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NASFAA Annotated Bibliography of Literature onStudent Financial Aid: 1977-1985.National Association of Student Financial AidAdministrators, Washington, D.C.Jul 87112p.

National Association of Student Financial AidAdministrators, 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Suite100, Washington, DC 20036.Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131)

MF01/PC05 Plus Postage.*Administrator Responsibility; AnnotatedBibliographies; College Administration; *Grants;Higher Education; *Scholarships; *Student Costs;Student Employment; *Student Financial Aid; *StudentLoan Programs; Work Study Programs

Complete citations and annotations are provided forthe professional literature in the field of student financial aid forthe period 1977-1985. Most entries are from an ERIC search ofcitations in Current Index to Journals in Education. Additionalentries were taken from the listings of professional papers andreports published by selected educational associations andorganizations. Entries are categorized in the following sections: (1)sources of program information (general, programs for specificstudent groups, programs for specific states); (2) history,philosophy and purpose of aid; (3) financial aid administration,management and problems (general; need analysis; student expenses andbudgets; counseling and information services; packaging aid awards;data processing; sc.tolarships, grants and education benefits; loans;employment and work-study programs; programs for special studentgroups; aid administration at specific types of institutions; andannual reports; (4) financial aid administration as a profession(characteristics, training, professional development); (5) federaland state issues and problems; (6) financial aid and financingpostsecondary education; and (7) research (student access, choice,retention, attrition and achievement and aid needs; scholarships,grant and education benefits; loans; employment and work-studyprograms; statewide studies; special student groups; and tuition andstudent expenses). Author and subject indexes are provided. (KM)

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* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made ** from the original document. ************************************************************************

NASFAA Annotated Bibliography of Literature OnStudent Financial Aid

1977-1985

Prepared by

NASFAAT: e National Association of Student

Financial Aid Administrators, Washington, D.C.and

The 1986-87 NASFAA Research Committee

July 1987

Copyright (c) 1987 by NASFAA

n,Ci

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STUDENT FINANCIALAID ADMINISTRATORS

1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N W , Suite 100, Washington. D C 20038Phone (202) 785.0453Hotline (202) 785-0451

July 1987

Dear NASFAA Member.

On behalf of the NASFAA Research Committee and the NASFAA staff, we are pleased to presentthe DIASFAA Annotated Biblioaraohv of the Literature on Student Financial Aid: 1977-1985. Thisbibliography attempts to fill the gap left since the 1977 publication by the College ScholarshipService of the Guide to the Literature of Student Financial Aid authored by Jerry S. Davis andWilliam D. Van Dusen. Since 1977 many articles of interest to the financial aid community havebeen published in the professional journal, including our own Journal of Student Financial Aid. InAddition, many organizations and associations continue to publish reports and papers on topicswhich relate to the administration of student aid in this country.

We hope that this bibliography will give practicing aid administrators, academic researchers, andpolicy makers an opportunity to review the relevant literature of our profession. We welcome yourcomments so that updates and future edition:. can be as helpful and complete as possible.

Sincerely,

Jew.Dane MartinPresident

Reof,rtt) 1944,4.)Robert W. EvansNational Chairman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Section

I. Sources r Program InformationA. Genet) Information about Aid Programs and Institutions

1B. Information abut Programs for Specific Student Groups. 2C. Information abut Programs in Specific States 4

II. The History, Philcsophy, and Purpose of AidA. History

4B. Philosophy and Purpose

S

III. Financial Aid Administration, Management, and ProblemsA. General

10B. Need Analysis Systems and Issues 19C. Student Expenses and Expense Budget: 22D. Student Aid Counseling and Information Services 22E. Packaging Aid Awards

25F. Data Processing in Student Aid 26G. Scholarships, Grants, and Education Benefits 28H. Loans

30I. Employment and Work-Study Programs 36J. Programs for Special Student Groups. 37K. Aid Administration at Specific Types of Institutions 42L. Financial Aid Program Annual Reports 43

IV. Financial Aid Administration is A ProfessionA. Characteristics of Aid Administrators 45B. Training and Professional Development 47

V. Federal and State Issues and Problems in Student Aid 49

VI. Financial Aid and Financing Postsecondary Education58

VII. Research on Financial AidA. Student Access, Choice, Retention, Attrition, and

Achievement and Aid Needs 65B. Scholarships, Grants, and Education Benefits 78C. Loans and Loan Programs 80I) Employment and Work-Study Prcgrants 82E. Statewide Financial Aid Studies 83F. Studies Concerning Special Student Groups 85G. Tuition and Student Expenses

91

Author Index95

Subject Index101

Introduction

This NASFAA Annotated Biblioaraohv of the Literature on Student Financial Aid: 1977-1985 isintended to assist the practicing aid administrator, as well as policy makers, academic researchers,and others, locate literature relevant tc the field of student financial aid in the United States.The materials annotated in the Bibliography include articles and papers published from 1977 through1985. The 1936-87 NASFAA Research Committee will recommend to its successors that updates bepublished each year.

Each entry Includes the complete citation for easy location of the original article or paper.Not included are state-specific items (unless they were deemed by the Committee to be of generaluse or interest to the profession), technical research papers, master's theses, and doctoraldissertations. Most of the entries are iron. an ERIC search using the current Index to Journals inEducation (CUE). Additional entries were included from the listings of professional papers andreports published by several national, state, and regional educational associations and organizations.

The Table of Contents has been organized similar to the Bibliography published by the CollegeScholarship Service in 1977. In ...ddition, we have included a comprehensive index following theannotations. Each citation and annotation has been reviewed for key topic word, and has beenlisted in the subject index at the appropriate place(s). Many articles will be included under morethan one index heading. For example, if an article was about the effects of the College WorkStudy progner. on the retention of community college students, this item would 1.* referenced in theindex under. College Work-Study, Community Colleges, and Retention.

The 1986-87 NASFAA Research Committee is pleased to be able to present this Bibliography toyou and urges you to provide comments on its usefulness to NASFAA and to the 1987-88 ResearchCommittee. We recognize that there are limitations to this document and have already preparedseveral recommendations for the updates and for the next complete edition of this research andpolicy decision-making tool.

This publication could not have been produced without the hard work of several members ofour financial aid family. Jerry Davis of the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency andSusan Blanchard formally of the State University of New York, did most of the initial gatheringand cataloging. This effort was augmented by members of the NASFAA Research Committee.Special thanks go to Janet Hunter-Holmes of Knox College who performed the final editing andprov'ded the historical continuity for the project. Joan Holland and Rachel McCrae of NASFAA, aswell as Dennis Martin, contributed to the project.

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1986-87 NASFAA Research Committee

Jeffrey Baker, ChairDirector of Student Financial AidSan Francisco Sate UniversitySan Francisco, California

Janet C. Hunter-HolmesDirector of Financia, AidKnox CollegeGalesburg, Illinois

Leonard M. WencDirector of Financial AidCarleton CollegeNorthfield, Minnesota

Kenneth R. OstbergDirector of Financial AidGeorgetown UniversityWashingtor., D.C.

George ChinDirector of Financial AssistanceCity University of New York, Central OfficeNew York, New York

ri6

SECTION I

I.A. American Council on Education. Who Gets Student Aid: A 1983-84 Snapshot. Summaryof Policy Seminar held on July 19, 1984. Washington, D.C.: American Council onEducation, 1984.

Presents preliminary data and analysis on student aid in 1983-84 based on a policyseminar at which a national survey of aid recipients was examined. Trends indicatean increasing reliance on loans, especially by low income proprietary school studentsand increasing participation rates among minorities.

I.A. College Scholarship Service. Meeting College Costs. New York, New York: CollegeEntrance Examination Board, 1979. (Updated annually)

Booklet intended as an introductory aid to college-bound high school students andtheir families. Provides a brief description of various sources of financialassistance, a step-by-step guide to determining eligibility, Rod an applicationchecklist.

I.A. Fabisch, Victoria. De A's and B's: Your Guide to Academic Scholarships. 8th Editiop.1986-87. Alexandria, ;:inia: Octameron Associates, 1985.

A guide to collegiate and non-collegiate academic scholarships. Information on100,000 collegiate academic awards at 1,200 schools are listed.

I.A. Fadil, Virginia Ann, and Thrift, Julianne Still. comps. Federal Student Assistance andCategorical Program Washington, D.C.: National Association of Independent Collegesand Universities, 1978.

A quick reference guide for public policy decisions. Provides descriptions of federalassistance programs for independent iratitutions. Includes Basic EducationalOpportunity Grants Program, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants Program,Guaranteed Student Loans, College W3rk-Study, Social Security Student Benefits,Veterans' Education Benefits, and other programs.

I.A. Illinois State Board of Education. J985-86 Financial Aid to Illinois Students. Springfield,Illinois: Illinois State Board of Education, August, 1985.

Describes the financial aid application procedure, provides a compilation of sourcesof educational assistance for undergraduate and graduate students from federal,state, and other national programs. Detailed information on armed serviceseducational assistance and the State of Illinois Scholarship Laws are provided.

I.A. Jasper, Renee B. Catalog et' Federal Education Assistance Programs - 1978. An IndexedGuide to the Federal Government's Proarams Offerint Educational Benefits to thgAmerican Petiole. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, 1978.

