DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 392 561 RC 020 216

AUTHOR Kennedy, JosephTITLE Rural Life and the Rural School.PUB DATE 15NOTE 195p.; Xerox copy of original book, reproduced t4o

pages per landscape pages. This book is cited by MryPhillips Manke in her article "The Rural Teacher inthe Early 1900's" (EJ 478 228) as a classic of ruraleducation literature; see also RC 020 215-218, 435,451-452, 470.

PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Ma erials (060)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Consolidated Schools; *Educational Administration;

Educa,ional Change; Educational History; EducationalImprovement; Educational Objectives; ElementarySecondary Education; Industrialization; Rural Areas;*Rural Education; *Rural Schools; Rural to UrbanMigration; *School Role; *Teacher Education; TeacherQualifications

ABSTRAC1Published in 1915, this book adcitocses issues and

problems of rural life and rural schooling during the early 1900s.Chapters cover: (1) a description of rural life and the role of ruralschooling; (2) the rural-to-urban migration trend and resultingeffects on rural schools; (3) the real and the ideal rural school;(4) industria' progress and educational improvement; (5) problems ofrural schooling, including the need for higher standards, accessibleteacher education programs, and higher teacher compens2tion; (6)consolidation of rural schools; (7) the importance of competent ruralteachers; (8) the relationship between strong teacher personalities,a h.gh standard of qualifications, and a higher teacher salary, andthe need for more men in the teaching profession; (9) the ruralschool curriculum; (10) the rural schools role as the social centerof the community; (11) rural school supervision and the role ofsuperintendents; (12) rural leadership and cooperation; (13) thefarmer and his home; (14) the rural renaissance; and (15) theadvantages of rural life and how rural schools can contribute to thislife. Contains a bibliography and an ivrlex. (LP)

productions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the orie_inal document.

RU

RA

L L

IFE

AN

D T

HE

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

BY

JOSE

PH K

EN

NE

DY

DE

AN

OF

TH

E S

CH

OO

L O

F E

DU

CA

TIO

N I

N T

HE

UN

IVE

RSI

TY

OF

NO

RT

H D

AK

OT

A

UD

IPA

RT

IMIE

10 O

f F M

C/1

110N

7,, 0

,0 ,

III '1

114

I'.14

4,4

41.4

I N 'I

I,/I,

I115

'hp

AM

ER

ICA

N B

OO

K C

OM

PAN

YN

EW

YO

RK

CIN

CIN

NA

TI

CH

ICA

GO

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Cop

yrig

ht, 1

915,

by

JOSE

PH K

EN

NE

DY

Cop

yrig

ht, 1

915,

iu G

rog

Bri

tain

Rur

al L

ife

and

the

Rur

al S

choo

lW

. P.

3

4

PRE

FAC

E

TH

IS v

olum

e is

add

ress

ed to

the

men

and

wom

enw

hoha

ve a

t hea

rt th

e in

tere

sts

of r

ural

life

and

the

rura

lsch

ool.

I ha

ve tr

ied

to a

void

dee

ply

spec

ulat

ive

theo

ries

on

the

one

hand

, and

dis

tres

sing

ly p

ract

ical

det

ails

on

the

othe

r; a

ndha

ve a

ddre

ssed

mys

elf

chie

fly

to th

e in

telli

gent

indi

vidu

alev

eryw

here

to th

e fa

rmer

and

his

wif

e, to

the

teac

hers

of r

ural

sch

ocls

, to

the

publ

icsp

irite

d sc

hool

boa

rds,

indi

vidu

ally

and

col

lect

ivel

y, a

nd to

the

lead

ers

of r

ural

com

mun

ities

and

of

soci

al c

ente

rs g

ener

ally

.I

have

trie

dto

avo

id th

e tw

o ex

trem

es w

hich

Gui

zot s

ays

are

alw

ays

to b

e sh

unne

d, v

iz.:

that

of

the

"vis

iona

ryth

eori

st"

and

that

of

the

"lib

ertin

e pr

actic

ian.

" T

he f

orm

er is

ana

logo

usto

a b

lank

car

trid

ge, a

nd th

e la

tter

toth

e m

ire

of a

sw

amp

or th

e en

tang

led

unde

rbru

sh o

f a

thic

ket.

The

legs

of

one'

s th

eori

es (

as L

inco

ln s

aid

of th

ose

of a

man

) sh

ould

be lo

ng e

noug

h to

rea

ch th

e ea

rth;

and

yet

they

mus

tbe

free

to m

ove

upon

the

solid

gro

und

of f

act a

nd e

xper

ienc

e.D

etai

ls m

ust a

lway

s be

left

to th

e pe

rson

who

is to

do

the

wor

k, w

heth

er it

be

that

of

the

teac

her,

of

the

farm

er, o

r of

the

scho

ol o

ffic

er.

I am

aw

are

that

ther

e is

a v

erita

ble

floo

d of

boo

ks o

nth

is a

nd k

indr

ed to

pics

, now

com

ing

from

the

pres

ses

ofth

e co

unt r

y.M

y so

le r

easo

ns f

or th

e pu

blic

atio

n of

the

pres

ent v

olum

e ar

e th

e de

,ire

to d

eliv

er th

e m

essa

gew

hich

has

com

e to

fru

ition

in m

y m

ind,

and

the

hope

that

it3

4PR

EFA

CE

may

rea

ch a

nd in

tere

st s

ome

who

hav

e no

t bee

n be

nefi

ted

by a

bet

ter

and

mor

e sy

stem

atic

trea

tise

on th

is s

ubje

ct.

By

way

of

cred

entia

l and

just

ific

atio

n, I

wou

ld s

ay th

atth

e m

essa

ge o

f th

e bo

ok h

as in

larg

e m

easu

re g

row

n ou

t of

my

own

life

and

thou

ght;

for

I w

as b

orn

and

brou

ght u

p in

the

coun

try,

ther

e I

rece

ived

my

elem

enta

ry e

duca

tion,

and

ther

e I

rem

aine

d til

l man

gro

wn.

Prac

tical

ly e

very

kind

of

wor

k kn

own

on th

e fa

rm w

as f

amili

ar to

me,

and

I ha

ve a

lso

taug

ht a

nd s

uper

vise

d ru

ral s

choo

ls.

The

seex

peri

ence

s ar

e re

gard

ed a

s of

the

high

est v

alue

, and

I r

e-ve

rt in

mem

ory

to th

em w

ith a

sat

isfa

ctio

n an

d af

fect

ion

whi

ch w

ords

can

not e

xpre

ss.

If th

ere

shou

ld s

eem

to b

e a

note

of

desp

air

in s

ome

ofth

e ea

rlie

r ch

apte

rs a

s to

the

desi

red

outc

cme

of th

e pr

ob-

lem

s of

rur

al li

fe a

nd th

e ru

ral s

choo

l, it

is n

ot in

tend

edth

at s

uch

impr

essi

on s

hall

be c

ompl

ete

and

fina

l.A

nat

tem

pt is

mad

e si

mpl

y to

pla

ce th

e pr

oble

m a

nd th

e fa

cts

in th

eir

true

ligh

t bef

ore

the

read

er.

The

re h

as b

een

muc

h"p

alav

erin

g" o

n th

is s

ubje

ct, a

s th

ere

has

been

muc

iien

-fo

rced

scr

eam

ing

of th

e ea

gle

in m

any

of o

ur F

ourt

h of

Jul

y"o

ratio

ns."

I fe

el th

at th

e fi

rst r

equi

site

is to

con

ceiv

eth

e pr

oble

ms

clea

rly

and

in a

ll se

riou

snes

s.If

thes

e pr

oble

ms

are

to b

e so

lved

, tru

e co

ncep

tions

of

zulu

cs m

ust b

e es

tabl

ishe

d in

the

soci

al m

ind.

