neum
onia
- 3
.0%
---"
a111
1111
1111
1111
Mr
4 A
lzhe
imer
'sD
isea
se 2
.9%
Acc
iden
ts (
Uni
nten
tiona
lIn
)urie
s) -
2.8
%
[Dis
ease
s oi
the
Hea
rt -
29
9%A
ll O
ther
Cau
ses
- 23
0%
His
pani
c W
hite
fem
ales
had
the
high
est d
eath
rate
s fo
r ch
roni
c lo
wer
res
pira
tory
dis
ease
s (4
1.5
per
100,
000
fem
ales
). H
ispa
nic
fem
ales
had
the
low
est r
ates
of
deat
h fo
r m
alig
nant
neo
plas
ms
and
cere
brov
ascu
lar
dise
ase
(100
.6 a
nd 4
8.6
per
100,
000
fem
ales
,re
spec
tivel
y),
whi
leA
sian
/Pac
ific
Isl
ande
r fe
mal
es h
ad th
e lo
wes
tra
tes
of d
eath
for
dis
ease
s of
the
hear
t and
chro
nic
low
er r
espi
rato
ry d
isea
ses
(113
.8 a
nd11
.5 p
er 1
00,0
00 f
emal
es, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
.
Age
-Adj
uste
d D
eath
Rat
es fr
om S
elec
ted
Con
ditio
ns fo
r F
emal
es (
All
Age
s),
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.1
2): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
300
250
200
150
100
50
284.
1
210
4
137
112
9 4
100
610
9 11
03 0
Dis
ease
s of
the
Hea
rtM
alig
nant
Neo
plas
ms
(Can
cer)
*Doe
s no
t exc
lude
His
pani
c
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
Bla
ck*
His
pani
c
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
lask
a N
ativ
e
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
er'
48 6
36 4
39
1
Cer
ebro
vasc
ular
Dis
ease
s(S
trok
e)
41.5
23.1
13.8
24.9
11.5
Chr
onic
Low
er R
espi
rato
ryD
isea
ses
46
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
ME
NT
AL
ILLN
ES
S A
ND
SU
ICID
ESe
riou
s m
enta
l illn
ess1
dis
prop
ortio
nate
lyaf
fect
s w
omen
. In
2001
, fem
ales
in a
ll ad
ult a
gegr
oups
wer
e m
uch
mor
e lik
ely
than
mal
es to
repo
rt s
erio
us m
enta
l illn
ess
in th
e ye
ar p
rior
toth
e su
rvey
. Am
ong
thos
e ag
ed 2
6-49
, wom
enw
ere
near
ly tw
ice
as li
kely
as
men
to h
ave
expe
-ri
ence
d se
riou
s m
enta
l illn
ess
with
in th
e pa
st 1
2m
onth
s.
Alth
ough
the
maj
ority
of
peop
le w
ho s
uffe
rfr
om a
men
tal i
llnes
s do
not
com
mit
suic
ide,
havi
ng a
men
tal i
llnes
s m
ay in
crea
se th
e lik
eli-
hood
of
atte
mpt
ing
or c
omm
ittin
g su
icid
e.Pe
ople
with
con
ditio
ns s
uch
as m
ajor
dep
res-
sion
, bip
olar
dis
orde
rs, s
chiz
ophr
enia
, and
per-
sona
lity
diso
rder
s ar
e at
a g
reat
er r
isk
for
sui-
cide
. Fur
ther
mor
e, p
eopl
e w
ho d
ie b
y su
icid
ear
e fr
eque
ntly
suf
feri
ng f
rom
und
iagn
osed
,un
dert
reat
ed, o
r un
trea
ted
depr
essi
on.2
In20
00, n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te a
nd A
mer
ican
Ser
ious
Men
tal I
llnes
s in
Pas
t Yea
r, b
y A
ge a
nd S
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.4
): N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se
P4:
11
001
5
12 9 6 3
8 8
5 6
13.5
10 0
10 1
5 5
Tot
al18
-25
year
s26
-49
year
s
Indi
an/A
lask
a N
ativ
e w
omen
had
esp
ecia
llyhi
gh r
ates
of
suic
ide
at 4
.7 a
nd 4
.6 s
uici
dede
aths
per
100
,000
fem
ales
, res
pect
ivel
y,as
com
pare
d to
3.0
for
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der,
1.8
for
His
pani
c, a
nd 1
.8 f
or B
lack
fem
ales
.
1The
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld S
urve
y on
Dru
g A
buse
def
ines
Ser
ious
Men
tal I
llnes
s (S
Ml)
as
"hav
ing
a di
agno
sabl
e m
enta
l, be
havi
oral
,or
emot
iona
l dis
orde
r th
at m
et th
e D
SM-I
V c
rite
ria
and
resu
lted
infu
nctio
nal i
mpa
irm
ent t
hat s
ubst
antia
lly in
terf
ered
with
or
limite
don
e or
mor
e m
ajor
life
act
iviti
es."
2Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces.
Nat
iona
l Str
ateg
y fo
rSu
icid
e Pr
even
tion.
A C
olla
bora
tive
Eff
ort o
f SA
MH
SA, C
DC
,
Fem
ale
Mal
e
5.6
4 0 17
Sui
cide
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,
Sour
ce 5
a) 4
To
LL o3 2
a) a. as rt1 0
Dea
th R
ates
* fo
r F
emal
es A
ged
15 Y
ears
and
Old
er,
2000
(11.
12):
Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s Sy
stem
4.7
4.6
3.0
1.8
1 8
Non
-B
lack
**H
ispa
nic
His
pani
cW
hite
are
age-
adju
sted
usi
ng th
e ye
ar 2
000
stan
dard
pop
ulat
ion.
not e
xclu
de H
ispa
nic
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/A
lask
aN
ativ
e**
Asi
an/
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
**50
yea
rsan
d ol
der
'Rat
es
*Doe
s
47
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
OV
ER
WE
IGH
T A
ND
OB
ES
ITY
Ove
rwei
ght a
nd o
besi
ty a
re li
nked
to c
hron
-ic
con
ditio
ns s
uch
as h
igh
bloo
d pr
essu
re, h
eart
dise
ase,
dia
bete
s, a
nd s
trok
e. A
n ex
pert
pan
elco
nven
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal I
nstit
utes
of
Hea
lthus
ed h
eigh
t and
wei
ght m
easu
rem
ents
to d
efm
eov
erw
eigh
t as
a B
ody
Mas
s In
dex
(BM
I) o
f 25
kg/m
2 or
gre
ater
and
obe
sity
as
a B
MI
of 3
0kg
/m2
or g
reat
er. U
sing
thes
e de
fini
tions
, the
1999
-200
0 N
atio
nal H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n
Exa
min
atio
n Su
rvey
(N
HA
NE
S) f
ound
that
61.9
per
cent
of
wom
en w
ere
over
wei
ght,
incl
udin
g th
e 33
.4 p
erce
nt w
ho w
ere
obes
e.M
ales
wer
e co
nsis
tent
ly m
ore
likel
y to
be
over
-w
eigh
t tha
n fe
mal
es, w
hile
fem
ales
wer
e m
ore
likel
y to
be
obes
e. N
HA
NE
S fo
und
that
61.
9pe
rcen
t of
wom
en w
ere
over
wei
ght,
incl
udin
gth
e 33
.4 p
erce
nt w
ho w
ere
obes
e. M
ales
wer
eco
nsis
tent
ly m
ore
likel
y to
be
over
wei
ght t
han
fem
ales
, whi
le f
emal
es w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
to b
eob
ese.
The
like
lihoo
d of
bei
ng o
verw
eigh
t
Ove
rwei
ght a
nd O
besi
ty*
Am
ong
Wom
en A
ged
20 a
nd O
lder
,by
Age
, 199
9-20
00So
urce
(11
.13)
: Nat
iona
l Hea
lth a
nd N
utri
tiona
l Exa
min
atio
n Su
rvey
Ove
rwei
ght
Obe
se
54 3
66.1
37 8
68.1
35 0
Tot
al20
-39
year
s40
-59
year
s60
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
incr
ease
d w
ith a
ge, t
he h
ighe
st p
erce
ntag
eam
ong
wom
en a
ged
40-5
9 (3
7.8
perc
ent)
, fol
-lo
wed
by
wom
en 6
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r (3
5.0
per-
cent
). The
199
9-20
00 N
HA
NE
S sh
owed
the
high
est p
reva
lenc
e of
ove
rwei
ght a
nd o
besi
tyin
non
-His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en (
77.3
per
cent
over
wei
ght,
incl
udin
g 49
.7 p
erce
nt o
bese
), f
ol-
low
ed b
y M
exic
an-A
mer
ican
wom
en (
71.9
per
-ce
nt o
verw
eigh
t, in
clud
ing
39.7
per
cent
obe
se).
Ove
rwei
ght a
nd O
besi
ty*
in W
omen
Age
d 20
and
Old
er,
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty,1
999-
2000
Sour
ce (
11.1
3): N
atio
nal H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
nal E
xam
inat
ion
Surv
ey
80 70 60
g 50
"640
ct) ct 3
0 20 10
57 3
Ove
rwei
ght
Obe
se77
3
30 1
49 7
71.9
39 7
Non
:His
pani
c W
hite
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
Mex
ican
Am
enca
n
*Obe
sity
was
def
ined
as
a bo
dy m
ass
inde
x of
30.
0 or
hig
her.
Ove
rwei
ght w
as d
efin
ed a
s a
body
mas
s in
dex
of 2
5.0
or h
ighe
r, th
eref
ore
incl
udin
g al
l tho
se d
efin
ed a
s ob
ese.
48
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
sft
SE
XU
ALL
Y T
RA
NS
MIT
TE
DD
ISE
AS
ES
Rat
es o
f re
port
able
sex
ually
tran
smitt
eddi
seas
es (
STD
s) a
re p
artic
ular
ly h
igh
amon
gad
oles
cent
fem
ales
and
you
ng a
dult
wom
en.
In 2
001,
chl
amyd
ia w
as th
e m
ost c
omm
onin
fect
ion,
fol
low
ed b
y go
norr
hea,
with
rat
es in
adol
esce
nts
aged
15-
19 o
f 25
47.2
and
703
.2ca
ses
per
100,
000
wom
en r
espe
ctiv
ely.
The
rate
s fo
r bo
th o
f th
ese
STD
s de
crea
sed
with
age.
ST
Ds
Am
ong
Fem
ales
, by
Age
, 200
1So
urce
(11
.14)
: Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
- 44
1 2
0
1128
517
71T
otal
10-1
4
2,54
7.2
139.
351
.7
03.2
2,46
6.9
Rat
es o
f ch
lam
ydia
and
gon
orrh
ea w
ere
muc
h hi
gher
am
ong
non-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en th
an a
mon
g w
omen
of
othe
r ra
ces
and
ethn
iciti
es, w
ith r
ates
of
1,64
6.1
and
721.
4pe
r10
0,00
0 w
omen
, res
pect
ivel
y.A
mer
ican
Indi
an/A
lask
a N
ativ
e w
omen
had
the
seco
ndhi
ghes
t rat
es o
f th
ese
dise
ases
.A
thir
d re
port
able
ST
D, s
yphi
lis, r
emai
ned
rela
tivel
y ra
re a
mon
g fe
mal
es in
200
1 (1
.4pe
r10
0,00
0 w
omen
). I
n 20
01, t
his
cond
ition
als
odi
spro
port
iona
tely
affe
cted
non-
His
pani
c
I.82
9 1
(10
year
san
d ol
der)
15-1
920
-24
year
sye
ars
year
s
Chl
amyd
ia
Gon
orrh
ea
Iy249
411
112.
7 11
7.1
57 8
Fn.
4425
-29
30-3
435
-39
year
sye
ars
Yea
rs
Bla
cks
(8.4
per
100
,000
wom
en)
and
Am
eric
anIn
dian
/Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en (
3.8
per
100,
000
wom
en).
Alth
ough
thes
e co
nditi
ons
are
trea
tabl
ew
ith a
ntib
iotic
s, S
Tlls
can
hav
e se
riou
s he
alth
cons
eque
nces
.A
ctiv
e in
fect
ions
can
incr
ease
the
likel
ihoo
d of
con
trac
ting
HIV
, and
unt
reat
-ed
Sfl
ls c
an le
ad to
pel
vic
infl
amm
ator
y di
s-ea
se, i
nfer
tility
, and
adv
erse
out
com
es o
fpr
egna
ncy.
ST
Ds
Am
ong
Fem
ales
Age
d 10
and
Old
er, b
y R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.1
4): C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n
2000
cs10
000
192.
3
1.11
35.3
Non
-His
pani
cW
hite
1,64
6 1
Non
-His
pani
cB
lack
79 1
II
His
pani
c
Chl
amyd
iaG
onor
rhea
1,08
6 1
233.
3
28.0
IIIA
mer
ican
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIn
dian
/Ala
ska
Isla
nder
Nat
ive
49
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Hea
lth I
ndic
ator
s
VIO
LEN
CE
AN
D A
BU
SE
In 1
999,
ther
e w
ere
3.3
mill
ion
viol
ent
crim
es c
omm
itted
aga
inst
fem
ales
age
d 12
and
olde
r. V
iole
nt c
rim
es in
clud
e ra
pe, s
exua
las
saul
t, ro
bber
y, a
nd a
ggra
vate
d an
d si
mpl
eas
saul
t.V
iole
nt c
rim
es a
re p
erpe
trat
ed b
y st
rang
ers,
frie
nds,
acq
uain
tanc
es, o
ther
rel
ativ
es, o
r in
ti-m
ate
part
ners
. How
ever
, wom
en a
re m
ore
like-
ly to
be
the
vict
ims
of v
iole
nt a
cts
com
mitt
edby
intim
ate
part
ners
. In
1999
, the
re w
ere
791,
210
viol
ent c
rim
es c
omm
itted
by
intim
ate
part
ners
, 84.
8 pe
rcen
t of
whi
ch w
ere
com
mit-
ted
agai
nst w
omen
. Wom
en w
ere
also
mor
elik
ely
to b
e vi
ctim
s of
hom
icid
e by
intim
ate
part
ners
than
wer
e m
en. T
he o
vera
ll ra
te o
fin
timat
e pa
rtne
r vi
olen
ce a
gain
st w
omen
was
5.8
per
1,00
0 in
199
9, b
ut r
ates
wer
e hi
gher
amon
g w
omen
age
d 16
-19
and
20-2
4 (1
5.4
and
15.7
per
1,0
00, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
. Age
pat
tern
s fo
rin
timat
e pa
rtne
r vi
olen
ce w
ere
sim
ilar
amon
gva
riou
s ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
ps, p
eaki
ngbe
twee
n th
e ag
es o
f 20
-24
year
s.T
he m
ajor
ity o
f se
xual
ass
aults
and
rap
esal
so o
ccur
am
ong
wom
en. I
n 19
99, t
here
wer
e34
3,83
0 se
xual
ass
aults
and
atte
mpt
ed a
nd
Crim
es o
f Vio
lenc
e A
gain
st F
emal
es b
y In
timat
e P
artn
ers,
199
9So
urce
(11
.15)
: Nat
iona
l Cri
me
Vic
timiz
atio
n Su
rvey
com
plet
ed r
apes
rep
orte
d, o
f w
hich
87.
3 pe
r-ce
nt w
ere
repo
rted
by
wom
en. T
hirt
y-ei
ght
perc
ent o
f fe
mal
e su
rviv
ors
of c
ompl
eted
rap
eal
so s
usta
ined
add
ition
al in
juri
es, w
hile
39
per-
cent
of
atte
mpt
ed r
ape
surv
ivor
s an
d 17
per
-ce
nt o
f se
xual
ass
ault
surv
ivor
s re
port
ed a
ddi-
tiona
l inj
urie
s. R
epor
ted
non-
fata
l inj
urie
sra
nged
fro
m b
ruis
es a
nd c
hipp
ed te
eth
to b
ro-
ken
bone
s an
d gu
nsho
t wou
nds.
1
1Ren
niso
n C
M. R
ape
and
Sexu
al A
ssau
lt: R
epor
ting
to P
olic
e an
dM
edic
al A
ttent
ion,
199
2-20
00. U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t ofJ
ustic
e, B
urea
uof
Just
ice
Stat
istic
s Sp
ecia
l Rep
or4
Aug
ust 2
002.
Rap
e an
d S
exua
l Ass
ault
Vic
tims
Age
d 12
and
Old
er, b
y S
ex, 1
999
Sour
ce (
11.1
6): N
atio
nal C
rim
e V
ictim
izat
ion
Surv
ey
To
LL 0_ a) cr
20 15 10 5 0
5.8
CJT
1.3
15 4
15.7
9 4
6.0
0.5
.E)
1-2
_a
200,
000
150,
000
100,
000
50,0
00
124,
730
50,6
60
9,15
0
168,
440
13,8
5016
,340
Fem
ale
Mal
ei-4
I
Com
plet
ed R
ape
Atte
mpt
ed R
ape
Sex
ual A
ssau
ltT
otal
12-1
5ye
ars
16-1
9ye
ars
20-2
4ye
ars
25-3
4ye
ars
35-4
9ye
ars
50 y
ears
and
olde
r
50
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Mat
emal
Hea
W
PR
EN
AT
AL
CA
RE
The
re w
ere
4,02
5,93
3 bi
rths
in th
e U
.S. i
n20
01. O
f th
e w
omen
giv
ing
birt
h, 8
3.4
perc
ent
bega
n pr
enat
al c
are
in th
e fi
rst t
rim
este
r of
preg
nanc
y, in
crea
sing
slig
htly
fro
m th
e 20
00ra
te.