Brief descriptive listings of federal programs providing educational benefits andassistance to the American public. Includes all programs administered by the Officeof Education and other federal agencies, and coma; information on applicationsand eligibility rcgairements,

1

C

I.A. Leider, Robert The A's and B's of Academic Schc;arships. 5th Edition 1982-84.Alexandria, Virginia. Octameron Associates, Inc., 1982.

Federal, state, private and collegiate level merit scholarship programs are described.Information on 80,000 collegiate academic awards by state and on 845 schoolsincludes eligibility and application guidelines and other r ward criteria.

I.A. Mohrman, Kathryn, and others. Federal Grants; A Basic Handbook. Washington, D.0Association of American Colleges, 1977.

A guide to the acquisition of federal money for individual research projects,institutional activities, curriculum development or other programs in institutions forhigher education. A brief summary of the historical background and purposes offederal grant programs is included, as well a: a guide to the separate steps in the'acquisition process A glossary, brief bibliography, preliminary proposal outline andlist of selected federal programs are included.

I.A. NASFAA. The NASFAA Encyclopedia of Student Financial Aid Washington, D.C..NASFAA, 1984.

A compendium of statutes, regulations, and procedures for administeringpostsecondary student financial assistance programs; a reference device to locateproper regulatory citations pertinent to federally sponsored student aid (Title ,V).An update service is also provided.

I.A. U.S. Derartment of Education The Student Guide: Five Federal Financial Aid Proarams,1986-87. Washington, D C.: U.S. Government Printing Of'',,..:, 1985.

Desc.lbes the five major federal student financial aiq programs--Pell, SEOG, CWS,NnSL, and GSL.--including eligibility requirements, application procedure, and awardcriteria

I B. Apodaca, Raymond D. pirectory of Information on Health_Careers for American Indians.University Park, New Mexico. New Mexico State University, 1977.

Presents statistics and information on the need for Native American healthprofessionals, and provides information on financial aid program opportunities forAmerican Indians who wish to enter the health care field.

I B. Beckham, Barry, ed. The Black Student's Guide to Colleges. New York, New York: E.P.Dutton, Inc., 1982.

A guide for college-bound black students consisting of essays, book reviews andprofiles of black colleges by students at Brown University. Data on overall trendsin black education are included.

I.B Byrd-Johnson, Linda, and Smith, Carol J., comps Higher Education ODoortunities forMinorities and Women. Annonated Selections-- 1982 Edition. Washington, D.C. Officeof Postsecondary Education, 1983.

A directory of postsecondary educational opportunities for minorities and women.Includes some information on loans, scholarships and fellowships

I.B. Chavez, Gilbert, and Cardona, Carmen C U.S. Office of Education Proarams ServingHispanic Americans. Fiscal Year 1977. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, 1977.

An annual compilation of the geographic locations and grant size programs forHispanic Americans. Twenty-one federally administered programs are included.

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I.B. College Entrance Examination Board. paving For Your Education. A Guide for AdultLearner'. New York, New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1983.

Presents information on financial aid programs, eligibility and application guidelinesfor adult continuing education students. Includes federal, state and university levelprograms ar well as employer tuition aid, aid for the unemployed or lower-incomestudent, child-care services, tax breaks and military financiat aid programs.

I.B. Council for Financial Aid to Education Special Programs for Minorities and Women ittHigher Education. New York, New York: Council for Financial Aid to Education, 1978.

A listing of numerous educational programs for minorities and women conductedand/or supported by various academic and nonacademic institutions andorganizations. Information is provided concerning the amount and type ofassistance given and the purpose of the specific program. An index of corporatesponsors is included.

I.B. nedn.an, Ntricia L., ed. Education for Allied Health Careers. 3rd Edition. Chicago,Illinois: American Medical Association, 1980.

A guide for students and guidance counselors to accredited educational programs inthe allied health field. Financial aid information and detailed occupationaldescriptions are provided.

I.B. Flannery, Gerald V. 'Campus and Community Graduate Assistant Programs." Associationfor Communication Administration Bulletin, No. 45, August 1982, p.75.

Description of an assistantship and fellowship program to develop sources foralternate funding by providing communication graduate students employment innon-profit communitybased organizations and campus academic departments.

I.B. Office for Handicapped Individuals. Federal Assistance for Progra:ns Servina theHandicapped. Washington, D.C.: Office of Human Development, 1977.

Excerpted from the "1977 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance," ciis documentdetails federal programs serving handicapped people. Includes formula grants tostates, project grants and contracts, direct payments and loans, and forms ofnon-financial assistance. Also includes an index of federal departments and agenciesrepresented in this directory, a. applicant eligibility index, and a bibliography ofpublications related to funding.

I.H. Schlegel, John F., ed. pharmacy School Admission Reouiremots. Third Edition. Actual1977-1978. Projected 1978-1979. Silver Spring, Maryland: American Association ofColleges of Pharmacy, 1977.

Descriptive listings of each of the accredited schools of pharmacy in the U.S.,including curriculum, entrance requirements, estimated expenses, and financial aidavailability.

I.B. Stratton, Barbara, and Thompson, Janice. College Level Financial Aid Opportunities for11111111111

1212. Albany, New York New York State Education Department, 1977.This booklet is designed to assist guidance counselors and administrators inidentifying public institutions in New York State that have financial aid programsfor migrant students Needs analysis procedures are explained, and 16 student aidprograms are described in detail.

V I w v w It I

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I.B. Tannenbaum, Robin L. "Where the Money Is for Visually Impaired College Students:Financial Aid Information for Higher Education." Journal of Visual Impairment andDlindnen. Vol 78, No. 6, June 1984, pp. 248-50.

Summarizes financial aid programs available from national blindness agencies, statevocational rehabilitation agencies, and the federal government. Applicationprocedures and contact addresses are listed.

Terrell, Charles, and others. Financina Medical Education. 1982-1983. Washington, D.C.:National Association of Medical Minority Educators, 1982.

Information on financial aid programs for medical students including fundingsources, eligibility and application guidelines and a list of federal, state and privateagencies providing grants, scholarships or loans for medical education. Includes theHealth Education Assistance Loan program, a non-need based program, and fundingavailable through the Armed Forces

I.B. Wilson, Kathy. "financing Mid life Career Change." Occupational Outline Quarterly Vol.25 No. I, Sprins 1981, pp. 14-18.

An introduction to financial aid for those over 35 years of age. Includes list ofreference guides.

I.C. California State Postsecondary Education Commission. Postsecondary Education i6California Information Digost 1978. Sacramento, California: California StatePostsecondary Education Commission, 0'1.

Tabular data organized in summary torm for laymen, provides information on variousaspects of postsecondary education at both public and private institutions inCalifornia. Includes financial aid data.

I.C. Maryland State Board for Higher Education. Admissions and Financial Aid Informationfor Maryland's Public and Private Postsecondary Educational Institutions. Annapolis,Maryl.nd: Maryland State Board for Higher Education, 1978.

The second edition of a manual providing comprehensive information on admissions,programs and facilities offered, costs and financial aid programs available statewide.

I.C. Pennsylvania Association of Colleges and Universities. Keys to Educational Opportunityjn Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Higher Education AssistanceAgency, 1977.

Profiles of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania. Desigi td 3 help high schoolstudents and their counselors select programs and institutions that match thestudent's needs, interests and resources. Provides general application and financialaid information

11.A.

SECTION II

Gruson, Edward S The National Politics of Higher Education. Cambridge, Massachusetts:Sloan Commission on Government and Higher Education, 1977.

A review of the legislative and political history of financial aid and highereducation. Describes reasons for the lack of any single federal policy towardfinancial aid administration, and includes a list of major factors influencing theselaws.

4

H.A. NASFAA. $tudent Financial Aid... Makina a Lifetime of Difference. Washington, D.C.:NASFAA, 1985.

This paper presents an overview of student aid from its onset to the present day,and ocludes a discussion of how student aid has affected our nation and itsstudents. Included is a review of federal student aid funding levels over multi-yearperiods, and a discussion of the major trends developic; in student aid.

H.B. American Association for Higher Education. Premises of Federal Student Assistance.Current Issues in Huffier Education No, 6, 1979. Washington, D.C. American Associationfor Higher Education, 1979.

Three papers plus an introductory statement dealing with issues, problems andprospects of federal student aid policies. The topics covered are: implications ofthe Middle Income Student Assistance Act, the importance of financial aid programsin determining tuition and fees, and views about the overall quality andeffectiveness of the student aid system today.

H.B. American Association of State Colleges and Universities. The Value of a CollegeEducation. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Colleges and Universities,October 1976.

Describes the economic and noneconomic benefits of a college education. Countersarguments that the value of a college degree is "declining."

H.B. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Tuition Tax Credits andAlternatives. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public PolicyResearch, 1978.

An exploration of the backgrou.id of tht, debate over the legislation of tax creditsfor tuition payments i. summary of prior legislative activity and alternativesuggestions for :Deviating the excessive financial burden for middle income families.

H.B. Atwell, Robert H $tudent Financial Aid Governance: Some Eleventh Hour ThoughtAbout "The Partnership." (Paper prepared for the National Forum of the CollegeEntrance Examination Board, New York, October 28-30, 1979), 1979.