Man

y pr

es-

ent c

once

ptio

ns, l

ike

thos

e of

the

pers

onal

ity o

f th

e te

ache

r,st

anda

rds

for

teac

hing

,su

perv

isio

n,sc

hool

equi

pmen

t,sa

lary

, etc

., m

ust f

irst

be

dis-

esta

blis

hed,

and

then

hig

her

and

bette

r on

es s

ubst

itute

d.T

here

will

hav

e to

be

age

nuin

e an

d in

telli

gent

" ta

cklin

g" o

f th

e pr

oble

ms,

and

not,

as h

as b

een

the

case

too

ofte

n, a

mer

e pl

ayin

g w

ithth

em.

The

re w

ill h

ave

to b

e so

me

real

sta

tesm

ansh

ip

PRE

FAC

E5

intr

oduc

ed in

to th

e pr

esen

t lai

ssez

-fai

re s

piri

t,at

titud

e,an

d M

etho

ds o

f A

mer

ican

rur

al li

fe a

nd r

ural

edu

catio

n.T

he n

atio

n in

this

res

pect

nee

ds a

trum

pet c

all t

o ac

tion.

The

re is

nee

d of

a c

horu

s, lo

ud a

nd lo

ng, a

nd if

the

smal

lvo

ice

of th

e pr

esen

t dis

cuss

ion

shal

l add

onl

y a

little

how

eN e

r lit

tleto

this

vol

ume

of s

ound

, the

re w

ill b

e so

muc

h of

gai

n.T

his

is m

y ai

m a

nd m

y 1-

.ope

.

JOSE

PH K

EN

NE

DY

TU

E U

NIV

ER

SIT

Y O

F N

OR

M D

AK

OT

A

CO

NT

EN

TS

CH

APT

ER

I.R

UR

AL

LIF

EA

gen

erat

ion

ago;

Cho

res

and

wor

k; V

alue

of

wor

k; E

x-tr

emes

; Yea

rly

rout

ine;

Dis

liked

in c

ompa

riso

n; O

ther

hard

jobs

;H

arve

stin

g;T

hres

hing

; Wel

com

e ev

ents

;\\T

inte

r w

ork;

Wha

t the

old

day

s la

cked

; The

res

ult;

The

back

war

d ru

ral s

choo

l; W

omen

's c

ondi

tion

unre

lieve

d; T

heru

ral p

robl

em m

ust b

e m

et; F

acili

ties.

II.

TH

E U

RB

AN

TR

EN

D.

.

City

war

d; A

ttrac

tive

forn

es;

Con

veni

ence

s in

citi

es;

Urb

aniz

ed li

tera

ture

; City

sch

ools

; City

chu

rche

s; C

ityw

ork

pref

erre

d;R

etir

ed f

arm

ers;

Edu

catio

nal c

ente

rs;

Face

the

prob

lem

; Edu

catio

nal v

alue

not

rea

lized

; Wro

ngst

anda

rd in

the

soci

al m

ind;

Rur

al o

rgan

izat

ion;

Pla

y-in

g w

ith th

e pr

oble

m.

III.

TH

E R

EA

L N

D T

HE

ID

EA

L S

CH

OO

L.

The

bui

ldin

g N

o sy

stem

of

vent

ilatio

n; T

he s

urro

und-

ings

; The

inte

rior

; Sm

all,

dead

sch

ool;

Tha

t pic

ture

and

this

; Arc

hite

ctur

e of

bui

ldin

g; G

et e

xper

t opi

nion

; Oth

ersu

rrim

ndin

gs; N

umbe

r of

pup

ils; I

t will

not

teac

h ak

ate

;T

he te

ache

r; A

goo

d ru

ral s

choo

l; T

he p

robl

em.

IV.

SON

IE L

INE

S O

F PR

OG

RE

SSPr

ogre

ss; I

n re

apin

g m

achi

nes;

The

dro

pper

; The

han

dra

ke; T

he s

elf

rake

; The

har

vest

er; T

he w

ire

bind

er; T

hetw

ine

hind

er; T

hres

hing

mac

hine

; The

fir

st m

achi

ne; I

m-

prov

emen

ts; T

he s

team

eng

ine;

Im

prov

emen

ts in

oce

antr

avel

; Fro

m h

and-

spin

ning

to f

acto

ry; T

he c

ost;

Prog

ress

in h

ighe

r ed

ucat

ion;

Pro

grcs

s in

nor

mal

sch

ools

; Pro

gres

sin

agr

icul

tura

l col

lege

s; P

rogr

ess

in th

e hi

gh s

choo

ls; H

owis

the

rura

l sch

ool?

V.

BA

cKw

AR

D A

ND

NE

GI.

Err

ED

FIE

LD

.

Rur

al s

choo

ls th

e sa

me

ever

ywhe

re; R

ural

sch

ools

no

bet t

er th

an f

orm

erly

; Som

e im

prov

f,m

ents

; :;tr

ong

pers

on-

aliti

es in

the

olde

r sc

hool

s; M

ore

men

nee

ded;

Low

sta

nditr

d no

w; T

he s

urvi

val o

f th

e un

fit t

est;

Shor

t ter

in,;

Poor

supe

rvis

ion;

No

deci

ded

mov

emen

t ,E

lem

enta

ry 1

L'a

t hin

g

k.7

PAG

E 9 19 23 33 49

CH

APT

ER

CO

NT

EN

TS

not a

pro

fess

ion;

The

pro

blem

dif

ficu

lt, b

ut b

efor

e us

;O

ther

edu

catio

nal i

nter

ests

sho

uld

help

; Hig

her

stan

dard

sne

cess

ary;

Cou

rses

for

teac

hers

; The

pro

blem

of

com

pen-

satio

n; C

onso

lidat

ion

as a

fac

tor;

Bet

ter

supe

rvis

ion

nece

s-sa

ry; A

mod

el r

ural

sch

ool;

The

teac

her

shou

ld le

ad; A

good

boa

rdin

g pl

ace.

VI.

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LS

.

The

pro

cess

; Whe

n no

t nec

essa

ry; T

he d

istr

ict s

yste

m;

The

tow

nshi

p sy

stem

; Con

solid

atio

n di

ffic

ult i

n di

stri

ctsy

stem

; Eas

ier

in to

wns

hip

syst

em; C

onso

lidat

ion

a sp

ecia

lpr

oble

m f

or e

ach

dist

rict

; Dis

agre

emen

ts o

n tr

ansp

orta

tion;

Eac

h co

mm

unity

mus

t dec

ide

for

itsel

f; T

he d

ista

nce

to b

etr

ansp

orte

d; R

espo

nsib

le d

rive

r; C

ost o

f co

nsol

idat

ion;

Mor

e lif

e in

the

cons

olid

ated

sch

ool;

Som

e gr

adin

g de

sir-

able

; Bet

ter

teac

hers

; Bet

ter

build

ings

and

insp

ectio

n;L

onge

r te

rms;

Reg

ular

ity, p

unct

ualit

y, a

nd a

ttend

ance

;B

ette

r su

perv

isio

n; T

he s

choo

l as

a so

cial

cen

ter;

Bet

ter

road

s;C

onso

lidat

ion

com

ing

ever

ywhe

re; T

he m

arri

edte

ache

r an

d pe

rman

ence

.

VII

.T

im T

EA

CH

ER

.

The

gre

ates

t fac

tor;

Wha

t edu

catio

n is

; Wha

t the

rea

lte

ache

r is

; A h

ypno

tist;

Unt

ying

kno

ts; T

oo m

uch

kind

-ne

ss; T

he b

utto

n ill

ustr

atio

n; T

he c

hari

ot. r

ace;

Phy

sica

llyso

und;

Cha

ract

er; W

ell e

duca

ted;

Pro

fess

iona

l pre

para

tion;

Exp

erie

nce;

Cho

osin

g a

teac

her;

A "

scoo

p"; W

hat m

akes

the

diff

eren

ce; A

que

stio

n of

teac

hers

.

7

PAG

E

63 77

VII

I.T

HE

TH

RE

E I

NSE

PAR

AB

LE

S.