Thi
s fi
gure
has
ris
en 1
0 pe
rcen
t sin
ce19
89, w
hen
75.5
per
cent
of
wom
en r
ecei
ved
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are.
Rac
ial a
nd e
thni
c va
riat
ions
exi
st in
rec
eiv-
ing
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are.
In
2001
, 88.
5 pe
rcen
t of
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en a
nd 8
4.0
perc
ent
of A
sian
/Pac
ific
Isl
ande
r wom
en r
ecei
ved
earl
ypr
enat
al c
are
com
pare
d to
74.
5pe
rcen
t of
non-
His
pani
c B
lack
, 75.
7 pe
rcen
t of
His
pani
c, a
nd69
.3 p
erce
nt o
f A
mer
ican
Ind
ian/
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
wom
en.
The
pro
port
ion
of n
on-
His
pani
c B
lack
, His
pani
c, a
nd A
mer
ican
Indi
an/A
lask
a N
ativ
e w
omen
rec
eivi
ng e
arly
pren
atal
car
e in
crea
sed
by 2
0-26
perc
ent
betw
een
1990
and
200
1.
Mot
hers
Beg
inni
ng P
rena
tal C
are
in th
e F
irst T
rimes
ter
(All
Birt
hs),
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.1
7): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
1 00
88.5
83.4
84.0
_c80
Eo-
74.5
75.7
69.3
C9
60a)
40
0 12_
20 0T
otal
Non
-N
on-
His
pani
cA
mer
ican
Asi
an/P
acifi
cH
ispa
nic
His
pani
cIn
dian
/Is
land
erW
hite
Bla
ckA
lask
aN
ativ
e
The
per
cent
age
of w
omen
beg
inni
ngpr
e-na
tal c
are
in th
e th
ird
trim
este
ror
goi
ng w
ith-
out p
rena
tal c
are
drop
ped
from
6.4
per
cent
in19
89 to
3.7
per
cent
in 2
001.
How
ever
,no
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck,
His
pani
c an
d A
mer
ican
Indi
an/A
lask
a N
ativ
ew
omen
wer
e 2.
7 to
3.7
times
mor
e lik
ely
to b
egin
care
late
or
to r
ecei
veno
pre
nata
l car
e th
an n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tew
omen
in 2
001.
Ove
rall,
alm
ost 4
2,00
0 w
omen
rece
ived
no
pren
atal
care
.
Mot
hers
Rec
eivi
ng L
ate
or N
o P
rena
tal C
are
(All
Birt
hs),
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.1
7): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
Late
Car
e
No
Car
e
4 2
4.3
Tot
alN
on-
His
pani
cW
hite
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
1 6
His
pani
c
6 4
2 8
Am
eric
anin
cran
/A
lask
aN
ativ
e*
*Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s S
yste
m, F
inal
Nat
ality
Dat
a, 2
001,
Unp
ublis
hed
data
.
Asi
an/
Pac
ific
Isla
nder
*
51
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Mat
erna
l Hea
lth
LIV
E B
IRT
HS
From
199
5 to
200
1 th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
live
birt
hs in
crea
sed
4.1
perc
ent f
rom
3.8
mill
ion
to4.
0 m
illio
n.A
lthou
gh n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tew
omen
had
the
grea
test
num
ber
ofbi
rths
dur
-in
g th
ese
year
s, th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
live
bir
ths
amon
g th
is p
opul
atio
n de
crea
sed
2.4
perc
ent.
The
num
ber
of li
ve b
irth
s in
oth
er r
acia
l and
ethn
ic g
roup
s in
crea
sed
duri
ng th
is p
erio
d,w
ith H
ispa
nics
and
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
wom
en e
xper
ienc
ing
the
larg
est
grow
th r
ates
;20
.2 a
nd 2
0.0
perc
ent r
espe
ctiv
ely.
The
tota
l bir
th r
ate
in th
e U
S. in
200
1 w
as14
.5 b
irth
s pe
r 1,
000
popu
latio
n, a
slig
htde
crea
se (
1.4
perc
ent)
fro
m th
e ra
te r
epor
ted
in20
00. Y
oung
er w
omen
had
hig
her
birt
h ra
tes
than
olde
r w
omen
.B
irth
rate
sam
ong
Asi
an/P
acif
icIs
land
eran
d no
n-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te w
omen
wer
e th
e hi
ghes
t in
wom
en a
ged
25-2
9, w
hile
oth
er r
acia
l and
eth
nic
grou
ps h
adth
eir
high
est r
ates
in th
e 20
-24
year
s ag
e gr
oup.
Ove
rall,
His
pani
c w
omen
age
d 20
-24
had
the
high
est b
irth
rat
e (1
86.0
per
1,0
00 w
omen
).A
mon
g w
omen
aged
30an
dol
der,
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
wom
en h
ad th
e hi
ghes
tbi
rth
rate
s. CJ1
C.0
Live
Birt
hs, b
y R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 1
995-
2001
Sour
ce 0
1.17
): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
2500
2000 80
0to
"-o
c
600
i c40
0.o
200
To
0
----
--
His
pani
c
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
2,32
7
852
590
200
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
erA
mer
ican
Indi
an
42
'19
9519
9619
9719
9819
9 9
2000
2801
Birt
h R
ates
, by
Age
and
Rac
e/E
thni
city
of M
othe
r, 2
001
Sour
ce (
11.1
7): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
200
150
100 50
0
142
9 107
3 69 0
20-2
4 ye
ars
25-2
9 ye
ars
Mil
30-3
4 ye
ars
186.
0174
9
134
0
113
805
4
Niin
-His
panI
C W
hite
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
68 0
2 5 7
4
Am
eric
an In
dian
/A
sian
/Pac
ific
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
Isla
nder
IIIIII
35-
39 y
ears
MI 4
0-44
yea
rs
52
HE
AL
TH
:ST
AT
US-
Wer
nal H
ealth
In-H
ospi
tal B
reas
tfeed
ing,
by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 199
0-20
01So
urce
(11
.18)
: Abb
ott L
abor
ator
ies
80 70.c cb
- o60
.c FD
50
640
'E f.a.2
3
a.30 20
Whi
te
1990
199
1 19
92 1
993
1994
199
5 19
96 1
997
1998
199
9 20
00 2
001
*May
be o
f an
y ra
ce
Wom
en B
reas
tfeed
ing
in H
ospi
tal a
nd a
t 6 M
onth
s%
Pos
tpar
tum
, by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
1So
urce
(11
.18)
: Abb
ott L
abor
ator
ies
BO
7069
5
to 6
0.1
'
50 40
-a 3
0
cy, 2
0a.
10
In H
ospi
tal
mon
ths
72 2
52.9
73.0
All
Rac
esW
hite
Bla
ckH
ispa
ntc
BR
EA
ST
FE
ED
ING
Bre
astf
eedi
ng h
as n
umer
ous
bene
fits
for
wom
en a
nd th
eir
infa
nts)
Thr
ough
the
1970
s an
d ea
rly
1980
s, th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
mot
hers
who
beg
an b
reas
tfee
ding
in th
eho
spita
l inc
reas
ed s
tead
ily to
61.
9pe
rcen
t,bu
t the
n gr
adua
lly d
eclin
ed to
51.
5pe
rcen
tby
199
0. B
etw
een
1990
and
200
1, th
ebr
east
feed
ing
initi
atio
n ra
tes
stea
dily
incr
ease
d am
ong
Bla
ck, H
ispa
nic,
and
Whi
te w
omen
.In
200
1, b
reas
tfee
ding
rat
es in
the
hos-
pita
l wer
e 72
.2 p
erce
ntam
ong
Whi
tes,
73.
0pe
rcen
t am
ong
His
pani
cs, a
nd 5
2.9
perc
ent
amon
g B
lack
s. T
hese
rat
es w
ere
the
high
est
reco
rded
sin
ce n
atio
nal b
reas
tfee
ding
dat
aha
ve b
een
colle
cted
. How
ever
, dis
pari
ties
rem
ain
betw
een
Bla
ck w
omen
and
wom
enof
oth
er r
acia
l and
eth
nic
grou
ps.
The
per
cent
age
of w
omen
who
repo
rtth
at th
ey a
re s
till b
reas
tfee
ding
at 6
mon
ths
post
part
um r
each
ed a
hig
h of
32.
5 pe
rcen
tin
200
1. A
t 6 m
onth
s po
stpa
rtum
, 34.
2pe
rcen
t, 32
.8 p
erce
nt, a
nd 2
1.9
perc
ent o
fW
hite
, His
pani
c, a
nd B
lack
wom
en, r
espe
c-tiv
ely,
wer
e st
ill b
reas
tfee
ding
.B
reas
tfee
ding
rat
es w
ere
high
est
amon
gw
omen
who
wer
e ag
ed 2
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r,W
hite
or
His
pani
c, c
olle
ge e
duca
ted,
not
part
icip
atin
g in
the
Supp
lem
enta
l Nut
ritio
nPr
ogra
m f
or W
omen
, Inf
ants
, and
Chi
ldre
n(W
IC),
and
/or
livin
g in
the
wes
tern
Sta
tes.
Wom
en w
ere
also
mor
e lik
ely
to in
itiat
ebr
east
feed
ing
with
thei
r fi
rst c
hild
, but
wom
en w
ith m
ore
than
one
chi
ld w
ere
slig
htly
mor
e lik
ely
to c
ontin
ue b
reas
tfee
d-in
g at
6 m
onth
s po
stpa
rtum
. Whi
lem
ater
-na
l em
ploy
men
t has
littl
e im
pact
on b
reas
t-fe
edin
g in
itiat
ion,
wom
en w
hoar
eem
ploy
ed f
ull-
time
are
less
like
ly to
bre
ast-
feed
6 m
onth
s af
ter
the
birt
h of
thei
r ch
ildth
an w
omen
who
are
not
em
ploy
edor
wor
king
par
t-tim
e.2
1 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s. H
HS
Blu
epri
nt f
or A
ctio
n on
Bre
astf
eedi
ng, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: U
.S.
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
Off
ice
onW
omen
's H
ealth
, 200
0.ht
tp://
ww
w.4
wom
an.g
ov/B
reas
tfee
ding
/blu
prnt
bk2.
2Rya
n A
S, W
enju
n Z
, Aco
sta
A. B
reas
tfee
ding
con
tinue
sto
incr
ease
into
the
new
mill
enni
um. P
edia
tric
s 20
02; 1
10 (
6):
1103
-110
9.
ryg
t.Hiy;176,43i
' "$.
4+5 4 ,7
:. '''' c ,.. ' ,,
,:' ' ,'''' 4 ',k
,
'
'
54
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Mat
erna
l 'H
ealth -
MA
TE
RN
AL
MO
RB
IDIT
YM
orbi
dity
ass
ocia
ted
with
pre
gnan
cyca
nle
ad to
ser
ious
phy
sica
l and
men
tal h
ealth
prob
lem
s. T
he th
ree
mos
t fre
quen
tly r
epor
ted
med
ical
ris
k fa
ctor
s fo
r w
omen
hav
ing
live
birt
hs in
200
1 w
ere
preg
nanc
y-as
soci
ated
hype
rten
sion
(37
.7 p
er 1
,000
live
bir
ths)
, dia
-be
tes
(31.
1 pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs),
and
ane
mia
(25.
0 pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs).
Ane
mia
occu
rsm
ore
freq
uent
ly a
mon
g w
omen
age
d 20
yea
rsor
you
nger
whi
le w
omen
age
d 40
yea
rs o
rol
der
are
at g
reat
er r
isk
for
chro
nic
cond
ition
ssu
ch a
s di
abet
es (
9.2
per
1,00
0 liv
e bi
rths
vs.
71.7
) an
d ca
rdia
c di
seas
e (2
.7pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs v
s. 9
.5).
Mat
erna
l illn
ess
and
preg
nanc
y-co
mpl
ica-
Cj l
ions
dur
ing
labo
r an
d de
liver
y in
clud
e co
ndi-
Cni
ons
such
as
diab
etes
, hyp
erte
nsiv
e di
sord
ers,
card
iova
scul
ar d
isea
se, h
emor
rhag
e, a
mni
otic
cavi
ty in
fect
ions
, and
obs
tetr
ictr
aum
a. I
n19
99, 3
1.4
perc
ent o
fw
omen
dis
char
ged
from
hosp
itals
exp
erie
nced
thes
e co
nditi
ons,
alth
ough
com
plic
atio
ns o
ccur
red
mor
e fr
e-qu
ently
in w
omen
who
wer
e at
the
ends
of
the
age
spec
trum
. Fem
ales
age
d 15
year
s an
dyo
unge
r, w
ho d
eliv
ered
one
or
mor
e in
fant
sha
d th
e hi
ghes
t per
cent
age
of d
eliv
erie
s w
ithco
mpl
icat
ions
(49
.4 p
erce
nt).
Whi
le d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble
for
othe
r ra
ces/
ethn
iciti
es, r
ates
of c
ompl
icat
ions
dur
ing
preg
nanc
y va
ried
betw
een
Bla
ck a
nd W
hite
wom
en (
35.4
per
100
deliv
erie
s vs
. 30.
5, r
espe
ctiv
ely)
in 1
999.
Exc
essi
ve w
eigh
t gai
ns in
preg
nanc
y ha
vepr
ompt
ed a
ttent
ion
to th
e re
latio
nshi
p of
ges-
tatio
nal w
eigh
t gai
n an
d su
bseq
uent
obe
sity
inw
omen
. In
2001
, 18.
5 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en h
av-
ing
a si
ngle
live
bir
th g
aine
dm
ore
than
40
poun
ds, t
he u
pper
mos
t wei
ght g
ain
limit
rec-
omm
ende
d fo
r an
y B
ody
Mas
s In
dex1
cate
go-
ry; t
his
perc
enta
ge in
crea
sed
to 1
9.1
for
all
wom
en h
avin
g liv
e bi
rths
.D
urin
g th
e pa
st d
ecad
e, th
e pr
opor
tion
ofliv
e bi
rths
to w
omen
age
d 35
year
s or
old
erha
s st
eadi
ly in
crea
sed.
In
2001
, 13.
6pe
rcen
tof
all
live
birt
hs o
ccur
red
to w
omen
age
d 35
year
s or
old
er, a
n in
crea
se o
f 8
perc
ent s
ince
1997
. Wom
en in
this
age
grou
p w
ere
mor
elik
ely
to e
xper
ienc
e su
ch c
ondi
tions
as d
ia-
bete
s, c
ardi
ac d
isea
se, a
nd c
hron
ic h
yper
ten-
sion
than
wom
en u
nder
35
year
s of
age
.
1Bod
y M
ass
Inde
x (B
M)
is a
mea
sure
of
wei
ght i
n re
latio
nto
heig
ht.
Med
ical
Ris
k F
acto
rs D
urin
g P
regn
ancy
per
1,00
0 Li
veB
irths
, by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
1So
urce
(11
.17)
: Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s Sy
stem
".(6
)60
a)
50.c
40
a) E 3
0
ci) 6
20'E 2 cp
10
Hyp
erte
nsio
n,P
regn
ancy
Ass
ocia
ted
Dia
bete
s
Ane
mia
51.7
21 4
0.4
26 2
7262
9.6
Tot
al
'May
be
of a
ny r
ace
Whi
teB
lack
Am
eric
anA
sian
/In
dian
/P
acifi
cA
lask
aIs
land
erN
ativ
e
His
pani
c*
Mat
erna
l Illn
ess
and
Pre
gnan
cy-C
ompl
icat
ions
dur
ing
Hos
pita
lized
Lab
or a
nd D
eliv
ery,
by
Age
, 199
9So
urce
(11
.19)
: Nat
iona
l Hos
pita
l Dis
char
ge S
urve
y
49.4
40 30
33.3
Und
er15
yea
rs15
-19
year
s
29.9
20-2
4ye
ars
31.3
25-2
9ye
ars
30.2
30-3
4ye
ars
34.3
35 y
ears
and
olde
r
55
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Mat
erna
l Hea
lth
MA
TE
RN
AL
MO
RT
ALI
TY
Bet
wee
n 19
70 a
nd 1
980,
mat
erna
l mor
talit
yin
the
U.S
. dec
reas
ed f
rom
21.
5 to
9.4
dea
ths
per
100,
000
live
birt
hs, a
56
perc
ent d
rop.
How
ever
, fro
m 1
980-
1998
, the
rat
e re
mai
ned
betw
een
6 an
d 7
mat
erna
l dea
ths
per
100,
000
live
birt
hs.