Effects of the implementation of th Basic Educational Opportunity Grant (BEOG)Program since 1972 are analyzed, with emphasis on the resulting dominance ofneed-based federally funded aid programs. The political aspects of the need analysissystem are explored.

11.8. Beck, Norman E. "Financial Aid Today: An Economic Perspective." Collette Boarditeview, No. 137, Fall 1985, pp. 2-5, 29-30.

An economic rationale for financial aid, for need and no-need awards, and for thechanges in the level of support and the mixture of programs is presented. Theeconomic model used to develop this rationale is the capital investment theory.

H.B. Bowman, Robert A., and Fenske, Robert H. "Federal Policy for Higher Education and theDilemma of Student Financial Assistance in the 1980's." journal of Student FinancialAid, Vol. 12, No. 2, May 1982, pp. 7-17.

A conceptual framework with which to analyze recent developments in student aid isidentified, including the role of the National Commission on Student FinancialAssistance. It was recommended Vim the Commission assume a policy-malting roleand that the 'ligher education community support the commission fully.

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H.B. linesman, David W. Distribution of Financial Aid: Is Anyone Really Hurting. (Paperpresented at College Board National Forum, New York, October 29-31, 1978), 1978.

An ers'uation of the efficacy and desirability of student aid in the form of tuitiontax credits, as related to fundamental issues of government policies toward highereducation. Examines the declining availability of need-bew.1 aid.

11.d. - 4ie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education. Next Stens for the 1980's inSi, Jot Financial Aid. A Fourth Alternative. Conimentuntligummentintinakt.theCarnegie Council on Policy Studies in Hlither Ednatigm. Berkeley, Calfornia.: CarnegieCouncil on Policy Studies in nigher Education, 1979.

An alternative proposal for revision in 1979 of the Higher Education Act ispresented. Emphasis is on improving equity of financial assistance while maintainsthe level of expenditures.

11.8. Cheit, Earl F. 'Benefits and Burdens of Federal Familial Assistance to HigherEducation' Conan Board Review No. 103, Spine 1977, pp. 14-18.

Reviews the role of the federal government in financing programs to insure equalaccess and opportunity for higher education Gives suggestions for improvingconflicts in the present relationship between universities and the government.

H.H. College Entrance Examination Board, Washington Office. Student Aid and the Urbanant. New York. New York: Ford Foundation, 1981.

This report focuses on the mechanics by which students apply for and receivebenefits--the delivery system of financial aid arid, rn ..articular, the obstacles itpresents to urban low-income students. The study's findings .re based largely onthe experiences of counselors, students, and parents at the Washington, D.C.Educati oportunity Center.

Deitch, Kern. he. 7inancialWorking Paper. Prelintinary Draft. Cambridge, Massachusetts:Government and Higher Education, 1978.

A discussion of major issues related to :inancial aid for higher educ .ion inAmerica, particularly for undergraduate study. Public policy, the row of federal ands ,.its governments in subsiding educational costs, and equal access policies are

used.

I it .1Sloan Commission on

11.8. Deitch, Kenneth M "Who Qualifies for Financial Aid' New Directions for HitherEducation--(Meetina Student Needs in a Period of Retrenchment), No. 40, December 1982,pp. 83-100.

In addressing the question 'who qualifies for financial aid ?" one encounters thesystem of pricing for hither education. The pricing system is extremelycomplicated, as a result few understand it and the fact that price Discriminationex:sts is hidden; a more understandable and equitable system should be developed.

II.B. Finn, Chester E., Jr. *Federal Patronage of Uni "ersities in the United States: A Roseby Many Other Names." blinern, Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 1976-77, pp. 496-529.

Federal aid programs are described, including, Basic Educational Opportunity Grants,National Direct Student Loans and Supplemental Grants. Historical reasons for theatsence of unrestricted financial support for higher education are discussed.

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r.I)

R.H. Gladieux, Lawrence, E. 'The Future of Student Financial Aid." Collet Board Review,No. 126, Winter 1982-83, pp. 12-22.

The 1980's will see a decline in the level of student financial aid; postsecondaryeducational institutions will have to review their goals in providing student aid todeal with the cuts in aid. In addition t3 determining goals for student aid, theinstitutions will have to use existing resources to efficiently and continually searchfor new resources.

R.H. Henry, Joe B. "Student Financial Aid--The Current Issues." Jlew Directions forinstitutional Research: No. 25 (The Impact of Student Financial Aid on Institutionsl, Vol.7, No. I, 1980, pp. 97-102.

Financial aid has taken on an increasingly important role as a means of attractingstudents to an institution. It is in the best interest of everyone included in theprocess for the ,.ritical issues (i.e. purpose, allocation and delivery) of financial aidto be resolved and well articulated.

R.H. Herndon, Steve. "The Efficacy of Student Financial Aid: Are the Proposed FundingReductions and Program Limitations Warranted and in the Best Interests of America'sCitizenry." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 12, No. 2, May 1982, pp. 37-44.

The proposed funding reductions and program limitations that resulted from reportsof high rates of student loan defaulters were studied to determine the potentialimpact on American society. The benefits of financial aid are such that continuedsupport is believed to be a good investment.

11.8. Hyde, William D., Jr. Student Financial Aid Proposals and the Middle Income "Squeeze:"Tax Credits or Exoansion of Bas:c Grants. Paden in Education Finance. Paner No. 14.Denver, Colorado: Education Commission of the States, Education Finance Center, 1978.

Examines the alternative legislative solutions to the problem of providing adequatefinancial aid and support for middle income students. Includes a summary of pastand proposed legislation, and discussion of the underlying debate over thegovernment's role in funding higher education.

11.8. Hyde, William D., Jr. The Equity of the Distribution of Student Financial Aid. Denver,Colorado: Education Commission of the States, 1979

The equity of student financial aid as it is distributed among full-time, dependentfreshman students with different income levels at various types of institutions isexamined. This paper attempts to clarify definitions for terms and concepts used infinancial aid administration, in order to insure a more equitable treatment of allstudents.

11.8. Jones, Gary L., ar I Haines, Richard W. "The Debate 0,,er No-Need Scholarships."Change, Vol. 16, No. 6, September 1984, pp. 24-31.

Two educators discuss the advantages and disadvantages of no-need scholarships forhigh school students about to enter college. A national program of scholarships isadvocated by one while the other sees the no-need scholarships as weakening theprinciple that academic achievement should be its own reward.

11.8. Leslie, Larry L. Higher Education Opportunity, A Decade of Progress. Research RenorlJo. 3. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1977.

7

The status and degree of success of p-^mms designed to achieve equal access andeducational choice are examined. Thi 'q also covers the effect of student aidon minority enrollments.

II.B. Levin, Henry M. *Federal Grants and Educational Equity." flarvard Educational ReviewsatelhillkintthILE21113d21212111Ed211g12111, Vol. 52, No. 4, November 1982, pp. 444-59.

President Reagan's New Federalism, designed to eliminate a large portion of federalgrants in education, is viewed as a threat to the tradition of providing opportunityfor all persons. The abandonment of the federal policy to ensure equity may be theend of educational equity.

II.B. Linney, Thomas 3.Research Currents. April 1979. Washington, D.C.: American Association for HigherEducation, George Washington University, 1979.

Current issues concerning changing values in higher education and their relationshipto existing programs and policies are considered. Particular emphasis is placed onthe problems of middle-income families.

*1 I I

II.B. Linney, Thomas 3. Interstate Migration of Collate Students. AARE/ERIC/HitherEducation Research Currents. December 1972. Washington, D.C.: American Associationfor Higher Education, 1979.

Discussion of the effects of nonportable state student aid on migration andhomogenity of college and university populations.

II.B. Linney, Thomas l., and Ross, Kathleen. Federal Student Programs: A Briefing Paper 02Impacts and Policy Opting. Washington, D.C.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education,March, 1978.

An examination of the history and development of student aid policies for nighereducation. Emphasis is on an analysis of how current and future policies will affectinstitutions, as well as the implications for government social policy toward highereducation.

II.B. Longenecker, David, and others. Federal Assistance for Postsecondary Education:Ootioq; for Fiscal Year 1979. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the U.S. CongressionalBudget Office, 1978.

A discussion of legislative proposals relating to possible changes in the federalgovernment's role in financing higher education. Includes analyses of both currentfederal funding and the ;mpact of various proposals to be voted upon in the 95thCongress.

II.B. Mackenzie, Charles S. "A Struggle for Educational Independence." journalsjSzegerglEducation, Vol. 32, No. 2, Summer 1980, pp. 119-122.

Argues that increased government financial assistance and ,sgulations of Americancolleges and universities would create a huge, homogenous system of higheredtication, thereby diminishing the variety, creativity, and quality of theseinstitutions.

II.B. Oster, Allen W. "Achieving Equal Access: Tuition, Student Aid and Public Policy."planning for Higher Education, December 1977.

Text of speech given at the Society for College and University Planning's 12thannual conference. Advocates maintaining low tuition as a prerequisite forachieving the goal of equal education opportunity consistent with national policy.