88T

he "

mod

e"; T

he "

mod

e" in

labo

r; T

he "

mod

e" in

educ

atio

nal i

nstit

utio

* N

o "p

rofe

ssio

n"; W

eak

pers

on-

aliti

es; L

ow s

tand

ard;

The

nor

m o

f w

ages

too

low

; The

inse

para

bles

, Rai

se th

e st

anda

rd f

irst

; AIo

re m

en; C

oCip

era-

lion

need

ed; T

he s

uppl

y; M

ake

it fa

shio

nabl

e; T

he r

etir

e-m

ent s

yste

m; C

ity a

nd c

ount

ry s

alar

iese

ffec

ts; T

heso

lutio

n de

rmnd

s m

ore;

A g

ood

scho

ol b

oard

; Boa

rd a

ndte

ache

r; T

he id

eal.

1N.-

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

CU

RR

ICU

LU

MI0

0Im

itatio

n; T

he c

ount

ry im

itate

s th

e ci

ty; T

extb

ooks

;A

n in

tcrp

retin

g co

re; R

ural

teac

hers

fro

m th

e ci

ty; A

cour

se f

or r

ural

teac

hers

; All

not t

o re

mai

n in

the

coun

try;

Mer

e te

xtbo

ok te

achi

ng; A

tich

env

iron

men

t. W

ho w

illte

ach

thes

e th

ings

?; T

he s

cien

tific

' spi

rit n

eede

ci; A

cou

rse

of s

tudy

; Red

tape

; Len

gth

of te

rm; I

fidi

vidu

al w

ork;

" W

akin

g up

the

rnin

o"I

he o

verf

low

of

inst

ruc

tion;

Aff

ili-

atio

n; T

he "

likin

g po

int"

; i h

e te

ache

r, th

e ch

icf

fact

or.

8 CHA

P1

ER

x. VT 41.1.

CO

NT

EN

TS

TH

E S

OC

IAL

CE

NT

ER

The

teac

her,

the

lead

er; S

ome

com

mun

ity a

ctiv

ities

;T

he li

tera

ry s

ocie

ty; D

ebat

es; T

he s

choo

l pro

gram

;Sp

ellin

gsc

hool

s; L

ectu

res;

Dra

mat

ic p

erfo

rman

ces;

Am

usic

al p

ro-

gram

; Slid

es a

nd m

ovin

gpi

ctur

es; S

uper

vise

d da

ncin

g;Sp

orts

and

gam

es; S

choo

l exh

ibits

; A p

ublic

foru

m; C

our-

tesy

and

can

dor;

Aut

omob

ilepa

rtie

s; F

ull l

ife

or a

ful

lpu

rse;

Org

aniz

atio

n; T

hein

sepa

rabl

es.

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N.

Irnp

orta

nt; S

uper

visi

on s

tand

ardi

zes;

Sup

ervi

sion

can

be

over

done

; Nee

ded

in r

ural

sch

ools

; No

supe

rvis

ion

in s

ome

stat

es; N

omin

al s

uper

visi

on; S

ome

supe

rvis

ion;

An

im-

poss

ible

task

; The

pro

blem

not

tack

led;

City

sup

ervi

sion

;T

he p

urpo

se o

f su

perv

isio

n; W

hat i

s ne

eded

; The

term

; As-

sist

ants

; The

sch

ools

exa

min

ed; K

eep

dow

n re

d ta

pe; H

elp

the

soci

al c

ente

rs; C

oncl

usio

n.

XII

.L

EA

DE

RSH

IP A

ND

CO

OPE

RA

TIO

N.

'he

real

lead

er; T

each

ing

vs. t

ellin

g; E

nlis

ting

the

co-

oper

atio

n of

pup

ils; P

laci

ng r

espo

nsib

ility

; How

peo

ple

rem

ain

child

ren;

On

the

farm

; Ren

ters

; The

ow

ner;

The

teac

her

as a

lead

er; S

elf-

activ

ity a

nd s

elf-

gove

rnm

ent;

Tak

ing

law

s up

on o

ne's

sel

f; A

n ed

ucat

iona

l col

umn;

All

alon

g th

e ed

ucat

iona

l lin

e.

PA

GE

114

127

139

XII

I. T

HE

FA

RM

ER

AN

D H

IS H

OM

E .

..

..

152

Farm

ing

in th

e pa

st ;

Old

con

ceit

and

prej

udic

e; L

evel

ing

dow

n; P

rem

ises

indi

cativ

e; C

onve

nien

ces

by la

bor-

savi

ngde

vice

s; E

ggs

in s

ever

al b

aske

ts; T

he b

est i

s th

e ch

eape

st;

Goo

d w

ork;

Goo

d se

ed a

nd tr

ees;

A g

ood

care

take

r; F

amily

coop

erat

ion;

An

idea

l lif

e.

XIV

. TH

E R

UR

AL

RE

NA

ISSA

NC

ED

arke

st b

efor

e th

e da

wn;

The

aw

aken

ing;

The

agr

icul

-tu

ral c

olle

ges;

Con

vent

ions

; Oth

er a

wak

enin

g ag

enci

cT

he f

arm

er in

pol

itics

; The

Nat

iona

l Com

mis

sion

; NI

farm

ing;

Now

oef

ore

the

coun

try;

Edu

catio

nal e

xten

sion

;L

ibra

ry e

xt e

lisio

n w

ork;

Som

e fr

oth;

Tho

ught

and

atti

tude

.

XV

. A G

OO

D P

LA

CE

AFT

ER

AL

L.

Not

pes

sim

istic

; Few

er h

ours

of

labo

r th

an f

orm

erly

;T

he m

enta

l fac

tor

grow

ing;

The

bri

ght s

ide

of o

ld. t

ime

«nin

try

life;

The

larg

er e

nvin

mm

ent;

Gam

es; I

nven

tive-

ness

in n

iral

life

; Act

ivity

rat

her

than

pas

sivi

ty;

Chi

ldla

bor;

The

fin

est l

ife

on e

arth

.

0

16o

169

E L

I si

te_

RU

RA

L L

IFE

AN

D T

HE

RU

RA

LSC

HO

OL

CH

APT

ER

I

RU

RA

L L

IFE

IT is

onl

y w

ithin

the

past

dec

ade

that

rur

al li

fean

d th

e ru

ral s

choo

l hav

e be

en r

ecog

nize

d as

gen

uine

prob

lem

s fo

r th

e co

nsid

erat

ion

of th

e A

mer

ican

peo

ple.

Not

man

y ye

ars

ago,

a p

resi

dent

of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

actin

g up

on h

is o

wn

initi

ativ

e, a

ppoi

nted

a R

ural

Sch

ool

Com

mis

sion

to in

vest

igat

e co

untr

y lif

e an

d to

sug

gest

a so

lutio

n fo

r so

me

of it

s pr

oble

ms.

Tha

t Com

mis

ion

itsel

f an

d its

rep

ort w

ere

both

the

effe

ct a

nd th

e ca

use

of a

n aw

aken

ing

of th

e pu

blic

min

d up

on th

is m

ost

impo

rtan

t pro

blem

.W

ithin

the

past

few

yea

rs th

ecr

y "B

ack

to th

e co

untr

y' h

as b

een

hear

d on

eve

ryha

nd, a

nd m

eans

are

now

con

stan

tly b

eing

pro

pose

d fo

rre

vers

ing

the

urba

n tr

end,

or

at le

ast f

or m

inim

izin

g it.

A G

ener

atio

n A

go.-

- R

ural

life

, as

it ex

iste

d a

quar

ter

of a

cen

tury

or

mor

e ag

o, w

as e

xtre

mel

y se

vere

and

inde

ed to

our

min

d qu

ite r

epel

lent

.In

thos

e cl

ays

and

no d

,ibt

they

are

so

even

yet

in m

any

plac

esth

e co

nditi

ons

wer

e to

o of

ten

forb

iddi

ng a

nd d

eter

rent

.9

11

I()

RU

RA

L L

IFE

Oth

erw

ise

how

can

we

expl

ain

the

very

gen

eral

tend

ency

amon

g th

e yo

unge

rpe

ople

to m

ove

from

the

coun

try

to th

e ci

ty?