In 2
000,
ther
e w
ere
396
mat
erna
lde
aths
rel
ated
to c
ompl
icat
ions
of
preg
nanc
y,ch
ildbi
rth,
and
the
post
part
um p
erio
d, a
rat
e of
9.8
per
100,
000
live
birt
hs. W
hile
the
num
ber
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y, b
y R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.1
2): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
25 20 150 0 0 (5 0
10ir
)ca
.
Ca ct
5 0
9.8
6.8
22.3
of m
ater
nal d
eath
s ca
n va
ry f
rom
yea
r to
yea
r,th
e ch
ange
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
mat
erna
l dea
ths
sinc
e 19
98 a
lso
refl
ects
new
cla
ssif
icat
ion
and
codi
ng o
f m
ater
nal d
eath
s st
artin
g w
ith 1
999
data
. In 2
000,
the
mat
erna
l mor
talit
y ra
te f
orno
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck w
omen
(22
.3 p
er 1
00,0
00liv
e bi
rths
) w
as g
reat
er th
an th
ree
times
the
rate
for
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en (
6.8
per
100,
000
live
birt
hs)
and
mor
e th
an tw
ice
the
9.9
Tot
alN
on-
His
pani
cW
hite
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
His
pani
c
rate
for
His
pani
c w
omen
(9.
9 pe
r 10
0,00
0 liv
ebi
rths
).T
he r
isk
of m
ater
nal d
eath
incr
ease
s w
ithag
e.In
200
0, w
omen
age
d 35
and
old
er h
adne
arly
thre
e tim
es th
e ri
sk o
f de
ath
as w
omen
aged
25-
29 (
22.7
and
7.9
per
100
,000
live
bir
ths,
resp
ectiv
ely)
. Bla
ck w
omen
age
d 35
and
old
erha
d th
e hi
ghes
t rat
e of
mat
erna
l mor
talit
y of
appr
oxim
atel
y 63
dea
ths
per
100,
000
live
birt
hs.
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y, b
y A
ge, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.2
0): N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Syst
em
25 20_c
15-1 0 0 0 0
10
0. cu co
0
7.4
7.9
20-2
4ye
ars
25-2
9ye
ars
10.0
30-3
4ye
ars
22 7
35 y
ears
and
olde
r
56
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Spec
ial P
opul
atio
ns
HE
ALT
H R
ES
OU
RC
ES
AN
D
SE
RV
ICE
S A
DM
INIS
TA
TIO
N'S
PO
PU
LAT
ION
S A
ND
PR
OG
RA
MS
The
Hea
lthR
esou
rces
and
Serv
ices
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(HR
SA)
serv
esw
omen
of
all
ages
, rac
ial a
nd e
thni
c ba
ckgr
ound
s, a
nd v
ari-
ous
soci
oeco
nom
ic g
roup
s in
clud
ing,
uni
n-su
red
and
unde
rser
ved
wom
en; r
ural
, mig
rant
,an
d im
mig
rant
wom
en; h
omel
ess
wom
en;
wom
en li
ving
with
HIV
/AID
S; a
nd p
regn
ant
wom
en.
In 2
001,
59.
3 pe
rcen
t of
the
10 m
illio
ncl
ient
s se
rved
by
HR
SA-s
uppo
rted
hea
lthce
n-te
rs w
ere
fem
ale.
Dur
ing
this
yea
r, 4
,480
,591
wom
en w
ere
serv
ed th
roug
h T
itle
V-s
uppo
rted
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Blo
ck G
rant
pro-
gram
s. A
mon
g H
RSA
clie
nts,
48.
4 pe
rcen
t of
preg
nant
wom
en r
epor
ted
thei
r pr
imar
yso
urce
of in
sura
nce
cove
rage
as M
edic
aid.
Am
ong
wom
en w
ho w
ere
not p
regn
ant,
35.2
per
cent
had
no s
ourc
e of
hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
.A
mon
g th
e w
omen
ser
ved
by th
ese
com
-m
unity
and
mig
rant
hea
lth c
ente
rs, 8
4.8
perc
ent
rece
ived
a P
ap s
mea
r w
ithin
the
past
3 y
ears
; ahi
gher
rat
e th
an th
e na
tiona
lav
erag
e. W
omen
aged
50
and
olde
r se
rved
in H
RSA
-sup
port
edhe
alth
cen
ters
als
o ha
d hi
gher
rate
s of
rec
eivi
nga
mam
mog
ram
than
wom
en in
the
gene
ral
popu
latio
n.
Prim
ary
Ser
ved
Sour
ce
CO
(0 Ea_
50
2 c° 4
0
2 -° 3
0-0 , 2
0 100 a)
0a_
Sou
rce
by M
ater
nal
(11.
2: B
urea
u
48.4
of
24.2
Hea
lth In
sura
nce
Cov
erag
ean
d C
hild
Hea
lth P
rogr
ams,
of P
rim
ary
Hea
lth C
are
39.0
0.3
0.7
Am
ong
Wom
en20
01
Pre
gnan
t Wom
enN
ot P
regn
ant 35
2
Rec
eipt
Ser
ved
Sour
ce
100
80 60
1,2)
40
20 0
of R
ecom
men
ded
by F
eder
ally
(11.
22):
Bur
eau
84 8
Qua
lifie
dof
Pri
mar
y
81 3
Clin
ical
Hea
lth
73
Pre
vent
ive
Hea
lth C
ente
rs,
Car
e
CH
C*
Ser
vice
s20
01
Clie
nts
Pop
ulat
ion
71 6
by
74.9
Wom
en
172
Gen
eral
8
V28
6
8 5
Titl
eX
IXT
itle
XX
IP
rivat
e/N
one
Pap
Sm
ear
Mam
mog
raph
y**
Clin
ical
Bre
ast E
xam
(Med
icai
d)(S
tate
Chi
ldre
nO
ther
(with
in th
e pa
st(w
ithin
the
past
(with
in th
e pa
st 2
year
s)H
ealth
Insu
ranc
e1-
3 ye
ars)
2 ye
ars)
Pro
gram
)*C
omm
unity
Hea
lth C
ente
r
**W
omen
age
d 50
and
old
er
57
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Spec
ial P
opul
atio
ns
BO
RD
ER
HE
ALT
HH
ealth
car
e ch
alle
nges
are
pre
vale
nt a
mon
gpe
rson
s liv
ing
alon
g th
e 2,
000
mile
-lon
g U
.S.-
Mex
ico
bord
er r
egio
n, s
tret
chin
g fr
om S
anY
sidr
o, C
alif
orni
a, to
Bro
wns
ville
, Tex
as, a
ndex
tend
ing
62 m
iles
nort
h an
d so
uth
of th
e bo
r-de
r. T
he U
.S. s
ide
of th
e bo
rder
are
a co
nsis
ts o
f48
cou
ntie
s in
fou
r St
ates
. Mor
e th
an a
thir
d of
U.S
. bor
der
fam
ilies
live
at o
r be
low
the
pove
r-ty
line
. The
Hea
lth R
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
sA
dmin
istr
atio
n (H
RSA
) ad
dres
ses
bord
erhe
alth
issu
es th
roug
h in
vest
men
ts in
pri
mar
yhe
alth
car
e, m
ater
nal a
nd c
hild
hea
lth s
ervi
ces,
HIV
/AID
S pr
even
tion
and
trea
tmen
t, an
dpr
ogra
ms
to tr
ain
and
plac
e he
alth
pro
fess
ion-
als
whe
re n
eede
d m
ost.
HR
SA h
as c
reat
ed a
Div
isio
n of
Bor
der
Hea
lth to
wor
k w
ith th
eU
.S.-
Mex
ico
Bor
der
Hea
lth C
omm
issi
on, t
heSe
cret
aria
de
Salu
d, M
exic
o, a
nd th
e Pa
nA
mer
ican
Hea
lth O
rgan
izat
ion
Fiel
d O
ffic
e.A
hea
lth is
sue
of p
artic
ular
con
cern
in th
ebo
rder
reg
ion
is th
e hi
gh r
ate
of te
en b
irth
s. I
n19
99, f
emal
es a
ged
15-1
9 in
the
bord
er r
egio
nha
d 64
.8 b
irth
s pe
r 1,
000
fem
ales
of
this
age
grou
p, a
s co
mpa
red
to a
rat
e of
49.
6 na
tiona
lly.
In th
e T
exas
bor
der
regi
on, t
he r
ate
of b
irth
sam
ong
fem
ales
age
d 15
-19
was
82.
1 pe
r 1,
000
fem
ales
of
this
age
. HR
SA's
pre
nata
l car
e an
dpr
omot
ora
outr
each
pro
gram
s fo
ster
the
use
of
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are,
fat
her
invo
lvem
ent,
and
prop
er n
utri
tion.
Live
Birt
hs b
y F
emal
es A
ged
15-1
9, b
y B
orde
r A
rea,
* 19
99So
urce
(11
.23)
: Hea
lth R
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n
100 80 60 40 20
49.6
28 7
111 U
.S.
64.8
41.2 Tot
alB
orde
rR
egio
n
39 7 hi
15 1
7 ye
ars
i15-
19 y
ears
66.5
Ariz
ona
46.4
46 1
28 2 p_ Cal
iforn
ia
66.7
53 7 hi
82.1
New
Mex
ico
Tex
as
*Bor
der
area
incl
udes
cou
ntie
s w
ithin
100
km
. of U
.S.-
Mex
ico
bord
er, i
nclu
ding
4 c
ount
ies
in A
rizon
a, 2
cou
ntie
sin
Cal
iforn
ia, 6
cou
ntie
s in
New
Mex
ico,
32
coun
ties
in T
exas
.
58 HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
USI
Sper
inl P
ni)i
ilatio
ns
IMM
IGR
AN
T W
OM
EN
Imm
igra
nt p
opul
atio
ns, e
spec
ially
non
-citi
-ze
ns, f
ace
chal
leng
es in
acc
essi
ng h
ealth
car
ese
rvic
es, i
nclu
ding
lang
uage
and
cul
tura
l bar
ri-
ers.
In
the
year
200
0, th
ere
wer
e an
est
imat
ed12
.8 m
illio
n w
omen
age
d 18
and
old
er r
esid
ing
in th
e U
.S. w
ho w
ere
born
in o
ther
cou
ntri
es,
58.0
per
cent
of
who
m w
ere
non-
citiz
ens.
1In
200
1, w
omen
who
wer
e no
n-ci
tizen
sw
ere
mor
e lik
ely
than
nat
ural
ized
citi
zens
and
U.S
.-bo
rn w
omen
to la
ck a
usu
also
urce
of
care
(18.
9 pe
rcen
t as
com
pare
d to
11.
2 an
d 9.
4pe
r-ce
nt o
f na
tura
lized
and
U.S
.-bo
rn c
itize
ns,
resp
ectiv
ely)
. Non
-citi
zens
wer
e al
so m
ore
like-
ly to
rep
ort h
avin
g no
hea
lth in
sura
nce
than
U.S
.-bo
rn c
itize
ns (
41.3
com
pare
dto
10.
3pe
rcen
t).
I U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u. C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n Su
rvey
Mar
ch 2
000
Det
aile
d T
able
s (P
PL-1
35)
http
://w
.cen
sus.
gov/
popu
lado
n/w
ww
/soc
dem
o/fo
reiii
/p20
-53
4.ht
nil
:Myr
-W
omen
Age
d 18
and
Old
er L
acki
nga
Usu
al S
ourc
e of
Car
e an
d H
ealth
Insu
ranc
e,by
Citi
zens
hip
Sta
tus,
200
1So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
50 40
c 2 20
a) a.
109.
410
.3
No
Usu
alS
ourc
e of
Car
e*
No
Hea
lth In
sura
nce
11.2
13.5
18 9
U.S
. Bor
nN
atur
aliz
ed**
Citi
zen
Citi
zen
*Def
ined
as
not h
avin
g a
plac
e th
ey u
sual
lygo
to w
hen
they
are
sic
k,
**P
erso
n no
t bor
n in
the
U.S
., bu
t hol
ds U
.S. c
itize
nshi
p.
41.3
Non
-Citi
zen
INC
AR
CE
RA
TE
D W
OM
EN
In th
e pa
st d
ecad
e, th
e nu
mbe
rof
inca
rcer
-
ated
wom
en h
asin
crea
sed
dram
atic
ally
.
Alth
ough
the
rate
of
inca
rcer
atio
nfo
r w
omen
rem
ains
muc
h lo
wer
than
it is
for
men
, fro
m19
90 to
200
0, th
e to
tal n
umbe
rof
wom
en in
Fede
ral a
nd S
tate
pri
sons
and
loca
l jai
ls n
earl
y
doub
led
(83,
253
to 1
65,6
49).
Subs
tanc
e ab
use
is a
maj
or h
ealth
con
cern
for
inca
rcer
ated
fem
ales
. In
1997
, 40.
4 pe
rcen
t
of f
emal
es w
ere
usin
g dr
ugs,
and
29.1
per
cent
wer
e un
der
the
infl
uenc
e of
alc
ohol
, at t
he ti
me
of th
eir
offe
nse.
Add
ition
ally
,62
.4 p
erce
ntre
port
ed u
sing
dru
gs s
omet
ime
duri
ng th
em
onth
pri
or to
thei
r of
fens
e.O
btai
ning
hel
p to
addr
ess
thes
e be
havi
ors
is im
port
ant.
In 1
997,
19.6
per
cent
of
inca
rcer
ated
fem
ales
rec
eive
d
trea
tmen
t for
sub
stan
ceab
use,
and
31.
9 pe
r-ce
nt h
ad p
artic
ipat
edin
ano
ther
type
of
sub-
stan
ce a
buse
pro
gram
,si
nce
adm
issi
on.
A h
isto
ry o
f vi
ctim
izat
ion
isan
othe
r he
alth
conc
ern
for
man
y w
omen
unde
r co
rrec
tiona
lau
thor
ity. I
n 19
97, 4
4 pe
rcen
tof
fem
ales
on
prob
atio
n or
inca
rcer
ated
in lo
cal
jails
and
Sta
te
pris
ons
repo
rted
hav
ing
been
phys
ical
ly o
r se
x-
ually
ass
aulte
d at
som
e po
int i
nth
eir
lives
, with
over
two-
thir
dsre
port
ing
an a
ssau
lt be
fore
the
age
of 1
8 ye
ars.
Inca
rcer
ated
fem
ales
als
o ha
ve
an in
crea
sed
risk
for
infe
ctio
us d
isea
ses,
men
tal
illne
ss, c
hron
ic d
isea
se, a
ndre
prod
uctiv
e he
alth
Fem
ale
Fed
eral
and
Sta
te P
rison
ers
and
Loca
l Jai
l Inm
ates
, 199
0, 1
995,
and
2000
Sour
ce (
11.2
4): U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Just
ice
100,
000
80,0
00
60,0
00"6
40.0
00
20,0
00
Jail
Inm
ates
*
Sta
te P
rison
ers
CY
319
90
Mak
ibep
veni
tes
and
is b
ased
on
1-da
y co
unts
.
Fed
eral
Pris
oner
s 1995
82,9
89
70,4
14
10,2
45
2000
5 9
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Sped
al P
opul
atio
ns
prob
lem
s. I
n 19
97, a
n es
timat
ed2,
200
fem
ales
in S
tate
pri
sons
(3.
5 pe
rcen
t)te
sted
HIV
-pos
i-
tive,
and
23
perc
ent r
ecei
ved
med
icat
ion
for
an
emot
iona
l dis
orde
r.1
The
hea
lth a
nd w
ell b
eing
of
inca
rcer
ated
wom
en m
ay a
lso
affe
ct th
eir
child
ren.
In
1997
,65
.3 p
erce
nt o
f w
omen
inSt
ate
cust
ody
and
58.8
per
cent
of
wom
en in
Fede
ral c
usto
dy h
adm
inor
chi
ldre
n, a
nd 5
per
cent
wer
e pr
egna
ntat
the
time
of a
dmis
sion
.2
1Gre
enfe
ld L
A a
nd S
nell
TL
. Wom
en O
ffen
ders
.U
.S.
Dep
artm
ent o
fJus
tice,
Bur
eau
ofJu
stic
eSt
atis
tics
Spec
ial R
epor
t,
Dec
embe
r 19
99. h
ttp://
ww
w.o
jp.g
ov/b
is/p
ub/p
df/w
o.pd
f
2ItI
umol
a C
J. I
ncar
cera
ted
Pare
nts
and
The
irC
hild
ren.