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R.B. Quehl, Gary H. 'The Tuition Crisis." A013 Reporm, Vol. 19, No. 2, March/April 1977, pp.29-33.

The president of the Council for the Advancement of Small Colleges urgescooperation between public and private institutions of higher education in order toinsure items and choice for students.

R.B. St. John, Edward P., and Byce, Charles. 'The Changing Federal Role :a Student FinancialAid " New Directions for Hither Education, avieetinc Student Aid Needs in a Period ofPacqughmeau, No. 40, December 1982, pp. 21-40.

In 1980, the federal goveriment began to examine its student aid programs. Studentaid administrators should make student aid issues a part of their general planning tolessen the saverity of the probable cuts in aid.

R.B. Scott, Robert A. "The Paradox of Financial Aid. Washington Reverence, ..campusNeglect." College Board Review No. 108, Summer 1978, pp. 32-34.

Identifies problems in financial sad administration caused by the lack of cooperativeeffo between school financial aid officers and other campus offi,i^ls, andsuggested solutions for &sling effectively with federal and state re3ulations.

R.B. Tierney, Michael L. The Impact of Financial Aid on Public/Private PostsecmdaryEducation: Sp:ne_Policv Inulicationt (ASHE Annual Meeting 1979 Paper. Washington,D.C., April 1979), 1979.

Text cf a paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Studyof Higher Education. Examines questions concerning the effectiveness of the BasicEducational Opportunity Grant program in providing equality of choice betweenpublic tied private institutions.

R.B. Vcn Dusan, W Ilium D. The Comilla Crisis in Student Aid. New York, New York: AspenInstitute for 'Aumanistic Studies, 1979.

Summary of the results and re.ommendations of a conference on student financialaid policies. This report concludes that because higher education has traditionallybeen one of the major mechanisms for achieving economic and social equality, thegovernment must develop a unified public policy toward financial aid for students inorder to achieve the ideal of equal access.

R.B. Vredeveld, George M. "Distributional Impacts of Alternative Methods of Financing HigherEducation." Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 49, No. I, January/February 1978, pp.47-69.

Suggested alternative methods of financing higher education would result in anincrease in the number of students from low income classes. As the composition ofstudents changes, colleges and universities may find it necessary to emphasize aprofessional and vocationally oriented curriculum which traditionally peals to lowincome students more than a liberal arts curriculum.

R.B. Wharton, Clifton R., Jr. "Enrollments and Student Aid: The New Public-Private Clash."journal of College Admission, Vol. 27, No. 2, October 1982, pp. 20-23.

The natural competition between public and private postseconda, ; instititions hasbeen heightened by the recent decline in students and money ..s..1'4"14, . It isimportant to retain healthy competition in a common strivinp ,'of or . ncepursue policies that will benefit all or higher educat;on.

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SECTION III

M.A. American College Testing Program. An Annotated Biblioaraohv in Student Financial Aid.J960-73. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1974.

Cites major studies on the role and practice of student firmcial aid inpostsecondary education.

M.A. Anton, Kristin P., and Baker, Jeffrey. "How to Evaluate the Services of the FinancialAid Office." Journal of Sr:dent Financial Aid, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1983 pp. 39-44.

The use of surveys of student aid recipients in one university is reported, focusingon survey rationale and methodology. Topics include survey organization,questionnaire content and design, sampling and procedures, and analysis andpresentation of results. The significance and use made of information obtained fromone recent survey are discussed.

Li.A. Anton, Kristin P., and others. "Staffing Patterns in Financial Aid Offices: An Overviewof the NASFAA National Survey." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol II, No. 2, May1981, pp. 9-20.

A study of staffing averages at institutions categorized by numbers of finar.-ial aidapplicants provides a gauge by which institutions may evaluate staffing levels. Thedata are intended to be useful to financial aid administrators in evaluating theadequacy of the numbers and types of their staff.

M.A. Applied Management Sciences, Inc. Study of tamer= Management Procedures in theBasic Grant and Campus -Based Programs. Final Renort. Vol. 1: The InstitutionalAdministration Pr Student Financial Aid Poarams. Silver Spring, Maryland: AppliedManagement Incas, Inc., 1980.

Tabular data and narrative analyses of information on the institutionaladministration of BEOG and Campus-Based financial aid programs. Part of atwo-volume study.

M.A. Atelsek, Frank J., and Gomberg, Irene L. IiefUndildirdeLlIditagliCeLaLCatiltilIldUniversities. Hiaher Education Panel Renort. Number 46. February 1980. Washington,D.C.: American Council on Education, Higher Education Panel, 1980.

Statistical tables of data detailing refund policies for freshmen students whowithdraw from an institution before completing their first semester. Information isfrom over 500 two and four-year colleges and universities that are members of theHigher Education Panel of the American Council on Education.

M.A. Bissell, John W. "Brief for Appellants in Handsom v. Rutgers University." Journal ofCollette and University Law, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, 1979-80, pp 241-61.

Portion of a brief filed in United States Court of Appeals concerning a caseinvolving a student's prohibition from registering and obtaining transcripts due tounpaid loans. Includes summary of plantiff's argument, standards of judicial review,end case's scope fcr financial aid programs.

M.A. Bradshaw, Curtis C. "The Short-Term Emergency Loan: A Major Form of Assistance toStudents." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 13, No. I, February 1983, pp. 27-28.

10

Advantages of locally-funded, short-term, small, emergency student loans for bothinstitutions and students are outlined. A list of questions for financial aidadministrators to consider before making such a loan to a student is provided.

Breneman, David W. "The Outlook for Student Finance." Chance, Vol. 10, No. 9,October 1978, pp. 48-49.

The late 1970's saw a series of proposals for reforming higher education financialaid: the two major proposals being ta- :redits and/or middle income student aid.The government's concern with refcrms was linked with the forecasted economiccrisis for higher education in the 1980's.

Britton, Thomas C Law. Liability and the Financial Aid ()ricer: An Overview.Deerfield, Illinois: Illinois State Student Financial Aid Training Program, June, 1979.

This monograph introduces financial aid administrators to some of the tenet conceptsthat represent the legal framework in which their arork occurs.

W.A. Claunch, Ronald G., and Gregory, Donald D. "Tei.as Students and the Politics of HigherEducation: The Struggle Against Tuition Increases." Texas Tech Journal of Education,Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 1983, pp. 5-19.

Activities of the Texas Student Association in fighting a proposed 100% increase intuition costs by the state legislature. Future prospects of the bill's passage areincluded.

Council for the Advancement of Small Colleges. Users' Manual for the Student FinancialAid Module. Field Review Edition. CASC Plannina and Data System. Washington, D.C:Council for The Advancement of Small Colleges, 1978.

A users' manual for small college administrators interested in the management andresearc'a of student financial aid. It is designed primarily to be used in conjunctionwith the Student Financial Aid Module of the Council for the Advancement of SmallColleges Planuing and EX.ta System (PDS).

Davis, Jerry S. 'Paying for College Costs: Does the Student's Sex Make a Difference."Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 7, No. 3, November 1977, pp. 21-34.

There are significant sex-related differences in total resources available to paycollege costs and in the distribution of the resources; men are usually favored overwomen. Attention to these sex-related differences is needed to encourage moreequitable policies.

M.A. Davis, Jerry S. "State Student Aid Program Administrator's Perceptions of Student AidResearch." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1977, pp. 19-25.

In the 1970's research began on the effects of financial aid on students, collegesand societal goals. State administrators feel much more research needs to be donein a wide variety of areas with the goal of establishing a network of informationexchanges.

M.A. Davis, Jerry S., and Van Dusen, William D. Guide to the Literature of Student FinancialAil. New York, New York College Entrance Examination Board, College ScholarshipService, 1978.

11

111.A.

111.A.

Contains annotated references on student financial aid in bibliographic form. Thebook is divided into seven major categories: sources of program information;history, philosophy and purpose of student aid; financial aid administration,management and problems; financial aid administration as a profession; federal andstate issues and problems in stude it aid; financial aid and financing postsecondaryeducation; and research on financial aid.

Dyste, Ron, and Tarrer, Rod. Reoort of the Student Financial Aid Policy and StudyarinmAStaffAnalyst. Sacramento, California: Office of the Chancellor, CaliforniaCommunity Colleges, 1981.

Summary and evaluation of the findings and recommendations made to the CaliforniaState Legislature in a report on the state's financial aid goals and policies. Thiscritique is by the Chancellor's Office of the California Community Colleges.

Edwards, Charles T. "Disbursement of Financial Aid Funds: An Alternate Approach."Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 8, No. 2. May 1978, pp. 12-18.

Albany Junior College, a two-year public institution having 25 percent of its2000-student population receive financial aid, has begun a new voucher system todisburse funds. No funds are released to the student until at least three weeksafter registrati3n. The voucher system is described and assessed.

111.A. El-Khawas, Elaine. Management of Student Aid: A Guide for President. Washington,D.C.: American Council on Education, 1979.

Prepared for use by presidents, trustees, and other senior administrators of collegesand universities, this volume is designed (I) to help these administrators understandthe effects of student aid on their institutions, (2) to review major policies andcontrol points in the financial aid process, and (3) to promote effective campusmanagement of student aid.