Cho

res

and

Wor

k.T

he c

ount

ry y

outh

, a m

ere

boy

in h

is t,

.T.n

s, w

as, a

nd s

till

is, c

ompe

lled

to r

ise

earl

y in

the

mor

ning

--of

ten

a., f

our

o'cl

ocka

nd to

go

thro

ugh

the

roun

d of

cho

res,

and

of

wor

k fo

r a

long

da)

of tw

elve

to f

ifte

en h

ours

.Fi

rst,

afte

r ri

sing

, he

had

his

team

to c

are

for,

the

stab

les

wer

e to

be

clea

ned,

cow

s to

be

milk

ed, a

nd h

ogs

and

calv

es to

be

fed.

Aft

er th

e ch

ores

wer

e do

ne th

e bo

y or

the

youn

g m

anha

d to

wor

k al

l day

at m

anua

l lab

or, u

sual

ly c

lose

toth

e so

il; h

e w

as a

llow

ed a

bout

one

hou

r's r

ei:t

at d

inne

rtim

e; in

the

even

ing

afte

r a

day'

s ha

rd la

bor,

he

had

tope

rfor

m th

e sa

me

roun

d of

cho

res

as in

the

mor

ning

so

that

ther

e w

as b

ut a

sho

rt ti

me

for

play

and

rec

reat

ion,

if h

e ha

d an

y su

rplu

s en

ergy

left

.H

e us

ually

ret

ired

earl

y, f

or h

e w

as f

atig

ued

and

need

ed s

leep

and

res

tin

ord

er to

be

refr

eshe

d fo

r th

e fo

llow

ing

day,

whe

n he

very

like

ly w

t,uld

be

requ

ired

to r

epea

tth

e sa

me

dull

roun

d.V

alue

of

Wor

k.--

-Of

cour

se w

ork

is a

goo

d th

ing.

111(

)der

ate

and

reas

onab

le a

mot

. of

labo

r is

usu

ally

the

salv

atio

n of

any

indi

vidu

al.

No

natio

n or

rac

eha

s co

me

up f

rmrn

5l v

ager

v to

civ

iliza

tion

with

( uf

the

stim

ulat

ing

inilu

ence

of

labo

r.It

is li

kew

ise

true

that

no in

divi

dual

can

adv

ance

fro

m th

e sa

vage

ryof

chi

ld-

hood

to th

e ci

viliz

atio

n of

adu

lt lif

e ex

cept

thro

ugh

`wor

k of

som

e ki

nd. W

ork

in a

rea

sona

ble

amou

nt is

a

RU

RA

L L

IFE

ii

bles

sing

and

not

a c

urse

.it

is p

roba

bly

due

to th

isfa

ct th

at s

o m

any

men

in o

ur h

isto

ry h

ave

beco

me

dis-

tingu

ishe

d in

pro

fess

iona

l lif

e, in

the

foru

m, o

n th

ebe

nch,

and

in th

e na

tiona

l Con

gres

s; in

chi

ldho

od a

ndyo

uth

they

wer

e in

ured

to h

abits

of

wor

k.T

his

kept

them

fro

m te

mpt

atio

n, a

nd e

ndow

ed th

em w

ithha

bits

of

indu

stry

, of

conc

entr

atio

n, a

nd o

f pu

rpos

e.T

he o

ld a

dage

that

"Sa

tan

find

s so

me

mis

chie

f st

ill f

orid

le h

ands

to d

o,"

foun

d lit

tle a

pplic

atio

n in

the

rura

llif

e of

a q

uart

er o

f a

cent

ury

ago.

Ext

rem

es.-

-Eve

n w

ith a

ll its

unr

ecog

nize

d ad

van-

tage

s, th

e fa

ct r

emai

ns th

at f

arm

life

has

bee

n qu

itege

nera

lly u

nint

eres

ting

to th

e av

erag

e hu

man

bei

ng.

The

re a

re in

divi

dual

s w

ho b

ecom

e so

acc

usto

med

toha

rd w

ork

that

the

habi

t rea

lly g

row

s to

be

plea

sant

.'E

llis,

no

doub

t, of

ten

happ

ens.

Hab

it ac

cust

oms

the

indi

vidu

al to

acc

omm

odat

e hi

mse

lf to

exi

stin

g co

ndi-

tions

, no

mat

ter

how

sev

ere

they

may

be.

A v

ery

old

man

who

was

sho

ckin

g w

heat

und

er th

e ho

t sun

of a

harv

est d

ay w

as o

nce

told

that

it m

ust b

e ha

rd w

ork

for

him

.Il

e re

plie

d,''

Yes

, but

Ilik

eit

whe

n th

ebu

ndle

s ar

e m

y ow

n."

So th

e fe

w w

ho a

re in

tere

sted

and

accu

stom

ed b

y ha

bit t

o th

is k

ind

of li

fe m

ayen

joy

it, b

ut to

the

grea

t maj

ority

of

peop

le th

e co

n-di

tions

wou

ld b

e de

ci(l

edly

una

ttrac

tive.

Yea

rly

Rou

tine.

The

yea

rly

rout

ine

on th

e fa

rmus

ed to

be

abou

t as

follo

ws:

In e

arly

spr

ing,

bef

ore

seed

ing

time

had

com

e, a

ll th

e se

ed w

heat

had

to b

epu

t tim

(ug

h th

e fa

nnin

g m

ill.

The

see

d w

as S

ON

VII

12R

UR

AL

LIF

E

by h

and.

A m

an c

arri

ed a

hea

vy lo

ad o

f gr

ain

upon

his

back

and

wal

ked

from

one

end

of

the

fiel

d to

the

othe

r, s

owin

g it

broa

dcas

t as

he w

ent.

Aft

er th

e w

heat

had

been

sow

n, p

low

ing

for

the

corn

and

pot

atoe

sw

asbe

gun

and

cont

inue

d.T

hese

wer

e al

l pla

nted

by

hand

,an

d w

hen

they

cam

e ab

ove

grou

nd th

eyw

ere

hoed

by

hand

and

cul

tivat

ed r

epea

tedl

y by

wal

king

and

hol

ding

the

plow

.D

islik

ed in

Com

pari

son.

All

of th

is w

ork

impl

ies,

of c

ours

e, th

at th

e pe

rson

doi

ng it

was

clo

se to

the

soil;

in f

act,

he w

as in

the

soil.

He

wor

e, n

eces

sari

ly,

old

clot

hes

som

ewha

t beg

rim

ed b

y di

rt a

nd d

ust.

His

sho

es o

r bo

ots

wer

e he

avy

and

his

step

bec

ame

habi

tual

ly lo

ng a

nd s

low

. Man

ual l

abor

too

freq

uent

lyca

rrie

s \N

all i

t a n

egle

ct o

f cl

eanl

ines

s. T

he la

bore

ron

the

farm

nec

essa

rily

has

abo

ut h

im th

e od

or o

f ho

rses

,of

cow

s, a

nd o

f ba

rns.

Such

con

ditio

ns a

re n

ot b

ad,

but t

hey

are

neve

rthe

less

obj

ectio

nabl

e, w

hen

com

pare

dw

ith th

e ne

atne

ss a

nd c

lean

lines

s of

the

cler

k in

the

bank

or

behi

nd th

e co

unte

r. W

e do

not

wri

te th

ese

wor

ds in

any

spi

rit o

f di

spar

agem

ent,

but m

erel

y fr

omth

e po

int o

f vi

ew a

t whi

chm

any

youn

g pe

ople

in th

eco

untr

y vi

ew th

em. W

e ar

c tr

ying

to f

ace

the

trut

hin

ord

er to

und

erst

and

the

prob

lem

to b

e so

lved

.1

t

is e

ssen

tial t

o lo

ok a

t the

situ

atio

n sq

uare

ly a

ndto

view

it s

tead

ily a

nd h

ones

tly.

Hid

ing

our

head

s in

the

sand

will

not

cla

rify

our

vis

ion.

Oth

er H

ard

Jobs

.--

The

nex

t ste

p in

the

year

lyro

und

was

hay

mak

ing.

Freq

uent

ly, t

he g

rass

was

RU

RA

L L

IFE

cut w

ith s

cyth

es.