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent o
fJus
tice,
Bur
eau
ofJu
stic
e St
atis
tics
Spec
ial R
epor
t,
Aug
ust 2
000.
http
://w
ww
.olp
gov/
bis/
pub/
pdf/
iptc
Sta
te P
rison
er D
rug
and
Alc
ohol
Use
and
Sub
stan
ce A
buse
Tre
atm
ent,
by S
ex, 1
997
Sour
ce (
11.2
5): N
atio
nal A
rchi
ve o
f C
rim
inal
Just
ice
Dat
a
80 70
E 6
0
0 .2 5
0
"6 z 40
ET
30
20 10
62.4
-
Fem
ale
40,4
Mal
e
37.7
32.1
29.1
Use
d D
rugs
Use
d D
rugs
Und
er In
fluen
ceR
ecei
ved
Par
ticip
atio
n in
In th
e M
onth
atT
ime
ofof
Alc
ohol
at
Tre
atm
ent
Oth
er S
ubst
ance
Prio
r to
Offe
nse
Offe
nse
Tim
e of
Offe
nse
for
Sub
stan
ceA
buse
Pro
gram
sA
buse
Sin
ceS
ince
Adm
issi
onA
dmis
sion
60
HE
AL
Til
STA
TU
S-Sp
ecia
l PC
spili
a.tio
ns
RU
RA
L A
ND
UR
BA
N H
EA
LTH
In 2
000,
59
mill
ion
peop
le,
or a
ppro
xi-
mat
ely
21 p
erce
nt o
f th
e po
pula
tion,
live
d in
aru
ral a
rea.
1 A
var
iety
of
fact
ors,
incl
udin
gan
olde
r po
pula
tion,
a li
mite
d su
pply
of
heal
thca
re p
rovi
ders
, and
fur
ther
dis
tanc
es f
rom
heal
th c
are
reso
urce
s m
ay c
ontr
ibut
eto
spe
cial
heal
th c
once
rns
amon
g no
n-m
etro
polit
an
popu
latio
ns. I
n 20
01,
wom
en li
ving
in n
on-
met
ropo
litan
are
as w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
to h
ave
ever
bee
n to
ld b
y a
heal
th c
are
prov
ider
that
they
hav
e he
art d
isea
se, h
yper
tens
ion,
and
canc
er th
an w
omen
in m
etro
polit
an a
reas
.H
ealth
beh
avio
rs s
uch
as p
hysi
cal a
ctiv
ity,
smok
ing,
and
dri
nkin
gm
ay c
ontr
ibut
e to
poor
er o
vera
ll he
alth
sta
tus.
Alth
ough
wom
enliv
ing
in m
etro
polit
anar
eas
wer
e sl
ight
ly m
ore
Hea
lth C
ondi
tions
* in
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
,by
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
rea
(MS
A)*
* S
tatu
s,20
01So
urce
(II
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
(Z)
300
250
200
150
100
50 0
74 6
232
4
MS
AN
on-M
SA
278.
1
71 2
89.2
Hea
rt D
isea
seH
yper
tens
ion
Can
cer
'Hav
e ev
er b
een
told
by
a he
alth
car
e pr
ovid
er th
ey d
id h
ave
this
con
ditio
n.
"'Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
reas
(M
SA
) in
clud
e at
leas
t: on
e ci
ty w
ith 5
0,00
0or
mor
e in
habi
tant
s,or
a C
ensu
s B
urea
u-de
fined
urba
nize
d ar
ea (
of a
t lea
st 5
0,00
0 in
habi
tant
s) a
nd a
tota
l met
ropo
litan
pop
ulat
ion
ofat
leas
t 100
,000
(75
,000
in N
ew E
ngla
nd).
Add
ition
al "
outly
ing
coun
ties"
are
incl
uded
in th
e M
SA
if th
ey m
eet s
peci
fied
requ
irem
ents
of c
omm
utin
g to
the
cent
ral c
ount
ies
and
othe
r se
lect
ed r
equi
rem
ents
of m
etro
polit
an c
hara
cter
. In
New
Eng
land
,th
e M
SA
s ar
e de
fined
in te
rms
of c
ities
and
tow
nsra
ther
than
cou
ntie
s.
likel
y to
rep
ort b
eing
hea
vy d
rink
ers,
a hi
gher
perc
enta
ge o
f w
omen
livi
ng in
non
-met
ropo
li-ta
n ar
eas
wer
e cu
rren
t sm
oker
s an
d di
d no
ten
gage
in r
egul
ar p
hysi
cal a
ctiv
ity a
s co
mpa
red
to w
omen
livi
ng in
met
ropo
litan
are
as.
1 U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u 20
00. C
ensu
s 20
00 S
umm
ary
File
1. T
able
P2. h
ap://
fact
find
er.c
ensu
s.go
v/se
rvle
t/Bas
icFa
ctsS
ervl
et
Hea
lth B
ehav
iors
Am
ong
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
ndO
lder
,by
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
rea
(MS
A)*
*S
tatu
s, 2
001
Sour
ce (
II.3
): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
29.3
26 8
19.5
1.
23.5
MS
A
Non
-MS
A
Reg
ular
Phy
sica
l Act
iv ty
Cur
rent
Sm
oker
4.1
3 5
Cur
rent
Hea
vy D
rinke
r
61
HE
AL
TH
ST
AT
US-
Spec
ial P
opul
atio
ns
OLD
ER
WO
ME
NFr
om 1
980
to 2
000,
the
rem
aini
ng li
feex
pect
ancy
for
a w
oman
age
d 65
incr
ease
dfr
om 1
8.3
to 1
9.2
year
s. A
s lif
e ex
pect
ancy
has
leng
then
ed, s
o ha
s th
e pr
opor
tion
of th
e po
p-ul
atio
n co
mpr
ised
of
olde
r w
omen
. In
2001
,th
ere
wer
e 19
.1 m
illio
n w
omen
age
d 65
and
olde
r, r
epre
sent
ing
13.6
per
cent
of
the
fem
ale
popu
latio
n. T
hese
wom
en o
utnu
mbe
red
men
by la
rger
pro
port
ions
as
ages
incr
ease
d, c
orn-
pris
ing
54.8
per
cent
of
peop
le a
ged
65 to
74
and
67.9
per
cent
of
peop
le a
ged
85 a
nd o
ver.
Alth
ough
the
freq
uenc
y of
cer
tain
hea
lthpr
oble
ms
and
the
need
for
car
e in
crea
ses
amon
g w
omen
as
they
age
, in
2000
mor
eth
an35
per
cent
of
wom
en a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
live
din
a h
ouse
hold
alo
ne, w
hile
57.
4 pe
rcen
t liv
edw
ith o
ther
fam
ily m
embe
rs o
r no
n-re
lativ
es.
Onl
y 5.
6 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
resi
ded
in a
nur
sing
hom
e in
200
0.T
he C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
ndPr
even
tion
also
rec
omm
ends
that
adu
lts a
ged
Livi
ng S
ituat
ions
of W
omen
Age
d 65
and
Old
er, 2
000
Sour
ce (
11.2
6): U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u
AIM
Wom
en L
rvin
g in
Hou
seho
lds
Alo
ne35
6%
Nur
sing
Hom
es -
5.6
%
Oth
er In
stitu
tions
(In
clud
es c
orre
ctio
nal
faci
litie
s, m
enta
l hos
pita
ls, h
ospi
tal w
ards
,an
d ho
spic
es)
- 0.
2%
Wom
en L
ivin
g in
Hou
seho
lds
with
Fam
ily M
embe
rs o
rN
on-R
elat
ives
57 4
%
65 a
nd o
lder
hav
e an
ann
ual i
nflu
enza
(fl
u) v
ac-
cina
tion
as w
ell a
s a
pneu
moc
occa
l vac
cina
tion
at le
ast o
nce.
In
2001
, 61.
7 pe
rcen
t of
wom
enov
er 6
5 re
port
ed h
avin
g a
flu
shot
in th
e pa
stye
ar a
nd 5
3.6
perc
ent r
epor
ted
they
hav
e ev
erha
d a
pneu
mon
ia s
hot.
The
rat
es o
f w
omen
rece
ivin
g th
ese
vacc
inat
ions
wer
e hi
ghes
tam
ong
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en,
whi
leno
n-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck w
omen
and
His
pani
cw
omen
rep
orte
d th
e lo
wes
t rat
es.
Sel
f-R
epor
t of R
ecei
pt o
f Vac
cina
tions
by
Wom
en A
ged
65 a
nd O
lder
,by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
1So
urce
(11
.3):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey
P-
70N
on-I
nstit
utio
nal G
roup
Qua
rter
s 1.
2%os
60
In CO
1:3
50
c 40 30 20
a) 81
0a_
Tot
al
Non
His
pani
c W
hite
Non
His
pani
c B
lack
His
pani
c
Non
-His
pani
c O
ther
Rac
es
Flu
Sho
t Dun
ng P
ast Y
ear
Pne
umon
ia S
hot D
unng
Life
time
62,
.
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TIL
IZA
MO
N.
HE
ALT
H S
ER
VIC
ES
UT
ILIZ
AT
ION
Ava
ilabi
lity
and
acce
ss to
qua
lity
heal
thse
rvic
es d
irec
tly a
ffec
ts th
e he
alth
of
wom
en.
For
wom
en w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s,po
or h
ealth
sta
tus,
pove
rty,
or
lack
of
insu
ranc
e, a
cces
s to
a r
ange
of h
ealth
ser
vice
s, p
reve
ntiv
etr
eatm
ents
, and
reha
bilit
atio
n is
cri
tical
topr
even
ting
dise
ase
and
prom
otin
g qu
ality
of
life.
The
fol
low
ing
sect
ion
pres
ents
dat
a on
wom
en's
hea
lthse
rv-
ices
util
izat
ion,
incl
udin
g in
dica
tors
on in
sur-
ance
, usu
al s
ourc
e of
car
e, h
ealth
car
e fi
nanc
ing
and
expe
nditu
res,
and
use
of
prev
entiv
e, d
en-
tal,
hosp
ital,
men
tal h
ealth
, and
hom
e he
alth
and
hosp
ice
serv
ices
.
63
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TIL
IZA
TIO
N
US
UA
L S
OU
RC
E O
F C
AR
EA
usu
al s
ourc
e of
car
e ha
s be
en p
ositi
vely
asso
ciat
ed w
ith r
ecei
pt o
f pr
even
tive
care
,1,2
acce
ss to
car
e,3
cont
inui
ty o
f ca
re, d
ecre
ased
hosp
italiz
atio
n, a
nd lo
wer
hea
lth c
are
cost
s.4
Alth
ough
90.
8 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en r
epor
ted
havi
ng a
pla
ce th
ey u
sual
ly g
o to
whe
n th
ey a
resi
ck o
r ne
ed a
dvic
e on
hea
lth in
200
1, th
is w
aslo
wes
t am
ong
wom
en a
ged
18-2
4(8
2.0
perc
ent)
. The
pro
port
ion
of w
omen
with
aus
ual s
ourc
e of
car
e in
crea
sed
with
age
, with
near
ly a
ll (9
6.7
perc
ent)
wom
en a
ged
65 a
ndol
der
havi
ng a
usu
al s
ourc
e of
car
e.T
houg
h m
ost w
omen
acr
oss
raci
al a
nd e
th-
nic
grou
ps h
ad a
n of
fice
-bas
ed u
sual
sou
rce
ofca
re, n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te w
omen
wer
e m
ore
likel
y to
hav
e of
fice
-bas
ed c
are
than
wom
en in
othe
r ra
cial
/eth
nic
grou
ps in
200
0. N
on-
His
pani
c B
lack
wom
en w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
to u
sea
hosp
ital o
utpa
tient
dep
artm
ent o
r em
erge
ncy
room
for
thei
r us
ual s
ourc
e of
car
e th
an o
ther
grou
ps. H
ispa
nic
wom
en w
ere
mos
t lik
ely
tola
ck a
usu
al s
ourc
e of
car
e (2
0.8
perc
ent)
and
,
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
with
a U
sual
Sou
rce
of C
are,
by A
ge, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
1): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
100
80
a)
60"5 a)
40a.
20
82.0
86.7
90.7
93 6
96.7
18-2
425
-34
year
sye
ars
35-4
445
-64
year
sye
ars
65 y
ears
and
olde
r
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en w
ere
mos
t lik
ely
to h
ave
a us
ual s
ourc
e of
car
e (9
2.6
perc
ent)
.
1 E
lmer
SL
: The
rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n co
ntin
uity
of
care
and
the
heal
th b
ehav
iors
of
patie
nts:
Doe
s a
usua
l phy
sici
an m
ake
a di
tkr-
ence
? M
edic
al (
are
37(6
): 5
47-5
5, 1
999.
2Etin
er S
L: T
he ti
min
g an
pre
vent
ive
serv
ices
for
wom
en a
nd c
hil-
dren
: The
eff
ect o
f ha
ving
a u
sual
sou
rce
of c
are.
A m
eric
an J
ourn
alof
Pub
lic H
ealth
86(
12):
1748
-54,
199
6.
3Sox
CM
, Sw
artz
K, B
urst
in P
M B
renn
an "
IA: I
nsur
ance
or
a re
g-ul
ar p
hysi
cian
: Whi
ch is
the
mos
t pow
erfu
l pre
dict
or o
f he
alth
car
e?A
mer
ican
Jou
rnal
of
Publ
ic H
ealth
88(
3)36
4-70
, 199
8.
4Wei
ss U
, Blu
stei
n J:
Fai
thfu
l pat
ient
s: "
lhe
effe
ct o
f lo
ng-t
erm
phys
icia
n-pa
tient
rel
atio
nshi
ps o
n th
e co
st a
nd u
se o
f he
aith
car
e by
olde
r A
mer
ican
s. A
mer
ican
Jou
rnal
of
Publ
ic H
ealth
86(
12):
1747
-7,
Usu
al S
ourc
e of
Car
e F
or W
omen
Age
d 18
and
Old
er, b
y R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
1): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
131
7
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
His
pani
cN
on-H
ispa
nic
Oth
er R
aces
20.8
0.7
Offi
ce-B
ased
Hos
pita
lO
utpa
tient
09
Em
erge
ncy
Dep
artm
ent
No
Usu
alS
ourc
e
13.2
64
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TL
LIZ
AT
ION
HE
ALT
H IN
SU
RA
NC
EPe
ople
with
hea
lth in
sura
nce
are
mor
e lik
e-ly
to h
ave
a us
ual s
ourc
e of
med
ical
care
and
tous
e pr
even
tive
care
, whi
le p
eopl
e w
ithou
the
alth
insu
ranc
e ar
e m
ore
likel
yto
hav
e un
met
med
ical
nee
ds a
nd to
use
hosp
ital e
mer
genc
yro
oms
for
rout
ine
care
.1In
200
1, n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te f
emal
esw
ere
the
mos
t lik
ely
to b
e co
vere
d by
pri
vate
insu
r-
ance
(77
.9 p
erce
nt)
as c
ompa
red
to o
ther
rac
ial
and
ethn
ic g
roup
s an
d th
e le
ast l
ikel
yto
be
unin
sure
d (9
.3 p
erce
nt).
His
pani
c fe
mal
esw
ere
the
mos
t lik
ely
to b
e un
insu
red
(30.
5 pe
rcen
t)fo
llow
ed b
y B
lack
and
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
wom
en (
17.2
and
17.
1 pe
rcen
t, re
spec
tivel
y).
In 2
001,
19.
5 m
illio
n fe
mal
es a
nd 2
1.7
mal
es la
cked
hea
lth in
sura
nce.
Am
ong
adul
tsag
ed 1
8-54
, wom
en w
ere
less
like
lyto
be
unin
-su
red
than
men
, with
the
grea
test
dif
fere
nce
Hea
lth In
sura
nce
Cov
erag
e of
Fem
ales
, by
Typ
e of
Cov
erag
e an
dR
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
2): C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n Su
rvey
cr.
80 70 60
w To
50
.6 4
0
a) f .2
30a) a_
20 10 0
70 5
7 4
Tot
al
3 5
77 9
Priv
ate
Pub
licU
nins
ured
56.3
46.6
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
27 1
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
305
17 1
FT
His
pani
c
69 5 A
sian
/P
acifi
cIs
land
er
betw
een
men
and
wom
en a
ged
21-2
4.T
his
may
be
attr
ibut
able
to th
e gr
eate
r pr
opor
tion
ofw
omen
of
child
bear
ing
age
enro
lled
inM
edic
aid.
Am
ong
pers
ons
aged
55-
64, h
owev
-er
, wom
en w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
than
men
to b
eun
insu
red.
Mos
t adu
lts a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
are
cove
red
by M
edic
are,
a p
ublic
insu
ranc
epr
o-gr
am.
1Blo
om B
, Sim
pson
G, C
ohen
RA
, Par
sons
PE
. Acc
ess
to h
ealth
care
. Par
t
Adu
lts W
ithou
t Hea
lth In
sura
nce,
by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(1I
I.3)
: Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey
40 35 30 25 20 15 10
36.0
26.8
Fem
ale M
ale
12 7
14 1
18-2
0ye
ars
21-2
4ye
ars
25-3
4ye
ars
35-4
4ye
ars
45-5
4ye
ars
65
HE
ALT
H S
ER
VIC
ES
UT
ILIZ
AT
ION
ME
DIC
AR
E A
ND
ME
DIC
AID
Med
icar
e is
a n
atio
nal h
ealth
insu
ranc
e pr
o-gr
am f
or p
eopl
e ag
ed65
and
old
er, s
ome
peo-
ple
unde
r ag
e 65
with
dis
abili
ties,
and
peop
lew
ith E
nd-S
tage
Ren
al D
isea
se (
perm
anen
tkid
-
ney
failu
re r
equi
ring
dial
ysis
or
a ki
dney
tran
s-pl
ant)
. The
Med
icar
e pr
ogra
m c
onsi
sts
of tw
opa
rts.