111.A. El-Khawas, Elaine, ed. Sincjallglicyltumayline of Student Aid. Washington,D.C.: American Council on Education, 1980.

Supplementing the editor's Management of Student Aid: A Guide for President,this document offers more detailed information and guidance in areas where policydecisions and strong management are especially important.

111.A El-Khawas, Elaine. "Your Money-Back Guarantee." AGB Reports, Vol. 22, No. 2,March/April 1980, pp. 46-7.

A guide to refund policies prepared by the National Association of College andUniversity Business Officers. Fair end equitable procedures for refunding tuitionand fees to students who withdraw from an institution are presented.

111.A.

111.A.

Elliott, William F. "Financial Aid Decisions and Implications of Market Management."New Directions for Institutional Research: No. 25 (The Impact of Student Financial Aidon Institutions), Vol. 7, No. 1, 1980, pp.45-59.

More students are becoming eligible for financial aid, because of the increase intuition charges. The strategy of Net Income Tuition was developed to help aninstitution make optimal use of its financial aid resources.

Ellis, Richard. Simulation of Behavioral Variations in the Submission of Student FinancialAid Statements: Effects of BEOG Costs. Stale I Draft Final Retort for the Study

(VolumeI II U II I II I IIV), Silver Spring, Maryland. Applied Management Sciences, Inc., 1979.

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II II

]

A study of simulated misstatements and errors in the financial statements made bystudents, and their effect on the BEOG Program. Volume IV of a study of programmanagement procedures uses a computer-based model for analysis of possiblevariations in applicant data.

Ellis, Richard, and Puma, Michael, eds. A Study of Proaram Management Procedures inthe Camnus-Based and Basic Grant Proanuns. Site Visit Report Silver Spring, Maryland:Applied Management Sciences, Inc., 1979.

Results of site visits to 173 colleges, universities, vocational-technical schools andother institutions of higher education. The visits were conducted to studymanagement procedures for the HEW program and for campus-based aid programs.

A. Evans, Robert W. "Implementing a Satisfactory Academic Orogress Standard." Journal ofStudent Financial Aid, Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring 1985, pp. 44-52.

This paper discusses the development of a satisfactory academic progress policy atKansas State University that was not only concerned with academic performance,but was also concerned that the student was making measurable progress toward adegree.

Farmer, James, and others. A ',aide to the Desian of Student Financial Aid Syste011.Washington, D.C.: Systems Research, Inc., 1979.

A guide to the design and implementation of student financial aid systems.Primarily of interest to legislators and school administrators. Inf tides a discussionof the philosophy and vela of a system of financial support for education.

M.A. Fenske, Robert H.; Huff, Robert P.; and others. Handbook of Student Financial Aid. SanFrancisco, California: Jossey -Bass, Inc., 1983.

A comprehensive book covering a full range of topics relevant to financial aid.Subjects covered include how to organize, implement, and assess a financial aidProgram, including ways to determine student need, deal with student bankruptcyand aid termination and improve efficiency in the student aid office. The role ofstudent financial aid in the institution is also discussed.

Fenske, Robert H., and Parker, John D A Model for Institutional Policy Analysis: TheCase of Student Financial Aid, AIR Forum 1981 Paper. (Paper presented at the AnnualForum of the Association for Institutional Research, 21st, Minneapolis, Minnesota, May17-20, 1981), 1981.

Improvement of administrative decision-making through the use of data frominstitutional research. Includes guidelines for an operational model based on a casestudy of Arizona State University.

Forman, David W. "Legal Development of Government Support of Private HigherEducation." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1978, pp. 13-16.

With the guidelines apparently established in recent court litigation, it is likely thatmany more publicly-financed programs of aid to students in pri, ate institutions willdevelop according to the needs and ideas in different states.

Greenwalt, Kent. "Constitutional Limits on Aid to Sectarian Universities." Journal ofCollege and University Law, Vol. 4, No. 3, Spring 1977, pp. 177-86.

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Colleges and universities connected to churches are looking to the government forincreased funds, as are all private institutions. The question of the constitutionalityof providing institutions with religious ties with public funds was ruled on by theSupreme Court in 1976; the Court ruled that only those universities that werepervasively sectarian should be excluded from receiving public funds.

III.A. Hage, Robert K. Verifying Parente Financial Information: A Guide for Financial AidAdmbisirabrs. New York, New York: College Entrance Examination Board, CollegeScholarship Service, 1977.

A booklet designed to help financia, aid administrators verify the accuracy ofinforms tion provided on the Parents' Confidential Statement (PCS) of the CollegeScholarship Service. Primary emphasis is on the use of federal income tax returns.

III.A. Hawkins, Carolyn R., and Lape, Keith R. Disadvantaged Student Grant Program: AnnualEmil for the Illinois Public Community Collates. FY 1981. Springfield, Illinois:Illinois Community College Board, 1982.

Status report and evaluation of recruitment, need assessment, financial aid, andacademic counseling and tutoring activities conducted through this program.

III.A. Hearn, James C. "Effects on Enrollment of Changes in Student Aid Policies andPrograms." New Directions for Institutional Research: No. 25 (The Impact of StudentFinancial Aid on Institutions?, Vol. 7, No. I, 1980, pp. 1-14.

Postsecondary institutions will face enrollment declines throughout the 1980's and1990's. Financial aid policies will have to be innovative and reforms will have tobe implemented to oeal with the declining numbers of students.

III.A. Hodgkinson, Virginia Ann. "Fifteen Ways to Stretch Scarce Student Aid." &aDjoctionagrAgher_Education. (Meetina Student_Financial Aid Needs_in a Period_ofit etenchmentl No. 40, December 1982, pp. 41-47.

Postsecondary institutions are finding it necessary to make maximum use of theirfinancial aid resources; a number of suggestions to help institutions accomplishmaximum useage are explained in this article.

III.A. Johnson, Jane Louise. "Designing Student Aid Policies for the 1980's." Journal ofStuden Financial Aid. Vol. 10, No. 3, November 1980, pp. 6-10.

Advocates student financial assistance as the mechanism best able to provide bothaccess and freedom in higher education since it targets needy students and allowsthem to select the college of their choice. New York State's Tuition AssistanceProgram (TAP) is discussed.

III.A. Lee, John B. bterstate Distribution of Student Financial Aid Funds. Denver, Colorado:Education Commission of the States, 1977.

An analysis of the distribution of studert financial aid funds to states. Includes areview of education opportunity measures, and a description of current programsincluding GSL, BEOG, NDSL, SEOG, and CWS

III.A. Lines, Patricia M. "Tuition Discrimination: Valid and Invalid Uses of TuitionDifferentials." Journal of College and University Law, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1982-83, pp. 241-61.

In an effort to find n^w areas of revenues, raising tuition is one optior. There arepossible constitutional problems for state-operated institutions if the policy placesheavier burdens on aliens, nonresidents, or if the policy has unequal sex-basedtuition rules.

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HI.A. McNamara, William. 'The Tax Credit Debate." Change, No. 10, No. 3, March 1978, pp.44-50,60.

Under President Carter, tuition aid grants directed towards middle income collegestudents were proposed as an alternative to tax-credited legislation. Opponents ofthe tax-credit legislation believed it could become a drain on the treasury and, inmany cases, it would not actually get to the students.

HI.A. Maxwell, Jannette Fenn. "An Alien's Constitutional Right to Loan, Scholarship andTuition Benefits at State-Supported Colleges and Universities." California Western LawReview, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1979, pp. 514-62.

Discrimination against out-of-state students through legal statutes related toCalifornia scholarship and loan programs and ways to insure due process arepresented.

III.A. Miller, Scott, and others. A.Luide to Selected Financial Aid Management Practices.Silver Spring, Maryland: Applied Management Sciences, Inc , 198G.

Sound administrative policies and practices for financial aid management at theinstitutional level are presented. Topics included are selected as examples of themost common problems facing student aid officers, including accountability, equity,legal compliance with government regulations, student financial counseling and aidpackaging.

M.A. Moran, Mary E. "Student Financial Assistance. Private Initiatives." American Education,Vol. 19, No. 5, June 1983, pp. 42-52

Stresses the importance of private sector financial support in educational finance,and the need for school aid administrators and others to develop an awareness ofpossible funding sources.

III.A.

III.A.

M.A.

National Association of College and University Business Officers. Deregulation and HigherEducation. Washington, D.C.: National A:.sociation of College and University BusinessOfficers, 1982.

An assessment of the success of the Reagan Administration's deregulation effortsfor higher education. Contains three articles on various aspects of these efforts.

National Association of College and University Business Officers. Management of StudentAid. Washington, D.C. National Association of College and University Business Officers,1979.

Intended for all decision makers on mmters concerning student aid, this manualserves three purposes: (I) helping senior officers (presidents and deans) understandthe effects of student financial aid on their institutions; (2) explaining the financialaid process; and (3) encouraging -ad promoting institutional self-regulation offinancial aid operations.

NASFAA. Audits and Proaram Reviews. Special Report *6. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA,1983.

A report focusing on the federal requirements that result in program reviews andaudits. Includes a description of the process and case study examples fromDepartment of Education files.

III.A. NASFAA. Institutional Guide for Financial Aid Self-Evaluation_lSixth Editionj,Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1984.