In a

ny e

vent

the

wor

k of

rak

ing,

curi

ng, a

nd s

tack

ing

the

hay,

or th

e ha

ulin

g it

and

pitc

hing

it in

to th

e ba

rns

was

hea

vy w

ork.

The

re w

asno

hay

fork

ope

rate

d by

mac

hine

ry in

thos

e da

ys. W

hen

not h

ayin

g, th

e yo

uth

was

usu

ally

put

tosu

mm

er-

fallo

win

g or

to b

reak

ing

new

gro

und,

to f

enci

ng o

rsp

littin

g ra

ils,a

ll he

avy

wor

k.N

o w

onde

r th

at h

eal

way

s w

elco

med

a r

ainy

day

!H

arve

stin

g.T

hen

cam

e th

e w

heat

har

vest

tim

e.W

ithin

the

mem

ory

of th

e au

thor

som

e of

the

grai

nw

as c

ut w

ith c

radl

es; l

ater

, sim

ple

reap

ing

mac

hine

sof

var

ious

kin

dsw

ere

used

; but

with

them

wen

t the

bind

ing,

sho

ckin

g, a

nd s

tack

ing,

all

perf

oim

ed b

yha

nd a

nd a

ll ar

duou

s pi

eces

of

wor

k.T

hese

ope

ra-

tions

wer

e in

ters

pers

ed w

ith p

low

ing

and

thre

shin

g.T

hen

cam

e co

rn c

uttin

g, p

otat

o di

ggin

g, a

ndco

rnhu

skin

g.T

hres

hing

.In

thos

e da

ys m

ost o

f th

e w

ork

arou

nda

thre

shin

g m

achi

ne w

as a

lso

done

by

hand

.T

here

was

no

self

-fee

ding

app

arat

us a

ndno

ban

d-cu

tting

devi

ce; t

here

was

no s

traw

-blo

wer

and

no

mea

suri

ngan

d w

eigh

ing

atta

chm

ents

.It

usu

ally

req

uire

d ab

out

a do

zen

" ha

nds"

to d

o al

l the

wor

k.T

hese

men

wor

ked

stre

nuou

sly

and

usua

lly in

dus

ty p

lace

s.T

heon

ly r

edee

min

g fe

atur

e of

the

busi

ness

was

the

oppo

r-tu

nity

giv

en f

or s

ocia

l int

erco

urse

whi

chac

com

pani

edth

e w

ork.

Men

, bei

ng s

ocia

l by

inst

inct

, alw

ays

wor

km

on w

illin

gly

and

mor

e st

renu

ousl

y w

hen

othe

rsar

ew

ith th

em.

14R

UR

AL

LIF

E

Wel

com

e E

vent

s.It

is q

uite

nat

ural

, as

we

have

said

, tha

t und

er s

uch

cond

ition

s as

thes

e th

e yo

uth

long

ed f

or a

rai

ny d

ay. A

trip

to th

e ci

ty w

as a

lway

sa

delig

htfu

l bre

ak in

the

mon

oton

y of

his

life

, and

ash

ort r

espi

te f

rom

sev

ere

toil.

Sund

ay w

as u

sual

lyth

e on

ly s

ocia

l occ

asio

n in

rur

al li

fe.

It w

as a

lway

sw

elco

me,

and

the

boys

, eve

n th

ough

tire

d ph

ysic

ally

from

wor

k du

ring

the

wee

k, u

sual

ly p

laye

d ba

ll, o

rw

ent s

wim

min

g, o

r en

gage

d in

oth

er s

port

s on

Sun

day

afte

rnoo

ns.

Liv

ing

in is

olat

ion

all t

he w

eek

and

en-

gage

d in

har

d la

bor,

they

inst

inct

ivel

y cr

aved

com

-pa

nion

ship

and

soc

iety

.W

inte

r W

ork.

Whe

n th

efa

ll w

ork

was

don

e,w

inte

r ca

me

with

its

own

occu

patio

ns.

The

re w

ere

usua

lly a

bout

fou

r m

onth

s of

sch

ool i

n th

e ru

ral d

is-

tric

t, bu

t eve

n du

ring

this

sea

son

ther

e w

as m

uch

man

ual l

abor

to b

e do

ne.

Tre

es w

ere

to b

e cu

t dow

nan

d w

ood

was

to b

e ch

oppe

d, s

awed

, and

spl

it fo

r th

eco

min

g su

mm

er.

Lan

d fr

eque

ntly

had

to b

e cl

eare

dto

mak

e ne

w f

ield

s; th

e br

eaki

ng o

f co

lts a

nd o

f st

eers

cons

titut

ed p

art o

f th

e sp

ort a

s w

ell a

s of

the

labo

r of

that

sea

son

of th

e ye

ar.

Wha

t the

Old

Day

s L

acke

d.T

here

was

littl

e or

no

mac

hine

ry a

s a

fact

or in

the

rura

l lif

e of

day

s go

ne b

y.In

thes

e m

oder

n tim

es, o

f co

urse

, man

y th

ings

hav

em

ade

coun

try

life

mor

e at

trac

tive

than

for

mer

ly.

'Tw

enty

-fiv

e ye

ars

ago

ther

e w

as n

o ru

ral (

leli\

cry

, no

r ()

tor

cycl

e, n

o au

tom

obile

; eve

n ho

rses

and

bug

gies

w e

re s

omew

hat o

f a

luxu

ry, f

or in

the

rem

ote

coun

try

RU

RA

L L

IFE

15

dist

rict

s th

e ox

team

or

"Sha

nks'

mar

es"

form

ed th

eus

ual m

ode

of tr

avel

.T

he R

esul

t.It i

slit

tle w

onde

r th

at u

nder

suc

hci

rcum

stan

ces

disc

onte

nt a

rose

and

that

peop

le w

hoby

nat

ure

are

soci

able

long

ed to

go

whe

relif

e w

as,

in th

eir

opin

ion,

mor

e ag

reea

ble.

Eve

n w

ith a

ll th

ela

ter

conv

enie

nces

and

impr

ovem

ents

, the

tren

d ci

ty-

war

d st

ill c

ontin

ues

and

may

con

tinue

inde

fini

tely

in

the

futu

re.

The

Am

eric

an p

eopl

e m

ay a

s w

ell f

ace

the

fact

s as

they

are

.It

is d

iffi

cult

if n

ot im

poss

ible

to m

ake

the

coun

try

as a

ttrac

tive

to y

oung

peop

le a

sis

the

city

; and

con

sequ

ently

to r

ever

se o

r ev

en s

top

the

urba

n tr

end

will

be

mos

t dif

ficu

lt.In

deed

, som

eof

the

thin

gs w

hich

mak

e ru

ral l

ife

plea

san±

, lik

e th

eau

tom

obile

, fav

or th

is tr

end,

whi

ch p

roba

bly

will

con

-tin

ue u

ntil

econ

omic

pre

ssur

e pu

ts o

n th

e br

akes

.E

ven

now

, with

all

our

impr

ovem

ents

,th

e so

cial

fac

tors

inru

ral l

ife

are

com

para

tivel

y sm

all.

Her

e is

one

of

our

grea

test

pro

blem

s: I

Iow

to in

crea

se th

efu

llnes

s of

ocia

l lif

e in

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es s

o as

to m

ake

coun

try

life

and

livin

g ev

eryw

here

mor

e at

trac

tive

The

Bac

kwar

d R

ural

Sch

ool.-

-Alth

ough

the

mat

eria

lco

nditi

ons

and

faci

litie

s fo

r w

ork

have

impr

oved

bv

reas

on o

f va

riou

s in

vent

ions

in r

ecen

t yea

rs, t

he r

ural

scho

ol o

f fo

rmer

day

s w

as f

requ

ently

as

good

as,

if n

otbe

tter

in s

ome

resp

ects

than

, the

sch

ool o

f to

-day

. For

-m

erly

ther

e w

er.

mln

y ab

le m

en e

ngag

ed in

teac

hing

who

cou

ld e

arn

a, m

ach

in th

e sc

hool

room

as

t hey

cou

ldea

rn e

lsew

here

. The

re w

ere

cons

eque

ntly

in th

e ru

ral

p.4

16R

UR

AL

LIF

E

scho

ols

man

y st

rong

per

sona

litie

s, b

oth

men

and

wom

en.