Par
t A c
over
s ho
spita
l,sk
illed
nur
sing
faci
lity,
hom
e he
alth
, and
hos
pice
car
e. P
art B
cove
rs d
octo
r& s
ervi
ces,
outp
atie
nt h
ospi
tal
serv
ices
, and
dur
able
med
ical
equ
ipm
ent.
Am
ong
the
cove
red
prev
entiv
e se
rvic
es a
re a
nan
nual
mam
mog
ram
, Pap
sm
ear,
bon
e de
nsity
scan
, and
infl
uenz
a va
ccin
atio
n.In
200
1, M
edic
are
had
over
40
mill
ion
enro
llees
, of
who
m 5
6.6
perc
ent w
ere
fem
ale.
The
larg
e m
ajor
ity o
f al
l Med
icar
e en
rolle
esw
ere
aged
65
and
olde
r,bu
t thi
s ag
e gr
oup
rep-
rese
nted
a la
rger
seg
men
t am
ong
fem
ale
than
mal
e en
rolle
es (
89.1
com
pare
d to
82.
2 pe
rcen
t).
Fem
ales
rep
rese
nted
45.
6 pe
rcen
t of
the
356,
319
enro
lled
in th
e M
edic
are
End
-Sta
geR
enal
Dis
ease
pro
gram
.M
edic
aid
prov
ides
cov
erag
e fo
r el
igib
lein
divi
dual
san
dfa
mili
esw
ithlo
win
com
es/r
esou
rces
. Joi
ntly
fun
ded
betw
een
Fede
ral a
nd S
tate
gov
ernm
ents
, Med
icai
d co
v-er
s ap
prox
imat
ely
40m
illio
n in
divi
dual
s in
clud
-in
g ch
ildre
n, th
e ag
ed, b
lind
and/
or d
isab
led,
*NJ
and
peop
le w
ho a
re e
ligib
le f
or c
ash
assi
stan
ce
prog
ram
s.In
199
9, s
light
ly m
ore
than
hal
fof
all
Med
icai
d re
cipi
ents
wer
e fe
mal
e. F
ifty
-one
per
-ce
nt o
f al
l Med
icai
d re
cipi
ents
wer
eun
der
21,
28.9
per
cent
wer
e be
twee
n th
e ag
esof
21-
64,
and
10.7
wer
e 65
and
old
er (
9.5
perc
ent w
ere
unkn
own)
.
Med
icar
e E
nrol
lees
(A
ll A
ges)
, by
Age
and
Sex
, 200
1So
urce
(11
1.4)
: Cen
ters
for
Med
icar
e an
dM
edic
aid
Serv
ices
10,0
00
8,00
0
6,00
0
4,00
0
2,00
09
701
58
Und
er 4
5ye
ars
Fem
ale
Mal
e
9,65
4
8,11
1
7,42
5
4,87
9
3,11
7
764
963
1,01
2 1,
171
111 45
-54
year
s
1,27
1
55-6
4ye
ars
65-7
4ye
ars
75-8
4ye
ars
85 y
ears
and
olde
r
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
fIL
IZM
ION
PR
EV
EN
TIV
E C
AR
EPr
even
tion
of h
ealth
pro
blem
s an
dpr
omo-
tion
of o
ptim
al p
hysi
cal a
nd e
mot
iona
lfu
nc-
tioni
ng a
re im
port
ant
com
pone
nts
of c
linic
alin
tera
ctio
ns. I
n 20
00, f
emal
es m
ade
488
mill
ion
offi
ce v
isits
and
mal
es m
ade
335
mill
ion.
Of
the
visi
ts m
ade
byw
omen
, 21.
2 pe
rcen
t wer
em
ade
for
prev
entiv
e, p
rena
tal,
and
othe
r no
n-ill
ness
car
e. O
ther
off
ice
visi
ts m
ade
wer
e fo
rac
ute
prob
lem
s, c
hron
ic il
lnes
s,or
vis
its r
elat
edto
sur
gery
or
inju
ry.
Prev
entiv
e ca
re o
ften
take
s th
efo
rm o
fco
unse
ling
and
educ
atio
nal s
ervi
ces
prov
ided
duri
ng o
ffic
e vi
sits
. In
2000
, the
mos
t com
mon
type
of
coun
selin
g or
edu
catio
nal s
ervi
ces
pro-
vide
d or
ord
ered
for
fem
ales
was
that
rel
ated
to
diet
(15
.4 p
erce
nt)
and
exer
cise
(9.8
per
cent
).Pr
enat
al in
stru
ctio
nw
as th
e th
ird
mos
t com
-m
on s
ervi
ce o
rder
ed, p
rovi
ded
duri
ng 3
.8pe
r-ce
nt o
f of
fice
vis
its. C
ouns
elin
g an
d ed
ucat
ion-
al s
ervi
ces
rela
ted
tost
ress
man
agem
ent,
men
-ta
l hea
lth, a
nd to
bacc
ous
e w
ere
prov
ided
inle
ss th
an 3
per
cent
of
offi
ce v
isits
.In
200
3, th
e U
.S. P
reve
ntiv
eSe
rvic
es T
ask
Forc
e re
vise
d th
eir
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
scre
enin
g fo
r ce
rvic
alca
ncer
. Pap
sm
ears
shou
ld b
egin
thre
eye
ars
afte
r se
xual
act
ivity
begi
ns, o
r at
the
age
of 2
1, w
hich
ever
com
esfi
rst.
Scre
enin
g sh
ould
be
perf
orm
ed a
t lea
stev
ery
3 ye
ars
for
wom
en, u
ntil
the
age
of 6
5.A
fter
age
65,
wom
en w
ho h
ave
had
norm
al P
apsm
ears
and
are
not
oth
erw
ise
at in
crea
sed
risk
Cou
nsel
ing/
Edu
catio
n P
rovi
ded
to F
emal
es (
All
Age
s) D
urin
gO
ffice
Vis
its, 2
000
liour
ce (
111.
5): N
atio
nal A
mbu
lato
ry M
edic
al C
are
Surv
ey
CX
)20
0 a)
5a_
0
15.4
9.8
3.8
II
2.5
2.2
III
2.0
1.9
1.4
IIIM
EII.
I11
Die
tE
xerc
ise
Pre
nata
lIn
stru
ctio
nS
tres
sM
enta
lM
anag
e-H
ealth
men
t
Tob
acco
Ski
nF
amily
HIV
/ST
DU
seC
ance
rP
lann
ing
Pre
vent
ion
for
cerv
ical
can
cer
need
not b
e sc
reen
ed. T
heT
ask
Forc
e al
so r
ecom
men
dsth
at a
ll w
omen
aged
40
and
olde
r ha
vea
scre
enin
g m
amm
o-gr
am e
very
1 to
2 y
ears
to d
etec
t bre
ast
canc
er.
Alth
ough
mor
ew
omen
adh
ered
to th
e re
com
-m
enda
tions
for
Pap
smea
rs th
an m
amm
ogra
ms
in 2
001,
the
maj
ority
of
wom
en o
f al
l rac
ial a
ndet
hnic
gro
ups
rece
ived
a Pa
p sm
ear
with
in th
epa
st 3
yea
rs a
nd a
mam
mog
ram
with
in th
epa
st2
year
s. N
on-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckw
omen
had
the
high
est p
ropo
rtio
n re
port
ing
rece
ipt o
f a
Pap
smea
r in
the
past
3 y
ears
(85
.3 p
erce
nt)
and
non-
His
pani
c W
hite
wom
en h
ad th
e hi
ghes
tpr
opor
tion
repo
rtin
g re
ceip
t of
a m
amm
ogra
min
the
past
2ye
ars
(72.
1 pe
rcen
t).
Wom
en's
Sel
f-R
epor
t of P
ap S
mea
rs(I
n P
ast T
hree
Yea
rs)
and
Mam
mog
ram
s (I
n P
ast T
wo
Yea
rs),
by
Rac
e/E
thni
city
, 200
0So
urce
(11
1.6)
: Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Surv
ey
100-
c 80
-a)
60 -
15
76 9
68 8
70 3
72
16
0P
ap S
mea
rW
omen
age
d 40
and
old
er
4
Tot
al
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
Non
-His
pani
c B
lack
His
pani
cN
on-H
ispa
nic
Oth
er R
aces
52 9
Mam
mog
ram
*
67
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TIL
IZA
TIO
N
TIT
LE X
FA
MIL
YP
LAN
NIN
G S
ER
VIC
ES
Titl
e X
is a
nat
iona
l pro
gram
aut
hori
zed
thro
ugh
the
Publ
ic H
ealth
Ser
vice
Act
tore
duce
uni
nten
ded
preg
nanc
y by
pro
vidi
ngco
ntra
cept
ive
and
rela
ted
prev
entiv
e he
alth
car
ese
rvic
es to
low
-inc
ome
indi
vidu
als.
In
2001
, 89
Titl
e X
gra
ntee
s op
erat
ed 4
,590
clin
ics.
The
secl
inic
s se
rved
4,8
57,7
17 f
amily
pla
nnin
g us
ers,
of w
hom
95.
9 pe
rcen
t wer
e fe
mal
es. A
mon
gfe
mal
es u
sing
Titl
e X
fam
ily p
lann
ing
serv
ices
,59
.8 p
erce
nt w
ere
unde
r 25
yea
rs o
ld, a
nd o
nly
2.4
perc
ent w
ere
aged
45
year
s or
old
er.
Alth
ough
mal
e us
ers
had
sim
ilar
age
patte
rns,
they
wer
e sl
ight
ly m
ore
likel
y th
an f
emal
es to
be te
enag
ers
(33.
9 pe
rcen
t ver
sus
28.9
per
cent
).In
200
1, n
earl
y tw
o-th
irds
(64
.0 p
erce
nt)
offe
mal
e T
itle
X f
amily
pla
nnin
g us
ers
wer
eW
hite
; 21.
2 pe
rcen
t wer
e B
lack
; 3.1
per
cent
wer
e A
sian
/Pac
ific
Isla
nder
; and
0.7
wer
e pe
r-ce
nt N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
.T
he r
emai
ning
11.
0pe
rcen
t of
user
s' r
aces
was
unk
now
n.O
f th
efe
mal
e T
itle
X r
ecip
ient
s, 2
0.3
perc
ent i
dent
i-fi
ed th
emse
lves
as
His
pani
c or
Lat
ino
and
may
be o
f an
y ra
ce.
Nea
rly
two-
thir
ds (
65.4
per
cent
) of
all
Titl
eX
fam
ily p
lann
ing
user
s ha
d in
com
es a
t or
belo
w th
e Fe
dera
l pov
erty
leve
l in
2001
.A
noth
er 1
7.1
perc
ent h
ad f
amily
inco
mes
betw
een
101
perc
ent a
nd 1
50 p
erce
nt o
f th
e
pove
rty
leve
l, an
d 6.
8 pe
rcen
t had
inco
mes
that
wer
e 15
1 pe
rcen
t to
200
perc
ent
of p
over
ty.
Onl
y 8.
7 pe
rcen
t had
inco
mes
that
wer
e m
ore
than
200
per
cent
of
pove
rty)
Ove
r 4
mill
ion
or 8
7.5
perc
ent o
f th
e fa
mi-
ly p
lann
ing
user
s re
port
ed u
se o
f a
cont
race
p-tiv
e m
etho
d. A
mon
g fe
mal
es n
ot c
urre
ntly
usin
g a
cont
race
ptiv
e m
etho
d, a
lmos
t hal
f (4
2.2
perc
ent)
wer
e no
t usi
ng a
met
hod
beca
use
they
wer
e pr
egna
nt.
Titl
e X
fun
ds w
ere
also
use
d to
pro
vide
3,04
7,31
0 Pa
p sm
ear
test
s an
d 2,
853,
669
clin
i-ca
l bre
ast e
xam
inat
ions
. In
addi
tion,
5,1
11,5
47te
sts
for
sexu
ally
tran
smitt
eddi
seas
es (
STD
)an
d 60
1,25
9 H
uman
Im
mun
odef
icie
ncy
Vir
us(H
IV)
test
s w
ere
prov
ided
to b
oth
fem
ale
and
mal
e cl
ient
s.
1The
inco
me
stat
us f
or 2
.0 p
erce
nt o
f T
itle
X f
amily
pla
nnin
g us
ers
was
unk
now
n.
Wom
en U
sing
Titl
e X
Fam
ily P
lann
ing
Ser
vice
s, b
y A
ge, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
7): O
ffic
e of
Pop
ulat
ion
Aff
airs
i25-
29
year
s17
3%
i20
-24
year
s30
.9%
Und
er 2
0 ye
ars
28 9
%
45 y
ears
and
olde
r2.
4%
Con
trac
eptiv
e M
etho
ds fo
r W
omen
Usi
ngT
itle
X F
amily
Pla
nnin
g S
ervi
ces,
200
1So
urce
(11
1.7)
: Off
ice
of P
opul
atio
n A
ffai
rs
Inje
ctio
n17
2%
Con
dom
(m
ale,
fem
ale,
vag
inal
pouc
h) -
13
2%O
ther
Met
hod*
- 8.
0%
No
Met
hod
- 12
.5
."41
1111
1111
1111
4---
Unk
now
n 3.
8%
Ora
l Con
trac
eptIv
es45
3% ,
*Oth
er m
etho
d in
clud
es: s
teril
izat
ion
(use
r or
par
tner
); IU
D; d
iaph
ragm
;ce
rvic
al c
ap; s
perm
icid
al fo
am, j
elly
or
crea
m, o
r co
ntra
cept
ive
film
(us
edw
ithou
t ano
ther
met
hod)
.
**N
o m
etho
ds in
clud
e: p
regn
ant,
and
no m
etho
d us
ed fo
r ot
her
reas
ons.
68 RE
AL
M S
ER
VIC
ES
UilL
IZA
TIO
N
TIT
LE V
AB
ST
INE
NC
EE
DU
CA
TIO
N P
RO
GR
AM
SIn
199
9, 4
9.9
perc
ent o
f hi
gh s
choo
lst
uden
tsre
port
edha
ving
had
sexu
alin
terc
ours
e, a
nd o
ver
one-
thir
d re
port
ed h
avin
gha
d se
xual
inte
rcou
rse
in th
epr
evio
us 3
mon
ths.
Ear
ly a
dole
scen
t sex
ual i
nter
cour
sem
ay h
ave
nega
tive
effe
cts
on s
ocia
l and
psyc
holo
gica
l dev
elop
men
t and
has
bee
n lin
ked
with
alco
hol
and
drug
use,
viol
ence
,de
linqu
ency
,an
dsc
hool
-dro
pou
t.1
,2
Abs
tinen
ce-o
nly
educ
atio
npr
ogra
ms
crea
te a
nen
viro
nmen
t with
in c
omm
uniti
es th
atsu
ppor
tste
en d
ecis
ions
to p
ostp
one
sexu
al a
ctiv
ity u
ntil
mar
riag
e.Si
nce
1998
, Sta
tes
and
Ter
rito
ries
hav
e=
utili
zed
Abs
tinen
ce E
duca
tion
fund
ing
unde
rT
itle
V, S
ectio
n 51
0 of
the
Soci
alSe
curi
ty A
ctto
pro
mot
e ab
stin
ence
edu
catio
n. I
n 20
01, 5
3of
59
Stat
es a
nd T
erri
tori
esre
ceiv
ed $
43.5
mill
ion
in f
unds
thro
ugh
the
Abs
tinen
ceE
duca
tion
Gra
nt P
rogr
am a
dmin
iste
red
by th
eH
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion
to p
rovi
de a
bstin
ence
edu
catio
n, m
ento
ring
,an
d co
unse
ling.
In
addi
tion
to a
bstin
ence
educ
atio
n, m
ost p
rogr
ams
offe
r ed
ucat
ion
onto
pics
incl
udin
g se
lf-e
stee
m b
uild
ing,
avoi
ding
risk
y be
havi
or, a
nd a
spir
ing
to m
arri
age.
With
this
fun
ding
, a m
ajor
ity o
f St
ates
have
awar
ded
cont
ract
s to
loca
lor
gani
zatio
ns to
prom
ote
abst
inen
ceed
ucat
ion.
In 2
000,
Stat
es/T
erri
tori
es a
war
ded
cont
ract
s to
36
com
mun
ity-b
ased
, 29
yout
h-se
rvin
g, a
nd21
faith
-bas
ed o
rgan
izat
ions
. Usi
ng lo
cal
part
ners
,St
ates
/Ter
rito
ries
wer
e ab
leto
targ
et s
peci
alpo
pula
tions
incl
udin
g pa
rent
s (4
6gr
ante
es)
and
teac
hers
and
oth
er p
rofe
ssio
nals
wor
king
with
yout
h (2
9 pr
ogra
ms)
.T
hrou
gh th
is p
rogr
am,
a to
tal o
f 1,
280,
510
clie
nts
rece
ived
dir
ect s
ervi
ces
in 1
999.