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A management tool to assist aid administrators in evaluating the efficiency andeffectiveness of their operations and practices in administering stude t aidprograms.

M.A. NASFAA.Education Audit Guide. Special Report #9. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1984.

A guide designed to assist institutions and auditors in implementing new auditprocedures published by the Department of Education in 1984.

0 1 . / - r. -, II II I

M.A. NASFAA. Etandanis of Satisfactory Academic Prowess to Maintain Financial "kidElkibilitv--A Self-Reaulutory Initiative. Monoaraph I. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1982.

A review of principles and policies to be incorporated in institutional policydevelopment to ensure that student aid recipients make satisfactory academicprogress as a condition of continued eligibility.

M.A. NASFAA. Standards for the Verification of Information to Determine Financial AidEligibility. Monograph IV. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1984.

A discussion of self-regulatory principles to ensure the validity of information usedto determine eligibility for need based assistance; k resource tool to assist indeveloping and refining management procedures.

M.A. Nevin, Jeanne, ed. Manaaement of Student Aid. Washington, D.C.: National Associationof College and University, Business Officers, 1979.

A manual outlining the principles, practices, responsibilities and controls for theeffective administration of student financial aid.

M.A. Parnell, Dale. "Budget Cuts, Scarce Resources Lead to Action in Higher Education."Ding, Vol. 14, No. 3, May/June 1982, pp. 43-44.

The Action Committee for Higher Education organized to keep the public informedon the impact of the massive proposed cuts in student financial aid. The Committeeundertook a series of projects to help preserve an effective student aid program.

M.A. Penig, Samuel S., and Lantz, Lynne R. Funding lijory and the Overall Achievement ofprogram Goals. Stage I Final Report for t"e Study of Prom Manaaement ProceduresIn the Campus-Based and Basic Grant Proaram. (Volume 111. Silver Spring, Maryland:Applied Management Sciences, Inc., 1979.

Examination of funding and management procedures for campus -basea aid and theBEOG program. This is volume II of a study to determine how these administrativepolicies affect both students and institutions of higher education.

[ILA. Pennell, Karen L., and Hurst, Faron W. "The Role of Financial Aid As a StudentService." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 12, No. 3, November, 1982, pp. 38-46.

The University of Oklahoma developed a questionnaire designed to obtain students'views of the Financial Aid office as a student service, their knowledge of availablefinancial aid programs and their suggestions on possible improvements. The resultsof the survey and its implications are discussed.

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25)

M.A. Pittman, Nancy A. "BEOG Validation -- What is the Effect." Journal of StudentFinancial Aid, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1980, pp. 23-25.

One year after validation for Basic Educational Opportunity Grants was required,the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo analyzed its savings.It was concluded that the federal government would save a substantial amount ofmoney from the validation process.

M.A. Puma, Michael J. Regional Office Procedures. Stage I Final Report for the Study of

M.A.

II ki I - It : 111./ II(Volume Mt Silver Spring, Maryland Applied Management Sciences, Inc., 1978.

Part of a study to determine what effect management policies and practices have onBEOG and Campus-Based Aid Programs. The objective of this report is to provide adescription and analysis of regional office admoistration.

Puma, Michael J., and Ellis, Richard. A Study of Program Management Procedures in theCampus -Based and Basic Grant Programs. Technical Report No. 1: Smote Design,fitudent Survey Yield and Him. Silver Spring, Maryland: Applied Management Sciences,Inc., 1979.

This part of a study of the administration of BEOG and Campus-Based programsexamines the methodology used in the site-visit and student survey components ofthe investigation.

M.A. Puma, Michael J., and others. Stageiiinglithalmbdirmam

M.A.

M.A.

LI I II -I Ile I 1 II* I IISilver Spring, Maryland: Applied Management Sciences, Inc., 1978.

Third phase of a study on the impact of student financial aid programs to determinethe extent to which federal administrative and management policies are effective inmeeting legislative goals for the BEOG and campus-based aid programs.

Ramsden, Richard J. Federal Student Assistance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: SloanCommission on Government and Higher Education, 1977.

Concerned with administrative problems of the six student assistance programsincluded in Title IV of the amended Higher Education Act, veterans benefits underthe GI Bill and Social Security education henefits. Concludes that unclear andunnecessarily complex federal legislation are a key reason why these programs facecontinual administrative difficulties.

Raphael, Carol, and Milks, Linda. "Managing Student Traffic During Peak Periods."Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1980, pp. 2-9.

Some suggestions to help financial aid offices develop a rational system for copingwith high traffic periods are offered. Creating a system to handle peak trafficperiods involves three related components: planning, resource management, andevaluation.

M.A. St. John, Edward P., and Sepanik, Ronald. "A Framework for Improving the Managementof Financial Aid Offices." New Direction for Higher Educatjun: (Meeting Student AidNeeds in a Period of Retrenchmentl, No. 40, December 1982, pp. 57-68.

To improve the management of financial aid offices, an understanding of the overallstructural development of the campus is necessary, as is a series of managementcharacteristics including institutional commitment, up-front quality control andprofessionalism.

17

III.A. Schietinger, E. F. Tuition the Eighties Atlanta, Georgia: Southern RegionalEducation Board, 1981.

Discusses reasons for implementation of a policy of systematic tuition adjustmentsfor public universities and land-grant colleges belonging to the Southern RegionalFducation Board.

III.A. Suttle, J. Lloyd. 'The Rising Cost of Private Higher Education." Research in Higherfducatiou, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1983, pp. 253-70.

The informational and analytical basis on which Yale University sets its annualtuition levels and long-ter.n pricing policies are examined, taking into accounthistorical trends, economic data, financial condition of the institution, comparativecost data from other schools and studies of the impact of cost on enrollment.

III.A. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Inspector General. Audit Quide: Pell Grants.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June, 1981.

Department of Education Audit Agency's audit guide to the Pell Grant program forindependent accountants and auditors.

III.A. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Inspector General. Audit Guide: Campus -BasedSFAIranam. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1980.

Department of Education Audit Agency's audit guide to NDSL, CWS, and SEOGprograms for independent accountants, internal auditors, and state auditors.

III.A. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Student Financial Assistance. The Blue Book:Accounting. Recordkeeoina. and Reoortina by Postsecondary Educational Institutions forFederally-funded Student Financial Aid Program. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, October, 1981.

Manual to assist business and fisca 'fficers at postsecondary educationalinstitutions in meeting their responsibilities in the administration of federal studentaid programs.

III.A. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Student Financial Assistance. The InstitutionalOuality Control Handbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Winter,1984.

A handbook designed to improve student financial aid program management at theinstitutional level through the establishment of a quality control program. Discussesdesigning, implementing, operating, evaluating, and enhancing a Quality controlprogram.

III.A. Van Dusen, William D., and O'Hearne, John J. A Desian for a Model College Financial6BL7ffice. Revised 1980. New York, New York: College Entrance Examination Board,1980.

Third edition of a guide outlining Administrative practices for college financial ak:offices. Topics include the structure, function and management of student aidprograms, as well as their relationship to other administrative offices within theinstitution.

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M.A. Wilms, We Ilford W. "Expanded Access to Job Training through Federal Student Aid: ANational Study of Proprietary Vocational Schools and Students! Journal of StudentFinancial Aid, Vol. 14, No. 2, Spring 1984, pp. 17-31.

Results of a national survey of proprietary schools are reported concerning thecharacteristics of students receiving financial aid from federal programs, student aidpackaging for students of different ethnic groups and income levels, and aiddistribution among proprietary school students as compared to that for communitycollege students.

M.A. Young, Kenneth E. "Accreditation and tea Office of Education." Educational Retort,Vol. 60, No. 2, Spring 1979, pp. 212-19

The CouncA on Postsecondary Accreditation (COPA) was concerned with theinconsistent and uncoordinated methods the Office of Education (OE) used todistribute federal funds. Both eligibility for the funds and the role accreditedinstitutions should play in eligibility were studied by an Advisory Committee onAccreditation and Institutional Eligibility. COPA set forth a series of issues andpriorities the Committee should consider.

M.A. Zimmerman, James E. "A S. .dy of the 1978-79 Application and Panel Review Process forCollege-Based Student Financial Aid." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol 8, No. I,March 1978, pp. 35-44.

Institutions request *Iational Direct Student Loan, College Work-Study, andSupplemental Educational Opportunity Grant program funding by submitting to theOffice of Education the 'Tripartite Application." This paper reviews theinstitutional application process and evaluates the format used by institutions forrequesting aid funds.

M.B. American College Testing Program. Handbook for Financial Aid Administrators for the198546 Academic Year. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1985.(Updated annually)

A review of the ACT student need analysis system and services in 1985-86; includesdiscussion of Uniform Methodology theory and computational procedures.

Mil. Barnes, Gary T. An Economist's View of the Uniform Method° lonv. lima City, Iowa:American College Testing Program, 1977.

The author argues that the uniform methodology is inequitable and cumbersome toadminister and proposes an alternative model of need analysis--the annuity incomeapproach.

M.B. Barnes, Gary T. An Economist's Approach to Reforming the Uniform Methodology."Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1977, pp. 10-18.