Sinc

e th

at ti

me

new

opp

ortu

nitie

s an

d ca

ll-in

gs h

ave

deve

lope

d so

rap

idly

that

som

e of

the

mos

tca

pabl

e pe

ople

hav

e be

en e

ntic

ed in

to o

ther

and

mor

epr

ofita

ble

calli

ngs,

and

the

scho

ols

are

left

in a

wea

kene

dco

nditi

on b

y re

ason

of

thei

r ab

senc

e.W

omen

's C

ondi

tion

Unr

elie

ved.

With

all

our

im-

prov

emen

ts a

nd c

onve

nien

ces,

the

wor

k of

wom

en in

coun

try

com

mun

ities

has

bee

n re

lieve

d bu

t litt

le.

Farm

life

has

alw

ays

been

and

stil

l is

a ha

rd o

ne f

orw

omen

.It

has

bee

n, in

man

y in

stan

ces,

a ve

rita

ble

stat

e of

sla

very

; for

wom

en in

the

coun

try

have

alw

ays

been

com

pelle

d to

do

not o

nly

thei

row

n pr

oper

wor

k,bu

t the

wor

k of

two

or th

ree

pers

ons.

The

wor

king

hour

s fo

r w

omen

are

even

long

er th

an th

ose

for

men

;fo

r br

eakf

ast m

ust b

e pr

epar

ed f

or th

e w

orkm

en,

and

hous

ehol

d w

ork

mus

t be

done

aft

er th

e ev

enin

g m

eal

is e

aten

.it

is li

ttle

to b

e w

onde

red

at th

atw

omen

as a

rul

e w

ish

to le

ave

the

drud

gery

of

rura

l lif

e.U

nder

the

impr

oved

con

ditio

ns o

f th

epr

esen

t day

, with

all

kind

s of

mac

hine

ry, t

he w

ork

ofw

omen

is li

ghte

ned

leas

t.' The

Rur

al P

robl

em M

ust B

e M

et.I

hav

e gi

ven

a sh

ort d

escr

iptio

n of

rur

al li

fe in

ord

er to

hav

ea

setti

ng f

or th

e ru

ral s

choo

l.T

he s

choo

l is,

with

out

doub

t, th

e ce

nter

of

the

rura

l lif

e pr

oble

m, a

ndw

e

Th.

k u

tng

ntid

e, e

ntitl

ed "

Tlw

hir

nwr

and

Ilk

Wif

e,"

by :\

lart

lid. l

nIcy

Hru

rc..1

OW

Icxci

/inti

Wit/

zinc

,fo

r Ju

ne, 1

9t4,

p. 8

2o.

RU

RA

L L

IFE

17

are

face

to f

ace

with

it f

or a

sol

utio

n of

som

e ki

nd.

The

pro

blem

s of

bot

h ha

ve b

een

too

long

neg

lect

ed.

Now

for

ced

upon

our

atte

ntio

n, th

ey s

houl

d re

ceiv

eth

e th

ough

tful

con

side

ratio

nof

all

pers

ons

inte

rest

edin

the

wel

fare

of

soci

ety.

The

y ar

e di

ffic

ult o

f so

lu-

tion,

pro

babl

y th

e m

ost d

iffi

cult

of a

ll th

ose

whi

chou

rge

nera

tion

has

to f

ace.

The

yin

volv

e th

e re

ducl

ion

ofth

e re

pelle

nt f

orce

s in

rur

al li

fean

d th

e in

crea

se o

fsu

ch f

orce

s an

d ag

enci

esas

will

be

attr

activ

e, e

s-pe

cial

ly to

the

youn

g. T

he g

reat

pro

blem

is, h

owca

nth

e tr

end

city

-war

d be

che

cked

or r

ever

sed?

Wha

t attr

actio

nsar

e po

ssib

le a

nd f

easi

ble

in th

eru

ral c

omm

uniti

es?

In e

ach

ther

e sh

ould

be

som

ere

cogn

ized

cen

ter

to p

rovi

deth

ese

vari

ous

attr

actio

ns.

The

re s

houl

d be

lect

ures

and

deba

tes,

pla

ys o

fa

seri

ous

char

acte

r, m

usic

11

ente

rtai

nmen

ts, a

nd s

ocia

lfu

nctio

ns; e

ven

the

mov

ing

pict

ure

mig

ht b

e m

ade

ofgr

eat e

duca

tiom

+1

valu

e.T

here

is n

ore

ason

why

the

peop

le in

the

coun

try

are

not e

ntitl

ed to

all

the

satis

-fy

ing

men

tal f

ood

whi

chth

e pe

ople

of

the

city

enj

oy.

The

se th

ings

can

be s

ecur

ed, t

oo, i

f th

e pe

ople

will

only

aw

ake

toa

real

izat

ion

of th

eir

valu

e, a

nd w

illsh

ow th

eir

will

ingn

ess

to p

ay f

or th

em.

Som

ethi

ngca

nnot

be

secu

red

for

noth

ing.

In th

e la

st r

esor

t the

solu

tion

of r

ost p

robl

ems,

as w

ell a

s th

e ac

com

plis

h-m

ent o

f m

ost a

ims,

invo

lves

1 he

exp

endi

ture

of

mon

ey.

Whe

reve

r th

e pe

ople

of

rura

lco

mm

uniti

es h

ave

com

e to

rtilu

e th

e fi

ner

educ

atio

nal,

cultu

ral,

civi

lizin

g, a

ndin

tang

ible

thin

gsm

ore

than

they

val

uem

oney

, thc

Rur

al L

ife-

2

18R

UR

AL

LIF

E

prob

lem

is a

lrea

dy b

eing

sol

ved.

It is

cer

tain

ly a

ques

tion

of v

alue

sin

aim

s an

d m

eans

.Fa

cilit

ies.

AIa

ny in

vent

ions

mig

ht b

e ut

ilize

d on

the

farm

to b

ette

r ad

vant

age

than

they

are

at p

rese

nt.

But

peo

ple

live

som

ewha

t iso

late

d liv

es in

rur

al c

om-

mun

ities

and

ther

e is

not

the

activ

e co

mpa

riso

n or

com

petit

ion

that

one

fin

ds in

the

city

; im

prov

emen

tsof

all

kind

s ar

e th

eref

ore

slow

er o

f re

aliz

atio

n.V

alue

sar

e no

t for

ced

hom

eby

eve

ry-d

ay d

iscu

ssio

n an

dco

mpa

riso

n.Pe

ople

con

tinue

to d

o as

they

hav

e be

enac

cust

omed

to d

o, a

nd th

ere

are

men

who

ow

n la

rge

farm

s an

d ha

ve la

rge

bank

acc

ount

s w

ho c

ontin

ue to

live

with

out t

he m

oder

n im

prov

emen

ts, a

nd h

ence

with

but f

ew c

omfo

rts

in li

fe.

A g

reat

er in

tere

st in

the

best

thin

gs p

erta

inin

g to

cou

ntry

life

nee

ds to

be

awak

ened

, and

to th

is e

nd r

ural

com

mun

ities

sho

uld

be b

ette

r or

gani

zed,

soc

ially

, eco

nom

ical

ly, a

nd e

du-

catio

nally

.

(

CH

APT

ER

II

TH

E U

RB

AN

TR

EN

D

IN th

e pr

eced

ing

chap

ter

we

disc

usse

d th

ose

forc

esat

wor

k in

rur

al li

fe w

hich

tend

to ..

rive

peo

ple

from

the

farm

to th

e ci

ty.