Of
thes
e, n
earl
y 84
per
cent
wer
e be
twee
n th
e ag
esof
10
and
17ye
ars.
Pro
gram
par
ticip
ants
incl
uded
595
,683
mal
es a
nd 6
84,8
27fe
mal
es(4
7 an
d 53
per
cent
, res
pect
ivel
y).
Ove
r 60
perc
ent o
f th
e pr
ogra
m p
artic
ipan
tsw
ere
Whi
te c
ompa
red
to 2
1pe
rcen
t Bla
ck a
nd 1
1
perc
ent H
ispa
nic,
with
the
rem
aind
er o
fpa
rtic
ipan
ts o
f ot
her
or u
nkno
wn
race
/et
hnic
ity.
Add
ition
al T
itle
V f
undi
ng f
orab
stin
ence
educ
atio
n is
pro
vide
d th
roug
h Sp
ecia
lPr
ojec
tsof
Reg
iona
l and
Nat
iona
l Sig
nifi
canc
e,w
hich
prov
ide
supp
ort t
o pu
blic
and
priv
ate
entit
ies
for
deve
lopm
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
ofco
mm
unity
-bas
edab
stin
ence
educ
atio
npr
ogra
ms.
Bet
wee
n 20
01 a
nd 2
003
fund
ing
has
incr
ease
d fr
om $
20 m
illio
nto
$55
mill
ion.
1Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion.
CD
C S
urve
illan
ceSu
mm
arie
s,M
MW
R 2
0W;4
9(SS
-5).
2Ven
tura
S J
, Mar
in J
A, M
atth
ews
TJ,
Ham
ilton
BE
Bir
ths
to T
eena
gazs
inth
e U
nite
d St
ates
,19
40-2
(KX
2 N
atio
nal W
taal
Sta
tistic
s R
epor
ts S
ept
2001
;49(
10).
http
://w
ww
edcg
ov/n
chs/
data
/nvs
r/nv
sr49
/nvs
r49_
1apd
f
Abs
tinen
ce E
duca
tion
Gra
nt P
rogr
amC
lient
s S
erve
d, b
y S
ex a
ndR
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 1
999
Sour
ce (
III.
8): H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion
400,
000
350,
000
300,
000
250,
000
200,
000
150,
000
100,
000
50,0
00 0
.._39
8 73
138
0 87
9
143
393
127
084
Fem
ale
74 6
83
Mal
e
69,6
38
Whi
teB
lack
His
pani
c*U
nder
the
cate
gory
of "
Oth
er"6
89 m
ales
and
1,9
32fe
mal
es w
ere
repo
rted
as
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans.
Not
e: D
ata
wer
e in
com
plet
e fo
r an
add
ition
al 4
4,18
0cl
ient
s se
n/ed
by
the
gran
t pro
gram
s.
23 8
4018
082
Oth
er'
69
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TIL
IZA
TIO
N
HIV
TE
ST
ING
Tes
ting
for
hum
an im
mun
odef
icie
ncy
viru
s
(HIV
), th
e vi
rus
that
cau
ses
AID
S,of
fers
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
ale
rt in
fect
ed p
erso
ns to
the
need
for
trea
tmen
t. W
omen
age
d25
-34
year
sre
port
ed th
e hi
ghes
t rat
es o
f ev
er b
eing
test
ed
for
HIV
(61
.4 p
erce
nt).
The
per
cent
of
wom
en w
ho r
epor
ted
bein
g te
sted
dec
lined
with
incr
easi
ng a
ge, w
ith o
nly
6.1
perc
ent
ofw
omen
age
d 65
and
olde
r re
port
ing
ever
bei
ngte
sted
. For
adu
lts a
ged
18-4
4, w
omen
wer
e
mor
e lik
ely
than
men
eve
r to
have
bee
n te
sted
for
HIV
, but
this
tren
d w
as r
ever
sed
for
adul
ts
aged
45
and
olde
r, w
ith m
en m
ore
likel
y th
an
wom
en e
ver
to h
ave
been
test
ed.
Am
ong
U.S
. adu
lt w
omen
, non
-His
pani
cB
lack
wom
en w
ere
the
mos
t lik
ely
toha
ve e
ver
been
test
ed f
or H
IV (
51.3
per
cent
)an
d w
ere
1.6
times
mor
e lik
ely
to h
ave
been
test
ed th
anno
n-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te w
omen
(31
.2 p
erce
nt).
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
Who
Hav
eE
ver
Bee
n T
este
d fo
r H
IV, b
y A
ge a
ndS
ex, 2
001
Sour
ce (
111.
1): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ewSu
rvey
80 70
g 60
.3 5
00 a-
40
f,30
43 6
Fem
ale
Mal
e 61.4
44 4
24 4
18-2
4 ye
ars
25-3
4 ye
ars
46.0
42.7
35-4
4 ye
ars
45-6
4 ye
ars
65 y
ears
and
old
er
Wom
en A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
Who
Hav
eE
ver
Bee
n T
este
dfo
r H
IV, b
y R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
IM):
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Surv
ey
60
51.3
50
040
34.8
40 6
36.0
31.2
Ea) a)
30 20 10
Tot
alN
on-
His
pani
cN
on-
His
pani
cH
ispa
nic
His
pani
cW
hite
Bla
ckO
ther
Rac
es
1\,)
70
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
I I
LIZ
AT
ION
ME
DIC
AT
ION
US
E
In 2
000,
med
icat
ion
use
was
rep
orte
d du
r-in
g 66
.1 p
erce
nt o
f th
e 82
3.5
mill
ion
visi
tsto
phys
icia
n of
fice
s in
the
U.S
.M
edic
atio
n us
ein
clud
es a
ll ne
w o
r co
ntin
ued
pres
crip
tion
and
non-
pres
crip
tion
med
icat
ions
ord
ered
,su
p-pl
ied,
or
adm
inis
tere
d.T
ypes
of
med
icat
ion
use
mos
t fre
quen
tly r
epor
ted
for
fem
ales
refl
ecte
d.th
eir
mos
t com
mon
dia
gnos
es(e
xclu
ding
pre
gnan
cy)
of h
yper
tens
ion,
acut
eup
per
resp
irat
ory
infe
ctio
ns, a
nd d
iabe
tes
mel
-lit
us. O
vera
ll, h
ighe
r ra
tes
of m
edic
atio
nus
ew
ere
repo
rted
for
fem
ales
(15
6.4
drug
s pe
r 10
0vi
sits
) th
an m
ales
(14
9.1
drug
spe
r 10
0 vi
sits
).C
ardi
ovas
cula
r-re
nal d
rugs
wer
e th
em
ost f
re-
quen
tly r
epor
ted
med
icat
ions
use
d by
bot
hse
xes,
how
ever
, mal
es h
ad s
light
ly h
ighe
r ra
tes
of u
se (
26.4
com
pare
d to
21.
2 dr
ugs
per
100
visi
ts). Med
icat
ion
use
vari
edam
ong
fem
ales
by
type
of
med
icat
ion
and
age.
Rat
es o
fus
e fo
rca
rdio
vasc
ular
-ren
al d
rugs
incr
ease
d co
nsid
er-
ably
with
age
, with
wom
en a
ged
75 a
nd o
lder
havi
ng th
e hi
ghes
t rat
e (6
0.1
drug
spe
r 10
0 vi
s-its
). P
ain
relie
f m
edic
atio
nus
e al
so in
crea
sed
with
age
, with
wom
en a
ged
65 a
nd o
lder
havi
ngth
e hi
ghes
t rat
es o
fus
e. H
orm
one
ther
apy
was
the
mos
t fre
quen
tly r
epor
ted
med
icat
ion
used
by w
omen
age
d 45
-64
and
the
seco
ndm
ost f
re-
quen
tly r
epor
ted
med
icat
ion
used
by
wom
enag
ed 6
5 an
d ol
der,
aft
er c
ardi
ovas
cula
r-re
nal
Med
icat
ion
Use
Rep
orte
d D
urin
g P
hysi
cian
Offi
ceV
isits
,by
Sex
(A
ll A
ges)
, 200
0So
urce
(II
I.9)
: Nat
iona
l Am
bula
tory
Med
ical
Car
e Su
rvey
200
150
100
50
156.
4 149
1
21.2
26'4
Fem
ale
Mal
e
20.2
1.3
16.4
15.5
7.0
5 1
All
Dru
gM
entio
nsC
ardi
o-H
orm
one
vasc
ular
-T
hera
pyR
enal
Dru
gs
Pai
nR
elie
fD
rugs
Res
pira
tory
Tra
ctD
rugs
14.6
2.6
Cen
tral
Ner
vous
Sys
tem
Dru
gs
drug
s. U
se o
f ce
ntra
lne
rvou
s sy
stem
dru
gs,
incl
udin
g se
dativ
es, a
ntid
epre
ssan
ts, a
nd a
nti-
anxi
ety
agen
ts, p
eake
d am
ong
wom
en a
ged
45-
64, w
hile
res
pira
tory
trac
t dru
gs h
ad th
e hi
gh-
est r
ate
of u
se a
mon
g fe
mal
es a
ged
15ye
ars
and
youn
ger.
The
fiv
e m
ost f
requ
ently
rep
orte
d m
edic
a-tio
ns u
sed
by f
emal
es a
ccor
ding
to th
erap
eutic
clas
sifi
catio
n w
ere
Prem
arin
(ho
rmon
e re
plac
e-m
ent t
hera
py),
Syn
thro
id (
for
the
trea
tmen
t of
thyr
oid
dise
ase)
, Cla
ritin
(fo
r al
lerg
y re
lief)
,C
eleb
rex
(for
art
hriti
s pa
in r
elie
f), a
nd L
ipito
r(f
or lo
wer
ing
chol
este
rol)
. The
top
five
gen
eric
subs
tanc
es ta
ken
by w
omen
wer
e ac
etam
ino-
phen
,am
oxic
illin
,al
bute
rol,
aspi
rin,
and
calc
ium
.
Med
icat
ion
Use
Rep
orte
d F
or F
emal
es D
urin
gP
hysi
cian
Offi
ce V
isits
,by
Age
, 200
0So
urce
(11
1.9)
: Nat
iona
l Am
bula
tory
Med
ical
Car
e Su
rvey
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0
31.0
30.
7
214
9124
.9
Car
diov
ascu
lar-
Hor
mon
eR
enal
Dru
gs*
The
rapy
*
I. U
nder
15
year
s11
111
45-6
4 ye
ars
15-2
4 ye
ars
65-7
4 ye
ars
25-4
4 ye
ars
75 y
ears
and
old
er
Pai
n R
elie
fD
rugs
`insu
ffici
ent n
umbe
r of
cas
es r
epor
ted
for
cert
ain
age
grou
ps.
20 1
6 51
1.9
1711
9.6
10 5
.:-I '
111
4.0
- -R
espi
rato
ryC
entr
al N
ervo
usT
ract
Dru
gsS
yste
m D
rugs
71
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
TIL
IZA
TIO
N
DE
NT
AL
CA
RE
Whi
le th
e m
ajor
ity (
66.7
per
cent
) of
wom
enre
port
ed h
avin
g vi
site
d a
dent
ist i
n th
e la
st y
ear,
12.0
per
cent
rep
orte
d th
ey h
ad n
ot v
isite
d a
dent
ist i
n m
ore
than
5 y
ears
. His
pani
c w
omen
wer
e th
e m
ost l
ikel
y (1
6.2
perc
ent)
, as
com
-pa
red
to w
omen
of
othe
r ra
cial
and
eth
nic
grou
ps, t
o re
port
that
they
had
not
rece
ived
dent
al c
are
for
5 ye
ars
or m
ore.
Inco
me
was
str
ongl
yas
soci
ated
with
repo
rted
rec
eipt
of
dent
al c
are,
with
wom
en's
likel
ihoo
d of
hav
ing
seen
a d
entis
t in
the
past
year
incr
easi
ng w
ith f
amily
inco
me.
Wom
en in
fam
ilies
with
inco
mes
gre
ater
than
or
equa
l to
thre
e tim
es th
e Fe
dera
l pov
erty
leve
l wer
e m
uch
mor
e lik
ely
than
wom
enw
ith lo
wer
fam
ilyin
com
es to
hav
e se
en o
r sp
oken
with
a d
entis
tin
the
past
yea
r. W
omen
with
fam
ily in
com
es
Rep
ort b
y W
omen
Age
d 18
and
Old
er o
f Tim
e S
ince
Las
tSee
n or
Tal
ked
to a
Den
tist,
by R
ace/
Eth
nici
ty, 2
001
Sour
ce (
III.
1): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
80 70 60 50
"6 4
0
E?
30a)
20 10
0
70.0
21.3
II'T
otal
8.8 11
.2
111
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
58.6
Less
than
1 y
ear
1 5
year
s
Mor
e th
an 5
yea
rs
64.5
212
Non
-H
ispa
nic
Bla
ck
His
pani
c11
1
9.4
Non
-His
pani
cO
ther
Rac
es
belo
w th
e po
vert
y le
vel w
ere
the
leas
t lik
ely
toha
ve h
ad d
enta
l car
e in
the
past
yea
r (4
7.5
per-
cent
) an
d th
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
hav
e go
ne 5
yea
rsor
mor
e w
ithou
t any
den
tal c
are
(22.
6 pe
rcen
t).
Rep
ort b
y W
omen
Age
d 18
and
Old
er o
f Tim
e S
ince
Last
See
n or
Tal
ked
to a
Den
tist,
by P
over
ty S
tatu
s, 2
001
Sour
ce (
III.
1): N
atio
nal H
ealth
Int
ervi
ew S
urve
y
80 70 60
050
47
"640
h(2,
309.
.9_
a...
22 6
20 10 0F
PL"
*FP
L is
the
Fed
eral
Pov
erty
Lev
el
Less
than
1 y
ear
1-5
year
s
Mor
e th
an 5
yea
rs
59.8
79.1
100-
199%
FP
L20
0-29
9% F
PL
72
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
I 1
11Z
AT
ION
HO
SP
ITA
LIZ
AT
ION
SFe
mal
es r
epre
sent
ed 6
0.5
perc
ent o
f al
lho
spita
l dis
char
ges
in 2
000.
Mos
t of
thes
eho
spita
lizat
ions
occ
urre
d am
ong
wom
en a
ged
15-4
4 an
d 65
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
. The
hig
hpe
r-ce
ntag
e of
hos
pita
lizat
ions
for
wom
en a
ged
15-
44 y
ears
cor
resp
onds
with
the
high
rate
of
child
birt
h du
ring
thes
e ag
es; d
eliv
ery
is th
e
mos
t com
mon
hos
pita
l dis
char
ge d
iagn
osis
,re
pres
entin
g 26
3.0
hosp
italiz
atio
nspe
r 10
,000
wom
en in
200
0.O
vera
ll, f
emal
es h
ad a
muc
h hi
gher
hos
pi-
taliz
atio
n ra
te th
an m
ales
(13
50.5
vs. 9
20.2
per
10,0
00 p
opul
atio
n). B
oth
fem
ales
and
mal
esw
ere
hosp
italiz
ed a
t hig
h ra
tes
for
dise
ases
of
the
circ
ulat
ory
and
resp
irat
ory
syst
ems.
Dis
char
ges
from
Non
-Fed
eral
Sho
rt-S
tay
Hos
pita
lsfo
r F
emal
es (
All
Age
s), b
y A
ge, 2
000
Sour
ce (
1E10
): N
atio
nal H
ospi
tal D
isch
arge
Sur
vey
[yea
rUnd
erI
s 5.
5%-5I
15-4
4 ye
ars
38 0
%
45-6
4 ye
ars
18.4
%
Not
es: D
isch
arge
s of
inpa
tient
s fr
om n
on-F
eder
al h
ospi
tals
.E
xclu
des
new
born
infa
nts.
How
ever
, fem
ales
had
hig
her
hosp
italiz
atio
nra
tes
than
mal
es f
or d
isea
ses
of th
e di
gest
ive,
geni
tour
inar
y, a
nd m
uscu
losk
elet
alsy
stem
s; f
orca
ncer
; and
for
the
broa
d ca
tego
ry o
fen
docr
ine,
nut
ritio
nal,
and
met
abol
ic d
isea
ses
and
imm
unity
dis
orde
rs. M
ales
had
slig
htly
high
er r
ates
of
hosp
italiz
atio
n fo
r m
enta
ldi
s-or
ders
as
wel
l as
inju
ries
and
poi
soni
ngs.