The standardized approach (Uniform Methodology) to estimating the expectedparental contribution for dependent students is evaluated from an economist'sperspective. The UM model is shown to fail to treat assets al _ income in aconsistent manner, and recommendations for improvement are offered.

M.B. Bowen, Howard R. "Cost Differences: The Amazing Disparity Among Institutions ofHigher Education in Educational Costs per Student! Charlet Vol. 13, No I,January/February 1981, pp. 21-27.

19

Studies of comparative costs at higher education instit"tions show a wide differenceit. _at per student. The explanations behind some institutions spending more moneyper student than others are many; however, the important point is the relationshipof cost to the quality of education.

Bowman, James L., and Van Dusen, William D. The Determination of the Financial Nu&pf Adult Part-Time Students in Postsecondary Education. Fine! Report. VolumePrinceton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service, 1978.

A review of current eligibility standards for adult students, metii,is of determiningfinancial need, and policy issues having an effect on financial aid for thesestudents.

Buchanan, E. T. 'Between Scylla and Charybdis: Traps for the Unwarry Financial AidOfficer." The VASFAA Journal, Vol. 3, Spring 1985, pp. 37-48.

Presents discussion and case study examples from the Inspector General's Office ofeleven areas of higher education most susceptible to fraud and abuse. Anexplanation of current and proposed regulatory requirements for a'd officers ispresented.

III.B. Case, Joe Paul, and Cavanaugh, William J. CSS Need Analysis: Theory and ComnutatjeProcedures for the 1979-80 FAF. New York, New York: College Entrance ExaminationBoard, College Scholarship Service, 1979.

A guide to the economic principles and computational policies used in the t liegeScholarship Service need-analysis system.

College Scholarship Service. CSS Need Analysis: Theory and Computation Procedures fathe 1985-86 FAF, New York, New York: The College Board, 1984. (Updated annually)

A review of the CSS need analysis system and services in 1985-86; includesdiscussion of Uniform M. iology theory and computational procedures.

II.B. Decker, Mary L. 'Determining .inancial Need: Beyond the Facts and Figures.' &nalpf Student Financial Aid, Vol. 14, No. t, Winter !984, pp. 20-21.

This article shares responses from parents and students, some amusing and somesaddening, received over the past five years in one needs analyst's offica.

Horch, Dwight H. $jmulation of Financial Needs and Contributions of Adult Part-TimeStudents. Final Report ulume IL Princeton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service,1978.

A review of financial aid programs eligibility standards for adult students, and adiscussion of the policy issues that arise as the numbers of adult students seekingaid continues to increase.

III.B. Koester, Roger A. "Is the Standard Maintenance Allowance Fair ?' Journal of StudentFinancial ;LI Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 1985, pp. 56-59.

This paper raises questions regarding the basis of the Standard MaintenanceAllowance in uniform methodology and the relationship of that measure to thecurrent economic reality of family spending for necessities.

III.B. Longenecker, David. Ability to Pay for Student Costs of Higher Education Takina lnlqAccount Famil Income After Taw. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education,July, 1978.

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An outline of the Congressional Budget Office's policies for determining a family'scontribution ability for higher education costs. Includes a section detailing thedifficulty of obtaining complete and accurate financial aid data from students.Suggestions for further research and analris are given.

ULB. Mackintosh, Carol. "Private Pension Plans: A Major Factor to Be Considered in NeedsAnalysis.' Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 14, No. I, Winter 1984, pp. 22-30.

Results a survey of Utica College financial aid applicants revealed that thefamilies of 67 percent have verified pension plans, with coverage varying by incomelevel, type of employer, and occupation. A review of the Uniform Methodology,unchanged despite recent changes in laws governing accumulation of assets forretirement, is recommended.

M.B. NASFAA. Quid lag for Exercisine Professional Judgement in Need Analysis. SpecialReport #5. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1983.

A discussion on exercising professional judgement in need analysis to provideguidance to aid administrators and to suggest methods for treating unusualcircumstances.

NASFAA. Guidelines for Exercising Professional Judgement in Need Analysis. 1984-85Edition. Snecial Report #10. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1984.

An update to the earlier Special Report #5.

ULB. The Needs Analysis Committee of :he Ohio Association of Student Financial AidAdministrators. 'A Programmed Sines of Need Analysis Workshops from Beginning toAdvanced Levels of Experience." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 10, No. 2, May1980, pp. 26-36.

Since need analysis represents the basic foundation for awarding financial aid, Ohioestablished a committee to acquaint new financial aid administrators and supportstaff with use uniform methodology and the construction of student budgetsWorkshops are described and evaluated and schedules are provided.

M.B. Nelson, James E., and others. The Willingness of Parents to Contribute to PostsecondaryEducational Expenses. Princeton, New Jersey: College Entrance Examination Boy ..., 1978.

Results of a study comparing actual parental contribution with the amount fam:liesare expected to pay based on two formulas devised by the National Task Force onStudent Aid problems (the Kennel Commission) and the family contribution scheduleused for the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant Program. This study foundsubstantial variations bt.tween the actual and expected levels of parentalcontribution, especially in higher income categories. Data were drawn from theCollege Scholarship Service's Need Analysis Survey of 10,000 dependent students.

Mil Van Dusen, William D., and Cavanaugh, William J. "Goin' Through Changes: A Study ofInstitutional Adjustments to Central Need Analysis." Journal of Student Financial Aid,Vol. 7, No.1, February 1977, pp. 25-33.

Actual changes made by several institutions to the central need analysis reports,issued by the College Scholarship Service were studied. It was found that when thefinancial aid administrator makes sjustments to the central need analysis, Ignmoney is awarded on a more equitable basis.

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III.B. Van Dusen, William D., and Hills, Donald E. 'A Review of Current Practices RegardingContributions Expected from Students toward Postsecondary Education Expenses.' hangof Student Financial Aid, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1983, pp. 18-26.

The Califorria Student Aid Commission's comparison of the Uniform Methodology,the California Grant Programs, and institutional procedures for determining studentfinancial contribution is summarized. The only consistent relationship found was intotal student financial responsibility. An alternative model for coordinating stateand institutional awards is suggested.

III.C. 3hella, Surjit K. "Student Expense Survey and Its Ramifications for BudgetConstruction.' Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 9, No. 2, May 1979, pp. 41-48.

In order to assess the adequacy of the standardized budgets used by the FinancialAid Office at Iowa State University, they were compared with the self-reportedbudgets of a selected group of student aid recipients. Instructional andnoninstructional expenses, state residency, marital status, and dependency statuswere considered.

III.C. Case, Joe Paul Constructing Student Expense Budgets. NASFAA Monoaraoh Sedgyplumber M. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1984.

A revision to an earlier NASFAA publication written to provide guidance to aidadministrators in setting forth general principles for constructing student expensebudgets.

III.C. Clark, Robert B., ed. A Handbook for Use in the Prenaration_of Student Exoen.seBuditem. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1977.

A report of the results of a National Student Expense Budget conference. Thepurpose of the conference was to develop standardized definitions for thecomponen3 to be included in budget construction. Ten separate committeesaddressed various aspects of this problem.

III.C. Jackson, Barry L., and Pogue, John M. 'Determining a Student Expense Budget WhatCosts Students Incur in Higher Education' Journal of Student Financial Aid Vol. 13,No. I, February 1983, pp. 16-20.

A survey of a sample of college students in each class at a public university todetermine students' actual costs of higher education showed each academic class tohave an area of higher than usual costs and showed a substantial differencebetween male and female student costs.

III.D. Burt, Betty; Calvert, Jean; and Peterson, Lee. 'Coordinated Financial Aid Outreach: AWorking Model' Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring 1985, pp. 38-43.

This paper (musses a coordinated financial aid outreach model in southernMichigan for parents and high school students. Workshops are offered involvingfinancial aid personnel, admissions personnel, high school counselors, and staff forthe state department of education.

III.D. California State Postsecondary Education Commission. Student Aid Computer Sal:VAOrganizations: Preliminary Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the California StudentAid Commission. Sacramento, California: California Statr Postsecondary EducationCommission, 1983.

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Examination of 40 private, for-profit computerized student aid search services.Most used a database of over 3,800 sources owned by Academic Guidance Services,and serviced students directly. Includes recommendations about advertisingregulations, fees and refund policies, information quality and database maintenance,and public funding information.

III.D. Chaney, Kathy, and others. 'Mosel Preservice Financial Aid Training Module for SchoolCounselors." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 9, No. I, February 1979, pp. 39-44.

A model training module is described that offers high school counselors familiaritywith student financial aid options for college-bound students. The package includesinformation on need analysis, definitions of aid available, identification of majorresource areas, Michigan aggregate dollar statistics, awl a list of policy-relatedquestions.

HIM. Cleary, Paul G. 'College Financial Aid. Getting the Word Out' Journal of CollegeAdmissions. No. 105, Fall 1984, p. 22-25.

Describes a seminar for high school students and their parents to increaseawareness of financial aid sources and make families active participants in securingan aid package.

III.D. College Entrance Examination Board. Co Bete Opportunity and Public Assistanceproarams: Ideas for Resolving Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: College EntranceExamination Board, 1984.

This report identifies ways in which aid administrators and counselors can help Aidto Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients resolve conflicts between thereceipt of public assistance and student aid.