It w

as s

how

n th

at, o

n th

ew

hole

, up

to th

e pr

esen

t at l

east

, far

m li

fe h

asno

t bee

nas

ple

asan

t as

it sh

ould

or

coul

d be

mad

e.So

me

aspe

cts

of it

are

unc

omfo

rtab

le, i

f no

t pai

nful

.H

ard

man

ual l

abor

, lon

g ho

urs

of to

il, a

nd p

artia

l iso

latio

nfr

om o

ne's

fel

low

s us

ually

and

gen

eral

ly c

hara

cter

ize

it.O

f co

-Irs

e, th

ere

are

man

y w

ho b

y na

ture

or h

abit,

or

who

by

thei

r in

genu

ity a

nd th

rift

, hav

e m

ade

itse

rve

them

, and

who

ther

efor

e ha

veco

me

to lo

ve th

e lif

eof

the

coun

try;

but

we

are

spea

king

with

ref

eren

ceto

the

aver

age

men

and

wom

en w

ho h

ave

not m

aste

red

the

forc

es a

t han

d, w

hich

can

be

turn

ed to

thei

r se

rvic

eon

ly b

y th

ough

t and

thri

ft.

City

war

d.-T

he tr

end

tow

ard

the

citie

s is

unm

is-

taka

ble.

:' al

arm

ing

has

it be

com

e th

at it

has

aro

used

the

Am

eric

an p

eopl

e to

a r

ealiz

atio

n th

at s

omet

hing

mus

t be

done

to r

ever

se it

or

at le

ast t

o m

inim

ize

it.A

t the

clo

se o

f th

e R

evol

utio

nary

War

onl

y th

ree

per

cent

(.1

the

tota

l pop

ulat

ion

of o

ur c

ount

ry li

ved

inw

hat c

ould

be

term

ed c

ities

.In

181

0 on

ly a

bout

fiv

e1

()

20T

HE

UR

BA

N T

RE

ND

per

cent

of

the

who

le p

opul

atio

n w

as u

rban

; whi

lein

191

0 fo

rty-

six

per

cent

of

our

peop

le li

ved

in c

ities

.T

his

mea

ns th

at, r

elat

ivel

y, o

ur f

orce

s pr

oduc

ing

raw

mat

eria

ls a

re n

ot k

eepi

ng p

ace

with

the

grow

th a

ndde

man

ds o

f co

nsum

ptio

n.In

som

e of

the

olde

r A

tlan-

tic s

tate

s, a

s on

e ri

des

thro

ugh

the

coun

try,

vas

t are

asof

unc

ultiv

ated

land

mee

t the

vie

w.

The

peo

ple

have

gone

to th

e ci

ty.

Lar

ge c

ities

abs

orb

smal

ler

ones

, and

the

smal

l tow

ns a

bsor

b th

e in

habi

tant

s of

the

rura

ldi

stri

cts.

Eve

ry c

ity a

nd to

wn

is m

akin

g st

renu

ous

effo

rts

to b

uild

itse

lf u

p, if

nee

d be

at t

he e

xpen

se o

fth

e sm

alle

r to

wns

and

the

rura

l com

mun

ities

.T

o"b

oom

" its

ow

n ci

ty is

ass

umed

to h

e a

larg

e an

d le

git-

imat

e pa

rt o

f th

e bu

sine

ss o

f ev

ery

com

mer

cial

clu

b.T

his

mus

t mea

n, o

f co

urse

, tha

t sm

alle

r ci

ties

and

tow

nsan

d th

e ru

ral c

omm

uniti

es s

uffe

r ac

cord

ingl

y in

bus

ines

s,in

pop

ulat

ion,

and

in li

fe.

Attr

activ

e Fo

rces

.--T

he a

ttrac

tive

forc

es o

f th

e ci

tyar

e qu

ite a

s nu

mer

ous

and

pow

erfu

l as

the

repe

llent

forc

es o

f th

e co

untr

y.T

he c

ity is

attr

activ

e fr

omm

any

poin

ts o

f vi

ew.

It s

ets

the

pace

, the

sta

ndar

d,th

e id

eals

; eve

n th

e st

yles

of

clot

hing

and

dre

ss o

rigi

-na

te th

ere.

It is

whe

re a

ll so

rts

of p

eopl

e ar

e se

enan

d m

et w

ith it

: lar

ge n

umbe

rs; i

ts v

arie

d sc

enes

are

alw

ays

mag

netic

.B

oth

old

and

youn

g ar

e at

trac

ted

by a

ctiv

ities

of

all k

inds

; the

" w

hite

way

" in

eve

ryci

t V i

a co

nsta

nt b

id f

or n

umbe

rs.

In th

e ci

ty th

ere

isllw

ays

Illo

rC li

velin

ess

if n

ot m

ore

life

than

in th

eco

untr

y.A

ctiv

ity is

app

aren

t eve

ryw

here

.E

very

-

TH

E U

RB

AN

TR

EN

D21

thin

g se

ems

bette

r to

the

youn

gpe

rson

fro

m th

eco

untr

y; th

ere

is m

ore

to s

ee a

nd m

ore

to h

ear;

the

show

win

dow

s an

d th

e di

spla

y of

ligh

ting

are

a co

n-st

ant l

ure;

ther

e is

an

endl

ess

vari

ety

of e

xper

ienc

es.

Lif

e se

ems

grea

t bec

ause

it is

cos

mop

olita

n an

d no

tpr

ovin

cial

or

loca

l.In

any

eve

nt, i

t dra

ws

the

yout

hof

the

coun

try.

Thi

ngs,

they

say

, are

doi

ng, a

nd th

eylo

ng to

be

a pa

rt o

f it

all.

The

re is

no

doub

t tha

t the

min

d an

d he

art a

re m

otiv

ated

in th

isw

ay.

Con

veni

ence

s in

Citi

es.I

n th

e ci

ty th

ere

are

mor

eco

nven

ienc

es th

an in

the

coun

try.

The

re a

re s

idew

alks

and

pave

d st

reet

s in

stea

d of

mud

dy r

oads

; the

rear

epr

ivat

e te

leph

ones

, and

the

tele

grap

h is

at h

and

intim

e of

nee

d; th

ere

are

stre

etca

rs w

hich

aff

ord

com

-fo

rtab

le a

nd r

apid

tran

spor

tatio

n.T

here

are

libr

arie

s,m

useu

ms,

and

art

gal

leri

es; t

here

are

fre

e le

ctur

es a

nden

tert

ainm

ents

of

vari

ous

kind

s; a

nd th

e ch

urch

esar

ela

rger

and

mor

e at

trac

tive

than

thos

e in

the

coun

try.

As

in th

e ca

se o

f te

ache

rs, t

he c

ities

secu

re th

eir

pick

of p

reac

hers

.D

octo

rs a

re a

t han

d in

tim

e of

nee

d, a

ndal

l the

pro

fess

ions

are

cent

ered

ther

e.Is

it a

ny w

onde

rth

at p

eopl

e, w

hen

they

hav

ean

opp

ortu

nity

, mig

rate

to th

e ci

ty?

The

re is

a s

ocia

l ins

tinct

mov

ing

the

hum

an h

eart

.A

ll pe

ople

are

gre

gari

ous.

Adu

lts a

sw

ell a

s ch

ildre

n lik

e to

be

whe

re o

ther

sar

e, a

nd s

ow

here

som

e pe

ople

con

greg

ate

othe

rs te

ndto

do

like-

\ ise

.C

ount

ry li

fe a

s at

pre

sent

org

aniz

ed d

oes

not

affo

rd th

e be

st o

pi)o

rtun

itfo

r th

e sa

tisfa

ctio

n of

this

soci

al in

stin

ct.

The

gre

at v

arie

ty o

f so

cial

attr

actio

ns

22T

HE

UR

BA

N T

RE

ND

cons

titut

es th

e lu

re o

f th

e ci

tyit

is th

e po

wer

ful

soci

al m

agne

t.U

rban

ized

Lite

ratu

re.M

ost b

ooks

, mag

azin

es, a

ndpa

pers

are

pub

lishe

d in

citi

es, h

ence

mos

t of

them

hav

eth

e fl

avor

of

city

life

abo

ut th

em.

The

y ar

e m

ade

and

wri

tten

by p

eopl

e w

ho k

now

the

city

, and

the

city

doin

gs a

re u

sual

ly th

e su

bjec

t mat

ter

of th

e lit

erar

you

tput

of

the

day.