Dis
char
ges
from
Non
-Fed
eral
, Sho
rt-S
tay
Hos
pita
ls, b
y S
ex a
nd'
Prim
ary
Dia
gnos
is (
All
Age
s),*
200
0So
urce
(II
I.10
): N
atio
nal H
ospi
tal D
isch
arge
Sur
vey
Del
iver
ies
(chi
ldbi
rth)
**
Dis
ease
s of
the
Circ
ulat
ory
Sys
tem
Dis
ease
s of
the
Res
pira
tory
Sys
tem
Dis
ease
s of
the
Dig
estiv
e S
yste
m
Inju
ry a
nd P
oiso
ning
s
Dis
ease
s of
the
Gen
itour
inar
y S
yste
m
***M
enta
l Dis
orde
rs
Neo
plas
ms
(can
cer)
Dis
ease
s of
the
Mus
culo
skel
etal
Sys
tem
and
Con
nect
ive
Tis
sue
End
ocrin
e, N
utrit
iona
l and
Met
abol
icD
isea
ses,
and
Imm
unity
Dis
orde
rs
*Exc
lude
s ne
wbo
rn in
fant
s
**N
ot a
pplic
able
to m
ales
39.2
43.1
60.8
49.0 58
.446
0
500
129.
5_1
117.
9
124.
410
1.2
88.1
189.
3II
Fem
ale
85.2
I Mal
e
73.4
)81.
2
70.5
1I
1
100
150
200
Rat
e P
er 1
0,00
0 P
opul
atio
n
223.
722
9.1
263.
0
250
300
7 3
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
HL
IZA
TIO
N
ME
NT
AL
HE
ALT
H C
AR
EU
TIL
IZA
TIO
NM
enta
l hea
lth c
are
isne
eded
, but
not
rece
ived
, by
mill
ions
of
adul
ts in
the
U.S
.In
2001
, 5.7
mill
ion
wom
en a
nd 2
.7 m
illio
n m
enre
port
ed a
n un
met
nee
d fo
r tr
eatm
ent o
r co
un-
selin
g fo
r m
enta
l hea
lth p
robl
ems.
The
est
imat
ed n
umbe
r of
wom
en r
ecei
ving
men
tal h
ealth
trea
tmen
t or
coun
selin
g (i
nclu
d-in
g in
patie
nt c
are,
out
patie
nt c
are,
and
pre
-sc
ript
ion
med
icat
ion)
incr
ease
d fr
om 1
3.2
mil-
lion
in 2
000
to 1
4.5
mill
ion
in 2
001.
The
mos
tco
mm
on ty
pe o
f tr
eatm
ent f
or m
enta
l hea
lthco
nditi
ons
for
both
wom
en a
nd m
en w
as p
re-
scri
ptio
n m
edic
atio
n, f
ollo
wed
by
outp
atie
nttr
eatm
ent.
Alth
ough
a g
reat
er n
umbe
r of
wom
en th
an m
en r
ecei
ved
inpa
tient
trea
tmen
t,a
smal
ler
prop
ortio
n of
wom
en w
ith a
men
tal
heal
th c
ondi
tion
rece
ived
inpa
tient
car
e th
andi
d m
en w
ith a
men
tal h
ealth
con
ditio
n (5
.8co
mpa
red
to 8
.9 p
erce
nt).
It s
houl
d be
not
edth
at in
patie
nt d
ata
pres
ente
d he
re d
o no
tin
clud
e in
patie
nt c
are
for
drug
or
alco
hol t
reat
-m
ent;
whe
n dr
ug a
nd a
lcoh
ol d
iagn
oses
are
incl
uded
, the
num
ber
of m
en r
ecei
ving
inpa
-tie
nt c
are
exce
eds
the
num
ber
of w
omen
rece
ivin
g ca
re in
inpa
tient
set
tings
.
(It
Adu
lts A
ged
18 a
nd O
lder
Rec
eivi
ng M
enta
l Hea
lth C
are
Tre
atm
ent,
by S
ex a
ndT
reat
men
t/Cou
nsel
ing
Typ
e,*
2001
Sour
ce (
111.
1 1)
: Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld S
urve
y on
Dru
g A
buse
15,0
00
12,0
00C
a-o C
a 0
9,00
0
-06,
000
3,00
0 0
14,4
59
7,87
2
Rec
eive
d M
enta
lH
ealth
Tre
atm
ent/
Cou
nsel
ing*
Fem
ale
Mal
e
844
704
Inpa
tient
*
*Res
pond
ents
wer
e to
exc
lude
trea
tmen
t for
alc
ohol
or
drug
use
.
8,30
3
4,38
6
11,6
08
5,90
9
Oup
atie
nt*
Pre
scrip
tion
Med
icat
ion*
74
HE
ALT
H S
ER
VIC
ES
UT
ILIZ
AT
ION
HO
ME
HE
ALT
H A
ND
HO
SP
ICE
CA
RE
An
incr
easi
ng n
umbe
r of
indi
vidu
als
are
rece
ivin
g he
alth
car
e at
hom
e or
com
mun
ity-
base
d se
tting
s ra
ther
than
in in
stitu
tions
. In
2000
, 1,3
55,3
00 A
mer
ican
s re
ceiv
ed h
ome
heal
th c
are
serv
ices
. Of
thes
e, f
emal
es c
om-
pris
ed 8
77,9
00 (
64.8
per
cent
) of
rec
ipie
nts.
The
maj
ority
of
wom
en r
ecei
ving
hom
e he
alth
car
ew
ere
aged
65
year
s or
old
er (
76.1
per
cent
).
Wom
en a
ged
85 a
nd o
lder
rec
eive
d 25
.6 p
er-
cent
of
hom
e he
alth
car
e, f
ollo
wed
by
wom
enbe
twee
n th
e ag
es o
f 75
-79
(18.
4 pe
rcen
t).
In 2
000,
73.
2 pe
rcen
t of
fem
ale
and
78.3
perc
ent o
f m
ale
hom
e he
alth
car
e pa
tient
sre
ceiv
ed s
kille
d nu
rsin
g se
rvic
es. A
dditi
onal
serv
ices
com
mon
ly p
rovi
ded
to h
ome
heal
thpa
tient
s in
clud
e pe
rson
al c
are,
phy
sica
l the
rapy
,an
d ho
mem
aker
hou
seho
ld s
ervi
ces
(pro
vide
dto
36.
9 pe
rcen
t, 26
.7 p
erce
nt, a
nd 2
6.5
perc
ent
of f
emal
e ho
me
heal
th p
atie
nts,
res
pect
ivel
y).
Cur
rent
Hea
lth C
are
Pat
ient
s, b
y A
ge a
nd S
ex, 2
000
Sour
ce (
111.
12):
Nat
iona
l Hom
e H
ealth
and
Hos
pice
Car
e Su
rvey
Fem
ale
Und
er65
yea
rs23
9%
85 y
ears
and
olde
r25
.6%
80-8
4 ye
ars
14.8
%
65-6
9 ye
ars
I6.
2%
70-7
4 ye
ars
11.2
%
75-7
9 ye
ars
18.4
%
Mal
e
65-6
9 ye
ars
8.8%
70-7
4 ye
ars
8.4%
Und
er65
yea
rs39
.9%
75-7
9 ye
ars
14.0
%
80-8
4 ye
ars
13.9
%
85 y
ears
and
olde
r25
.6%
Incr
easi
ng n
umbe
rs o
f w
omen
and
men
are
turn
ing
to h
ospi
ce c
are
to m
eet t
heir
end
-of-
life
need
s. B
etw
een
1992
and
200
0, th
e nu
mbe
r of
hosp
ice
care
pat
ient
s in
crea
sed
from
52,
000
to10
5,50
0. W
omen
nar
row
ly o
utnu
mbe
red
men
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
hos
pice
car
e pa
tient
s,co
m-
pris
ing
53.5
per
cent
of
patie
nts
in 1
992
and
57.4
per
cent
of
patie
nts
in 2
000.
Hos
pice
Car
e P
atie
nts
(All
Age
s), b
y S
ex, S
elec
ted
Yea
rs 1
992-
2000
Sour
ce (
111.
12):
Nat
iona
l Hom
e H
ealth
and
Hos
pice
Car
e Su
rvey
80,0
00
if)70
,000
.0 Ce
0- EL
!
cts
c.) .0 0_ 0 "5
40,0
00
_o
30,0
00
60,0
00
50,0
00
20,0
00
Fem
ale
Mal
e
1992
1994
1996
1998
60,6
00
44,9
00
2000
75
HE
AL
TH
SE
RV
ICE
S U
EIL
IZA
TIO
N
HE
ALT
H C
AR
EE
XP
EN
DIT
UR
ES
Whi
le th
e m
ajor
ity o
f he
alth
car
e ex
pens
esw
ere
paid
for
by
som
e ty
pe o
f pr
ivat
e or
pub
-lic
insu
ranc
e in
199
8, 1
9.5
perc
ent o
f he
alth
care
exp
ense
s fo
r fe
mal
es w
ere
paid
out
-of-
pock
et. F
emal
es w
ere
mor
e lik
ely
than
men
to
Hea
lth C
are
Exp
ense
s, b
y S
ourc
e of
Pay
men
t and
Sex
(A
ll A
ges)
, 199
8So
urce
(1I
I.13
): M
edic
al E
xpen
ditu
re P
anel
Sur
vey
Fem
ale
Med
icar
e26
9%
Priv
ate
Insu
ranc
e37
5%
--M
edic
aid
- 9.
9%
--O
ther
* 6.
2%
Out
-Of-
Poc
ket
19 5
%
Mal
e
pay
for
thei
r he
alth
car
e ex
pens
es o
ut-o
f-po
ck-
et, t
hrou
gh M
edic
are,
or
thro
ugh
Med
icai
d, a
ndle
ss li
kely
to p
ay f
or th
eir
expe
nses
thro
ugh
pri-
vate
insu
ranc
e or
oth
er s
ourc
es.
Am
ong
thos
e w
ho h
ad h
ealth
car
e ex
pend
i-tu
res
in 1
998,
the
aver
age
expe
nse
for
heal
thse
rvic
es f
or f
emal
es w
as h
ighe
r th
an f
or m
ales
($2,
712
com
pare
d to
$2,
132)
.In
add
ition
to
Med
icai
d -
6.6%
'Incl
udes
pub
lic p
rogr
ams
such
as
Dep
artm
ent o
f Vet
eran
s A
ffairs
(ex
cept
CH
AM
PV
A);
oth
er F
eder
al s
ourc
es
tota
l hea
lth s
ervi
ce e
xpen
ses,
fem
ales
ave
rage
dhi
gher
exp
endi
ture
s fo
r pr
escr
iptio
n m
edic
a-tio
ns, d
enta
l ser
vice
s, o
ffic
e-ba
sed
serv
ices
, and
hom
e he
alth
ser
vice
s. T
he m
ost e
xpen
sive
serv
ices
for
fem
ales
wer
e ho
spita
l inp
atie
ntse
rvic
es a
nd h
ome
heal
th s
ervi
ces,
whi
ch a
ver-
aged
$10
,353
and
$4,
107,
res
pect
ivel
y.
Ann
ual M
ean
Hea
lth C
are
Exp
ense
s fo
r P
erso
ns (
All
Age
s) w
ith a
nE
xpen
se, b
y S
ex a
nd C
ateg
ory
of S
ervi
ce, 1
998
Sour
ce (
1II.
13):
Med
ical
Exp
endi
ture
Pan
el S
urve
y
12,0
00
10,0
000 2
8,00
0
ra 06,
000
a) a)
4,00
0
2,00
0
11,1
06
10,3
53
4,10
73 9
93
2,71
2 2,13
2
Tot
alH
ealth
Ser
vice
s
Hos
pita
Inpa
tien
Ser
vice
s
Hom
eH
ealth
Ser
vice
s
Fem
ale
Mal
e
,818
1,35
8
6365
31
I
Off
ce-
Hos
pita
lB
ased
Out
patie
ntM
edic
alS
ervi
ces
Pro
vide
rS
ervi
ces
4944
171
.11-
1I
Pre
scrip
tion
Med
icat
ions
446
424
ion
Den
tal
Ser
vice
s
266
256
Im
r-1
I
Oth
er M
edic
alE
quip
men
t/S
ervi
ces
76
RE
FER
EN
CE
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
I. P
opul
atio
n C
hara
ctar
isdc
s
(I.1
)U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u. 2
001
Dec
enni
al S
uppl
emen
tary
Sur
vey.
Tab
les
P004
, P06
7, P
111.
http
://fa
ctfi
nden
cens
us.g
ov/s
ervl
et/B
asic
Fact
sSer
vlet
.
(1.2
)U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u 20
00. C
ensu
s 20
00 S
umm
ary
File
1. T
able
s P1
2, P
12B
, P12
C,
P12D
, P 1
2E, P
12H
, P12
1. h
ttp://
fact
find
er.c
ensu
s.go
v/se
rvle
t/Bas
icFa
ctsS
ervl
et.
(1.3
)U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, E
arne
d D
egre
esC
onfe
rred
; Pro
ject
ions
of
Edu
catio
n St
atis
tics
to 2
011;
Hig
her
Edu
catio
n G
ener
al I
nfor
mat
ion
Surv
ey (
HE
GIS
), "
Deg
rees
and
Oth
er F
orm
al A
war
dsC
onfe
rred
" su
rvey
s; a
nd I
nteg
rate
d Po
stse
cond
ary
Edu
catio
n D
ata
Syst
em (
IPE
DS)
, "C
ompl
etio
ns"
surv
eys.
http
://nc
es.e
d.go
v//p
ubs2
002/
dige
st20
01/ta
bles
/dt2
47.a
sp.
(1.4
)A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Am
eric
an M
edic
al C
olle
ges.
AA
MC
DA
TA
BO
OK
, Sta
tistic
al I
nfor
mat
ion
Rel
ated
to M
edic
al E
duca
tion,
Jan
uary
200
2. W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, 2
002;
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s of
Ost
eopa
thic
Med
icin
e. 2
001
Ann
ual S
tatis
tical
Rep
ort.
Roc
kvill
e, M
D, 2
002;
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s of
Pod
iatr
icM
edic
ine.
Unp
ublis
hed
data
; Am
eric
an D
enta
l Ass
ocia
tion.
200
0/01
Sur
vey
of P
redo
etor
alD
enta
l Edu
catio
n. C
hica
go, 2
002;
Bur
eau
of H
ealth
Pro
fess
ions
. Min
oriti
esan
d W
omen
in th
e H
ealth
Fie
lds,
199
4 E
ditio
n; A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Sch
ools
and
Col
lege
sof
Opt
omet
ry. A
nnua
l Stu
dent
Dat
a R
epor
t, A
cade
mic
Yea
r 20
00-2
001.
Unp
ublis
hed
data
; Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
s of
Pha
rmac
y. I
nstit
utio
nal R
esea
rch
Rep
ort
Seri
es, P
rofi
le o
f Ph
arm
acy
Stud
ents
Fal
l 200
0. A
lexa
ndri
a, V
A, 2
001.
Unp
ublis
hed
data
; Ass
ocia
tion
of A
mer
ican
Vet
erin
ary
Med
ical
Col
lege
s. U
npub
lishe
dda
ta; A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Sch
ools
of
Publ
ic H
ealth
. 200
0 A
nnua
l Dat
a R
epor
t; N
atio
nal
Lea
gue
for
Nur
sing
. Nur
sing
Dat
asou
rce
1997
, New
Yor
k, 1
997.
Unp
ublis
hed
data
. Pre
limin
ary
anal
ysis
, unp
ublis
hed
data
. Nat
iona
l lea
gue
for
Nur
sing
, Apr
il 20
03.
(1.5
)U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
. Cha
ract
eris
tics
of F
ood
Stam
p H
ouse
hold
s: F
isca
lY
ear
2001
. (A
dvan
ce R
epor
t)20
01 F
ood
Stam
p Q
ualit
y C
ontr
ol S
ampl
eht
tp://
ww
w.f
ns.u
sda.
gov/
oane
/ME
NU
/Pub
lishe
d/FS
P/FI
LE
S/Pa
rtic
ipat
ion/
2001
advr
pt.p
df.
(1.6
)U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
. Wom
en, I
nfan
ts, a
nd C
hild
ren.
Pro
gram
Dat
a. M
onth
ly D
ata-
Nat
iona
l Lev
el, F
Y 1
999
thro
ugh
Sept
embe
r 20
02.
(1.7
)T
he A
dmin
istr
atio
n fo
r C
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
. Off
ice
of P
lann
ing,
Res
earc
h, a
ndE
valu
atio
n. C
hara
cter
istic
s an
d fi
nanc
ial c
ircu
mst
ance
s of
TA
NF
reci
pien
ts o
f Oct
ober
1999
-Sep
tem
ber
2000
Tab
le 1
-18
http
://w
ww
.acf
.dhh
s.go
v/pr
ogra
ms/
opre
/cha
ract
eris
tics/
fy20
00/1
18.h
tm.
(1.8
)O
ffic
e of
Pla
nnin
g R
esea
rch
and
Eva
luat
ion.
Tem
pora
ry A
ssis
tanc
e to
Nee
dy F
amili
es:
Four
th A
nnua
l Rep
ort t
o C
ongr
ess.