M.D. College Entrance Examination Board. Finding Financial Resources for Adult Learners:Profiles for Practice. New York, New York: College Entrance Examination Bond, 1985.

This book profiles creative, innovative approaches to providing more financial aid toadult students. A survey of college administrators across the country found thatlocally based financial aid and support services are available--from both campus andcommunity-based resources.

III.D. College Scholarship Service. Makin' it Count A Report On a Project to Provide BetterFinancial Aid Information to Students. New York, New York: College EntranceExamination Board, 1977.

A status report on an ongoing projr i oesigned to test and implement moreeffective ways to communicate information about financial aid programs to students,so that the information provided is more compatible with the students' needs andrequests.

III.D. Cunningham, P. Jerome. "The Peer Counselor: A Possible Solution to Two Problems inFinancial Aid Administration." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. II, No. I, February1981, pp. 22-24.

The use of a peer counselor in a staff support position in the student financial sidoffice at Wesleyan University is discussed. An academic credit course taught by theDirector of Financial Aid was organized. Peer counselors must be selected, trained,and given responsibilities normally assigned to professionals.

III.D. Johnson, Ronald W., and Frambs, Geraldyne. "Financial Aid Offices: Counseling andOutreach." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 9, No. 3, November 1979, pp. 28-34.

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Financial aid counseling and outreach programs at the University of California,Davis, are described. Counseling services include: an intake interviewer, studentinterns, a hotline program, and drop-in counseling. Workshops, a newsletter, andsummer residential programs for low-in, .,me and minority groups are among theoutreach services.

HID. McDougal, Johnny. *The Role of Counseling in Student Financial Aid--The Mist Criticaland Sensitive Function that Takes Place in a Financial Aid Office." Journal of StudentFinancial Aid, Vol. 13, No. 2, Spring 1983, pp. 31-34.

Counseling and advising should be an integral part of the financial aid servicesoffered to students. Discusses giving accurate and complete aid information,assisting students ;n integrating financial issues with personal and academicconcerns, and making appropriate referrals.

III.D. McKenzie, Douglas. "Meeting the Consumerism Regulations: The Project at U. C.Berkeley.' Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol.\8, No. 2, May 1978, pp. 28-33.

Berkeley's response to the 1976 Amendments to the Higher Education Act isdescribed, with focus on the Financial Aid Handbook, advertising financial aiddeadlines, and other pamphlets on student services and opportunities.

M.D. Miller, Ronald H., ed.New York, New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1983.

This guide discusses state of the art financial aid services for adult learners. Thesediscussions cover trends in participation in adult education, characteristics of adultstudents, the implications for policies and procedures of the financial aid office,development of the financial aid counselor, ways to improve financial aid servicesfor adults, evaluation of financial aid services for adults, and how to implement atuition aid survey.

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M.D. Minton, Robert. "Matching Students with Money.' Chum, Vol. 9, No. 11, November1977, pp. 18-21.

Financial aid counseling is a practice several communities have adopted to help putneedy students in touch with available financial aid. The model for new financialaid counseling programs is the Cleveland Scholarship Programs, Inc., which has beenproviding counseling and financial aid for over 10 years.

M.D. NASFAA. Student Financial Aid: An Investment in America's Future_. Washington, D.C.:NASFAA, 1982.

Answers questions frequently raised by students, parents, and others on the nature,distribution, and use of financial aid and examines the costs and actual benefits ofstudent aid expenditures.

M.D. Olson, Lorayn, and Rosenfeld, Rachel A. "Parents, Students and Knowledge of CollegeCosts." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 1985, pp. 42-53.

This paper investigates how much parents and their high school sophomores andseniors know about college costs and why there is variation among them in thisknowledge. The data were from the 1980 High School and Beyond Survey.

M.D. Peterson, Lee, and others. "Student Peer Counseling in Financial Aid." Journal ofStudent Financial Aid, Vol. 8, No. 3, November 1978, pp. 35-42.

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Methods for systematically eleveloping a program of peer counseling in financial aidare described for administrators. Most of the ideas in this model come frommembers of the Student Advisory Committee for the State of Michigan StudentFinancial Aid Programs.

M.D. Stegura, Debra, and Olson, Layton. "Students Counsel Students in Financial Aid Offices."Collate Board Review, No. 106, Winter 1977-78, pp. 17-23.

Discusses peer counseling programs run by part-time student employees at schoolfinancial aid offices, in order to improve finan...al aid services for prospective andcurrent students.

M.D. Thompson, Judith E. "Help On Aid." School Counselor, Vol. 24, No. 3, January 1977, pp.205-6.

Emphasizes the importance of school admissions and guidance counselors in thefinancial aid process, especially their responsibility to provide information andassistance to parents.

MD. Trutko, Helen M. "Reducing the Counseling Load: Better Use of ProfeuionalAssociations, the Media, and Paraprofessionals." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol.II, No. I, Fat ivy 1981, pp. 25-30.

Adeq uncial aid counseling can rgay an important role in attracting andMgr the traditional and nontraditional student. New approaches to financialaid couaseling are seen as essential. Coopergtive interaction between professionalassociations, better use of public media, and shifting some informational chores totrained paraprofessionals are advocated.

M.E. American Council on Education, Policy Analysis Service. The Distribution of Types andpackaaes of Student Aid Amon" Freshman. Washington, D.C.: American Council onEducation, 1979

Tabular data showing the distribution of different types of aid packages to studentsin the United States. Data are separated according to family income, tuition leveland institutional control, a . some policy implications are discussed.

M.E. Errecart, Michael T , and others. Basic Educational Opportunity Grant Ouslitv ControlStudy: Executive Summary. Si i 'r Spring, Maryland: Macro Systems, Inc., WestatResearch Inc., Rockville, Maryland, 1979.

Results of a study undertaken to determine the extent of errors made in both theapplication and administrative stages of the BEOG program. The study concludesthat errors by students and schools have a significant effect on total programexpenditures, and warrant reevaluation and simplification of the BEOG deliverysystem.

M.E. M , and Hensley, M. R. "The Independent Student Dilemma: An Approach TowardEquity Packaging.* Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 7, No. 3, November 1977, pp.41-46.

The central premise of this article is that students who willfully attain independentstatus in order to take IN dvantage of greater financial aid should have to resort toloans and employment to finance their education.

ULE. Huddleston, Thomas, Jr., and ,batty, Burt F. "Marketing Financial Aid." New Directionsfor Hither Education: No. 21 (Marketing Hither Education!, Vol. 6, No. I, Spring 1978,pp. 37-49.

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With the decline in the numbers of students entering colleges, competition betweenthe institutions has grown. Financial aid programs are becoming increasinglyimportant in the overall presentation of the institution to the public; financial aidadministrators should be aware of the value financial aid packages have for theconsumer.

111.E. NASFAA. Standards for the Develonment of Policy Guidelines for Packaaint Need-BasedFinancial Aid. Monoaraoh U. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA, 1983.

A review of institutional practices and techniques utilized in providing studentassistance, from 1 variety of sources, to eligible applicants.

111.E. Ohm, Michael A. "Financial Aid Packaging Policies: Access and Ideology." Journal ofHigher Education. Vol. 56, No. 4, July/ August 1985, pp. 462-75.

Studies of financial aid packaging policies are reiewed and the ways institutionspackage aid for eligible students are discussed. An analysis of national data for aidto Hispanic students reveals a different pattern. The implications of variouspackaging policies are discussed.

111.E. Smith, Patricia, and Henderson, Cathy. Federal Student Aid: Who Receives It and Howb It Thicketed/ Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, Policy AnalysisService, 1977.

An examination of the four federal need-based student aid programs available tofreshmen in public and private institutions. In particular, the "packaging" of theseprograms into a financial aid plan for each specific student is analyzed, withemphasis on the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant as the dominant source of aidfor students in private institutions.

111.E. Wagner, Alan P., and Tab a, Kenneth A. Distribution and packsaint of Student Ronda'Aid: Some Evidence from the Survey of the Hiah School Class of 1972 Washington,D.C.: National Centor for Education Statistics, 1977.

Analyzed data from the first follow-up survey of the National Longitudinal Study ofthe high school class of 1972. Over 10,000 respondents were questioned regardingthe sources of federal financial aid utilized during their first year of postsecondaryeducation

III.F. Bailey, Cynthia. "What's Pars and Faith? Real-Life Experiences of a Financial AidOfficer." Collets Board Review, No. III, Spring 1979, p. 32.

The author, a financial aid officer, writes on the differences between a smallwoman's college and New York University (NYU). NYU uses Packaging AidResources System (PARS) to develop individual financial aid packages and FinancialAid Information and Data System (FAIDS) to process applications for financial aid.

III.F. Bannister, John G., and Phillips, Terri E. "To Validate or Not to Validate: That Is theQuestion." Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 14, No. I, Winter 1984, pp. 6-10.

The computerized financial aid application editing system used at the University ofSouth Caroline to ensure efficient processing and maintain quality control isdescribed. The monitoring system is based on standardized codes derived fromnational need assessment services and consists of 18 edit checks and an interfacebetween the admissions and registrar's offices.

III.F. Fisher, John B. "Learning to Program: A Self-Help Idea for Financial Ai