Chi

ldre

n ac

quir

e fr

om th

ese,

eve

nin

thei

r pr

imar

y sc

hool

day

s, a

long

ing

for

the

city

.T

he id

ea o

f se

eing

and

pos

sibl

y of

livi

ng in

the

city

beco

mes

"se

t," a

nd it

tend

s so

oner

or

late

r to

rea

lize

itsel

f in

act

and

in li

fe.

City

Sch

ools

.The

city

, as

a ru

le, m

aint

ains

exc

el-

lent

sch

ools

; and

the

mos

t mod

ern

and

serv

icea

ble

build

ings

for

sch

ool p

urpo

ses

are

foun

d th

ere.

Urb

anpe

ople

see

m w

illin

g to

tax

them

selv

es to

a g

reat

er e

x-te

nt; a

nd s

o in

the

citie

s w

ill b

e fo

und

com

para

tivel

ybe

tter

build

ings

, bet

ter

teac

hers

, mor

e an

d be

tter

supe

rvis

ion,

mor

e fu

llnes

s of

life

in th

e sc

hool

s. U

sual

lyin

the

citie

s th

e le

adin

g an

d m

ost e

nter

pris

ing

men

and

wom

en a

re e

lect

ed to

the

scho

ol b

oard

, and

the

peop

le,

as w

e ha

ve s

aid,

acq

uies

ce in

suc

h ta

xatio

n as

the

boar

d de

ems

nece

ssar

y.C

ities

en,

leav

or to

sec

ue th

ech

oice

of

the

outp

ut o

f no

rmal

sch

ools

, reg

ardl

ess

of th

ede

man

ds o

f ru

ral d

istr

icts

.E

very

city

has

a s

uper

in-

tend

ent,

and

ever

y bu

ildin

g a

prin

cipa

l; w

hile

, in

the

coun

try,

OM

'4

ount

ysu

peri

nten

dent

has

to s

uper

vise

a hu

ndro

l or

mor

e sc

hool

s, s

ituat

ed to

o, a

s th

ey a

re,

long

dis

tanc

es a

part

.

TH

E U

RB

AN

TR

EN

D23

City

Chu

rche

s.So

met

hing

sim

ilar

may

be

said

with

resp

ect t

o th

e ch

urch

es. I

n ev

ery

city

ther

e ar

e se

vera

l,an

d pe

ople

can

usu

ally

go

to th

e ch

urch

of

thei

r ch

oice

.In

man

y pa

rts

of th

e co

untr

y th

e ch

urch

is d

ecad

ent,

and

in s

ome

plac

es it

is b

ecom

ing

extin

ct.

Eve

n th

eau

tom

obile

con

trib

utes

its

infl

uenc

e ag

ains

t the

cou

ntry

chur

ch a

s a

rura

l ins

titut

ion,

:,nd

in f

avor

of

the

city

;fo

r pe

ople

who

are

suf

fici

ently

wel

l-to

-do

ofte

n lik

eto

take

an

auto

mob

ile r

ide

to th

e ci

ty o

n Su

nday

.C

ity W

ork

Pref

erre

d. W

orki

ngm

en a

nd s

erva

ntgi

rls

also

pre

fer

the

city

. The

y di

slik

e th

e lo

ng ir

regu

lar

hour

s of

the

coun

try

;th

ey p

refe

r to

wor

k w

here

the

hour

s ar

e re

gula

r, w

here

they

do

not

com

e in

to s

uch

clos

e to

uch

with

the

soil,

and

whe

re th

ey d

o no

t hav

eto

bat

tle 'v

ith th

e el

emen

ts.

In th

e ci

ty th

ey w

ork

unde

r sh

elte

r an

d in

acc

orda

nc.

ith d

efin

ite r

egul

a-tio

ns. H

ence

it is

that

the

prob

lem

of

secu

ring

wor

king

-m

en a

nd s

erva

nt g

irls

in th

e co

untr

y is

eve

ry d

ay b

e-co

min

g m

ore

and

mor

e pe

rple

xMg.

Ret

ired

Far

mer

s.--

Far

mer

s th

emse

lves

, whe

n th

eyha

ve b

ecom

e re

ason

ably

wel

l-to

-do,

fre

quen

tly r

etir

eto

the

city

, eith

er to

enj

oy li

fe th

e re

st o

f th

eir

days

orto

edu

cate

thei

r ch

ildre

n.In

divi

dual

s ar

e no

t to

hebl

amed

.T

he la

ck o

f eq

uiva

lent

attr

actio

ns a

ndco

n-ve

nien

ces

in th

e co

untr

y is

res

pons

ible

.E

duca

tiona

l Cen

ters

.--A

s ye

t, it

is s

eldo

m th

at g

ood

high

sch

ools

are

fou

ndin

the

coun

try.

'co

secu

rea

high

sch

ool e

duca

tion

c()i

intr

v pe

ople

freq

uent

lYha

ve to

ava

il th

emse

lves

of

the

city

sch

ools

.M

any

I.;7

A:r

l)

24T

HE

UR

BA

N T

RE

ND

colle

ges

and

univ

ersi

ties

are

loca

ted

in th

e ci

ties

and,

cons

eque

ntly

, muc

h of

the

educ

atio

nal t

rend

is in

that

dire

ctio

n.Fa

ce th

e Pr

oble

m.T

he r

ural

pro

blem

is a

dif

ficu

lton

e an

d w

e m

ay a

s w

ell f

ace

the

situ

atio

n ho

nest

lyan

d ea

rnes

tly.

The

re h

as b

een

too

muc

h m

ere

orat

ory

on p

robl

ems

of r

ural

life

.W

e ha

ve o

ften

, ost

rich

-lik

e,ke

pt o

ur h

eads

unc

le: t

he s

and

and

have

not

see

n or

adm

itted

the

real

con

ditio

ns, w

hich

mus

t be

chan

ged

if r

ural

life

is to

bec

ome

attr

activ

e.Sa

y w

hat w

e w

ill,

peop

le w

ill g

o w

here

thei

r ne

eds

are

best

sat

isfi

ed a

ndw

here

the

attr

actio

ns a

re g

reat

est.

Peop

le c

anno

t be

driv

enth

ey m

ust b

e at

trac

ted

and

won

.If

" G

od

mad

e th

e co

untr

y an

d m

an m

ade

the

tow

n,"

God

'spe

o-pl

e m

ust b

e ne

glec

ting

to g

ive

God

's c

ount

ry"

such

afa

ce a

nd s

uch

a m

ien

as to

be

love

d ne

eds

only

to b

ese

en."

Whe

re th

e el

emen

t of

natu

re is

larg

est t

here

shou

ld b

e a

mor

e tr

uly

and

deep

ly a

ttrac

tive

life

than

whe

re th

e el

emen

t of

art p

redo

min

ates

, how

ever

al-

luri

ng th

at m

ay b

e.H

ow c

an c

ount

ry li

fe a

nd th

eco

untr

y its

elf

be m

ade

to a

ttrac

t?E

duca

tiona

l Val

ue N

ot R

ealiz

ed.P

eopl

e ge

nera

llyha

ve n

ever

bee

n ab

le to

est

imat

e ed

ucat

ion

fair

ly.

The

val

ue o

f la

nds,

hor

ses,

and

mon

ey c

an e

asily

bem

easu

red,

fur

thes

e at

e ta

ngib

le th

ings

; but

edu

catio

nis

very

ditli

eult

of a

ppra

isal

, for

it is

inta

ngib

le.

Yet

itis

true

that

inta

ngib

le th

ings

are

fre

quen

tly o

fgr

eate

r w

orth

than

are

tang

ible

thin

gs.

The

re a

rem

en w

ho p

ay m

ore

to a

jock

ey to

trai

n th

eir

hors

esr.

TH

E U

RB

AN

TR

EN

D25

than

they

are

will

ing

topa

y to

a te

ache

r to

trai

n th

eir

child

ren.

Thi

s is

bec

ause

the

serv

ices

of

the

jock

eyar

e m

ore

easi

ly r

ecko

ned.

The

ef