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
anSe
rvic
es, A
dmin
istr
atio
n fo
r C
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
. Was
hing
ton,
DC
, May
200
2.ht
tp://
ww
w.a
cf.d
hhs.
gov/
prog
ram
s/op
re/d
irec
tor.
htm
.
(1.9
)U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u. C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n Su
rvey
. CPS
Ann
ual D
emog
raph
icSu
pple
men
t. D
etai
led
Pove
rty
Tab
les.
200
1. T
able
1.
http
://w
ww
.b1s
.cen
sus.
gov/
cps/
ads/
2002
/sda
ta.h
tm.
77
H. H
ealth
Sta
tus
(11.
1)F
ood
Sur
vey
Res
earc
h G
roup
. Agr
icul
ture
Res
earc
h S
ervi
ce. U
.SD
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re. C
ontin
uing
Sur
vey
of F
ood
Inta
kes
byIn
divi
dual
s. F
ebru
ary
1999
. Tab
le
Set
9. h
ttp://
ww
w.b
arc.
usda
.gov
/bhn
rc/fo
odsu
rvey
/hom
e.ht
m.
(11.
2)Y
u S
M, K
ogan
MD
, Hua
ng Z
J. V
itam
in-M
iner
al S
uppl
emen
t Use
Am
ong
U.S
. Wom
en, 2
000.
JA
MW
A 2
003;
58.
(11.
3)N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s. N
atio
nal H
ealth
Inte
rvie
w S
urve
y,20
01. A
naly
sis
cond
ucte
d by
the
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Info
rmat
ion
Res
ourc
e C
ente
r.
(11.
4)N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se. S
AM
HS
A N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se. T
able
s 2.
31B
, 2.3
2B, 2
.33B
, 6.2
7B, 8
.2.
http
://w
ww
.sam
hsa.
gov/
oas/
nhsd
a/2k
Inhs
dalv
ol3/
LOT
Sec
t1-8
v1 W
.
(11.
5)C
ente
rs fo
r D
isea
se C
ontr
61 a
nd P
reve
ntio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
IV,
ST
D, a
nd T
B P
reve
ntio
n, D
ivis
ion
of H
IV/A
IDS
Pre
vent
ion-
Sur
veill
ance
and
Epi
dem
iolo
gy, 2
000
Spe
cial
Dat
a R
un. R
epor
ted
in H
ealth
, Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
200
2. T
able
55.
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/nch
s/da
ta/h
us/ta
bles
/200
2/02
hus0
55.p
df.
(11.
6)C
ente
rs fo
r D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n. N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
IV,
ST
D, a
nd T
B P
reve
ntio
n. D
ivis
ions
of H
IV/A
IDS
Pre
vent
ion.
HIV
/AID
SS
urve
illan
ce R
epor
t
Vol
ume
13 N
o. 2
. Tab
les
18, 1
1, 7
. http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/hiv
/sta
ts/h
asr1
302.
htm
.
(11.
7)U
.S. M
ater
nal a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth B
urea
u an
d C
ente
rs fo
r D
isea
se C
ontr
olan
d P
reve
ntio
n. U
npub
lishe
d da
ta s
ubm
itted
by
Fed
eral
ly s
uppo
rted
Com
preh
ensi
ve
Hem
ophi
lia D
iagn
ostic
and
Tre
atm
ent C
ente
rs. 1
996-
1999
.
(11.
8)A
mer
ican
Can
cer
Soc
iety
. Can
cer
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es 2
002.
Bas
ed o
nin
cide
nce
rate
s fr
om th
e N
CI S
EE
R p
rogr
am.
http
://w
ww
.can
cer.
org/
docr
oot/S
TT
/stt
0 20
02.a
sp?s
itear
ea=
ST
r&le
vel=
1.
(11.
9)N
atio
nal C
ance
r In
stitu
te. S
urve
illan
ce, E
pide
mio
logy
and
End
Res
ults
.S
EE
R In
cide
nce
and
US
Mor
talit
y R
ates
. SE
ER
Inci
denc
e an
d A
ge-A
djus
ted
Rat
es, 1
1
Reg
istr
ies,
199
2-19
99. h
ttp://
seer
.can
cer.
gov/
canq
ues/
.
(11.
10)
McC
aig
LF, L
y N
, Nat
iona
l Hos
pita
l Am
bula
tory
Med
ical
Car
e S
urve
y: 2
000
Em
erge
ncy
Dep
artm
ent S
umm
ary.
Adv
ance
Dat
a F
rom
the
Vita
l and
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics.
No.
326
Tab
le 9
. Div
isio
n of
Hea
lth C
are
Sta
tistic
s. N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s. C
ente
rs fo
r D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n. D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Hum
an
Ser
vice
s. 4
/22/
2002
.
(11.
11)
And
erso
n R
N. D
eath
s: L
eadi
ng C
ause
s fo
r 20
00. N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Rep
ort v
ol. 5
0 no
. 16.
Hya
ttsvi
lle, M
aryl
and:
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lthS
tatis
tics.
200
2.
(11.
12)
Min
ino
AM
, Aria
s E
, Koc
hane
k K
D, M
urph
y S
L, S
mith
BL.
Dea
ths:
Fin
alD
ata
for
2000
. Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s R
epor
ts. v
ol. 5
0 no
. 15.
Hya
ttsvi
lle,
Mar
ylan
d:
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics.
200
2.
(11.
13)
Fle
gal K
M, C
arro
l MD
, Ogd
en C
L, J
ohns
on C
L. P
reva
lenc
e an
d tr
ends
in o
besi
ty a
mon
g U
S a
dults
, 199
9-20
00. J
AM
A 2
002;
288
(I4)
:172
3-17
27.
78_
RE
FER
EN
CE
S
(11.
14)
Div
isio
n of
Sex
ually
Tra
nsm
itted
Dis
ease
s. S
TD
Sur
veill
ance
200
1. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lthan
d H
uman
Ser
vice
s, A
tlant
a: C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n.(C
DC
). T
able
s 12
B, 2
2B, a
nd 3
5B. w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/std
/sta
ts/2
001p
df/ta
bles
2001
.
(II.
15)
Ren
niso
n C
M. I
ntim
ate
Part
ner
Vio
lenc
e an
d A
ge o
f V
ictim
s, 1
993-
1999
. U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
fJu
stic
e, B
urea
u of
Jus
tice
Stat
istic
s Sp
ecia
l Rep
ort,
Oct
ober
200
1.
(11.
16)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Ju
stic
e, B
urea
u of
Jus
tice
Stat
istic
s, C
rim
inal
Vic
timiz
atio
n in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
999
Stat
istic
al T
able
s. T
able
2.
http
://w
ww
.ojp
.usd
oj.g
ov/b
js/a
bstr
act/c
vuss
t.htm
.
(11.
17)
Mar
tin J
A, H
amilt
on B
E, V
entu
ra S
J, M
enac
ker
F, P
ark
MM
, Sut
ton
PD. B
irth
s: F
inal
Dat
afo
r 20
01. N
atio
nal V
ital S
tatis
tics
Rep
orts
. Vol
. 51
No
2. 1
2/18
/200
2. T
able
s1,
4, 6
, 8, 2
4, 2
5, 3
5. h
ttp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/n
chs/
data
/nvs
r/nv
sr51
/nvs
r51
02.p
df.
(11.
18)
Yea
rs 1
991-
1998
: Bre
astf
eedi
ng T
rend
s T
hrou
gh 1
998
(199
9). M
othe
r's S
urve
y. Y
ears
1999
-200
1: U
npub
lishe
d da
ta. R
oss
Prod
ucts
Div
isio
n. A
bbot
t Lab
orat
orie
s.
(11.
19)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces.
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion.
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics.
Dat
a 20
10. T
he H
ealth
y Pe
ople
201
0D
atab
ase.
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/nch
s/ab
out/o
ther
act/h
pdat
a201
0/ab
outd
ata2
010.
htm
.
(II.
20)
Nat
iona
l Vita
l Sta
tistic
s Sy
stem
, unp
ublis
hed
data
. Rep
orte
d in
Hea
lth, U
nite
d St
ates
.20
02. h
ttp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/n
chs/
data
/hus
/tabl
es/2
002/
02hu
s044
.
(II.
21)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces.
Hea
lth R
esou
rces
and
Ser
vice
s Adm
inis
trat
ion.
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau.
Titl
e V
Inf
orm
atio
n Sy
stem
(TV
IS).
http
://pe
rfor
man
ce.h
rsa.
gov/
mch
b/m
chre
port
s.
(11.
22)
Unp
ublis
hed
2002
Dat
a fr
om U
nifo
rm D
ata
Syst
ems
colle
cted
thro
ugh
the
Use
r/V
isit
Surv
ey o
f H
RSA
Bur
eau
of P
rim
ary
Hea
lth C
are-
fund
ed C
omm
unity
Hea
lthC
ente
rs.
(11.
23)
Ass
urin
g a
Hea
lthy
Futu
re A
long
the
U.S
.-M
exic
o B
orde
r: A
HR
SA P
rior
ity. H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
199
8.
(11.
24)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Ju
stic
e. B
urea
u of
Jus
tice
Stat
istic
s. S
ourc
eboo
k of
Cri
min
al J
ustic
e St
atis
tics.
http
://w
ww
.alb
any.
edu/
sour
cebo
ok/.
(11.
25)
Mum
ola
CJ.
Inc
arce
rate
d Pa
rent
s an
d T
heir
Chi
ldre
n. U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Just
ice,
Bur
eau
of J
ustic
e St
atis
tics
Spec
ial R
epor
t, A
ugus
t 200
0.ht
tp://
ww
w.o
jp.g
ov/b
js/p
ub/p
df/ip
tc.p
df.
(11.
26)
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cen
sus
2000
Sum
mar
y Fi
le 1
, Tab
les
QT
-P1
1, P
CT
17.
c::,
79
1 H
ealth
Ser
vice
s U
tiliz
atio
n
11.1
)N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s (2
002)
. Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey,
200
1. A
naly
sis
cond
ucte
d by
the
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Inf
orm
atio
n R
esou
rce
Cen
ter.
11.2
)U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u. C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n Su
rvey
. CPS
Ann
ual D
emog
raph
ic S
uppl
emen
t. H
ealth
Ins
uran
ce C
over
age
Dat
a 20
01. T
able
111
-01.
http
://w
ww
.b1s
.cen
sus.
gov/
cps/
ads/
2002
/sda
ta.h
tm.
11.3
)Fr
onst
in P
. Sou
rces
of
Hea
lth I
nsur
ance
and
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
e U
nins
ured
: Ana
lysi
s of
the
Mar
ch 2
002
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey. E
BR
I Is
sue
Bri
ef N
o 25
2.D
ecem
ber
2002
.
11.4
)U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s. C
ente
rs f
or M
edic
are
and
Med
icai
d Se
rvic
es. 2
002
Dat
a C
ompe
ndiu
m.
http
://w
ww
.cm
s.go
v/re
sear
cher
s/pu
bs/d
atac
ompe
ndiu
m/.
11.5
)C
herr
y D
K, W
oodw
ell D
A, D
ivis
ion
of H
ealth
Car
e St
atis
tics.
Nat
iona
l Am
bula
tory
Med
ical
Car
e Su
rvey
: 200
0 Su
mm
ary.
Adv
ance
Dat
a fr
om V
ital a
nd H
ealth
Stat
istic
s. N
o 32
8 T
able
s 9,
10,
16.
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/nch
s/ab
out/m
ajor
/ahc
d/ad
ata.
htm
.
11.6
)N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r H
ealth
Sta
tistic
s (2
002)
. Nat
iona
l Hea
lth I
nter
view
Sur
vey,
200
0 da
ta s
et. A
naly
sis
cond
ucte
d by
the
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Inf
orm
atio
nR
esou
rce
Cen
ter.
11.7
)Fa
mily
Pla
nnin
g A
nnua
l Rep
ort:
2001
Sum
mar
y, O
ffic
e of
Pop
ulat
ion
Aff
airs
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
pre
pare
d by
the
Ala
n G
uttm
ache
rIn
stitu
te. h
ttp://
ww
w.a
gi-u
sa.o
rg/p
ubs/
FPA
R20
01.p
df.
11.8
)H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
200
0 A
nnua
l Sum
mar
y fo
r th
e A
bstin
ence
Edu
catio
n Pr
ovis
ion
of th
e 19
96 W
elfa
re L
aw P
.L. 1
04-1
93 J
uly
2002
.ht
tp://
mch
b.hr
sa.g
ov/p
rogr
ams/
adol
esce
nts/
abre
port
00/d
efau
lt.ht
m.
11.9
)U
npub
lishe
d da
ta f
rom
the
2000
Nat
iona
l Am
bula
tory
Med
ical
Car
e Su
rvey
.
11.1
0)N
atio
nal H
ospi
tal D
isch
arge
Sur
vey:
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics,
200
0 A
nnua
l Sum
mar
y w
ith D
etai
led
Dia
gnos
is a
nd P
roce
dure
Dat
a Se
ries
13,
No.
153
.T
able
s 2,
14.
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/nch
s/da
ta/s
erie
s/sr
13/
sr13
153
.
11.1
1)SA
MH
SA, O
ffic
e of
App
lied
Stat
istic
s. N
atio
nal H
ouse
hold
Sur
vey
on D
rug
Abu
se. T
able
8.3
5, 8
.27,
8.3
0, 8
.33.
http
://w
ww
.sam
hsa.
gov/
oas/
nhsd
a/2k
1nhs
da/v
ol3/
LO
TSe
ctl-
8v1
W.p
df.
11.1
2)U
npub
lishe
d da
ta f
rom
the
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tatis
tics,
Nat
iona
l Hom
e H
ealth
and
Hos
pice
Car
e Su
rvey
, 200
0.
11.1
3)A
genc
y fo
r H
ealth
care
Res
earc
h an
d Q
ualit
y. M
EPS
Hou
seho
ld C
ompe
ndiu
m T
able
s. 1
998
Tab
les
1-9.
http
://w
ww
.mep
s.ah
rq.g
ov/C
ompe
ndiu
mT
able
s/98
Ch2
/98P
DFT
able
s.ht
m.
80
CO
N T
RIB
UT
OR
S
CO
NT
RIB
UT
OR
ST
his
publ
icat
ion
was
pre
pare
d fo
r th
e H
ealth
Res
ourc
esan
dSe
rvic
esA
dmin
istr
atio
n's
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau
(MC
HB
) an
dO
ffic
e of
Wom
en's
Hea
lth b
y th
e M
CH
B's
Mat
erna
lan
dC
hild
Hea
lthIn
form
atio
nR
esou
rce
Cen
ter.
Fede
ral
cont
ribu
tors
with
inth
eU
.S.
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
incl
ude
the
Age
ncy
for
Hea
lthca
re R
esea
rch
and
Qua
lity;
the
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Prev
entio
n; th
e H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion;
the
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
esof
Hea
lth; t
he S
ubst
ance
Abu
se a
nd M
enta
l Hea
lthSe
rvic
esA
dmin
istr
atio
n.O
ther
Fede
ral
cont
ribu
tors
incl
ude
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ents
of
Agr
icul
ture
,E
duca
tion,
Just
ice,
Lab
or,
00C
omm
erce
,an
dth
eSo
cial
Secu
rity
u\D
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
Non
-gov
ernm
ent c
ontr
ibut
ors
incl
ude:
the
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
sof
Nur
sing
; the
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
lege
sof
Phar
mac
y;th
eA
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of P
odia
tric
Med
icin
e; th
e A
mer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
ofC
olle
ges
ofO
steo
path
icM
edic
ine;
the
Am
eric
an D
enta
l Ass
ocia
tion;
the
Ass
ocia
tion
of A
mer
ican
Med
ical
Col
lege
s; th
eA
ssoc
iatio
n of
Am
eric
an V
eter
inar
y M
edic
alC
olle
ges;
the
Ass
ocia
tion
of S
choo
ls a
ndC
olle
ges
of O
ptom
etry
; the
Ass
ocia
tion
ofSc
hool
s of
Pub
lic H
ealth
; the
Em
ploy
ee B
enef
itR
esea
rch
Inst
itute
; and
Abb
ott L
abor
ator
ies.
tr U
. S. G
. P. 0
. 200
3-49
6-55
7/85
002
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau
5600
Fis
hers
Lan
e R
oom
18-
05R
ockv
ille,
MD
208
57T
el: 3
01-4
43-2
170
Fax
: 301
-443
-179
7
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s
IIRS
A,H
ealth
Res
ourc
es a
nd S
ervi
ces
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau/
1=dt
U.S. Department of EducationOffice of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI)
National Library of Education (NLE)
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
NOTICE
Reproduction Basis
Educollonal Resources Inloottation Center
This document is covered by a signed "Reproduction Release (Blanket)"form (on file within the ERIC system), encompassing all or classes ofdocuments from its source organization and, therefore, does not require a"Specific Document" Release form.
This document is Federally-funded, or carries its own permission toreproduce, or is otherwise in the public domain and, therefore, may bereproduced by ERIC without a signed Reproduction Release form (either"Specific Document" or "Blanket").
EFF-089 (1/2003)