DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 253 115 FL 014 869.

AUTHOR Thurston, CharlesTITLE Acronyms, Initialisms and Abbreviations in Native and

Second Language Acquisition.PUB DATE 85NOTE 25p.PUB TYPE Reference Materials -

Vocabularies/Classifications/Di6tionaries (134)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *kbbreviations; Definitions; *Language Acquisition;

*Language Tests; *Linguistics; MulticulturalEducation; *Second Language Instruction; Testing;Vocabulary

ABSTRACTA list of 1,036 terms and definitions used in native

and second language acquisition acrd instruction, linguistics,language testing, and bicultural-multicultural education, includingidentical items with different meanings, is presented. The terms werederived from manual searches of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languagesand Linguistics and ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education sections ofthe bibliographic journals "Current Index to Journals in Education"and "Resources in Education" through September 1984; "LanguageTeaching"; some portions of "Language and Language BehaviorAbstracts"; and bibliographies and texts in linguistics, English as asecond language, and varieties of English. One objective of thelisting is to indicate the problem of lack of standardization ofterminology. Acronyms of journal titles, monographs, academic andprofessional associations, and research centers are excluded..(MSE)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

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U.E. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL. RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER [ERIC)

This dOcurhunt has been reproduced USreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.Minor changes have been made 10 improvereproduction quality

Points 01 view or opinions Stated in this documen[ do not necessarily represent official NIEPosition of policy.

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

agleAAMESIvkTO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

ACRONYMS, INITIALISMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN NATIVE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.

Charles Thurston

University of Texas San Antonio Library

It is ironic that the disciplines of foreign language instruction, English

as .a Second Language and bicgltural-bilingual education, which seek to improve '

/communication skills and foster understanding of other peoples and cultures,

/

should employ a bewildering array of acronyms and display an utter disregard /

for uniformity of stylistic prescription and definition, thus contributing to

a babel of obscure and sometimes meaningless expressions. One wonders about

the intellectual content, clarity and coherence of disciplines which employ

ESD (English as a Second Dialect) and ESOD (English for speakers of other dia-

lects) interchangably; that are as likely to refer to BEV (black English ver-

nacular) as VBE (Vernacular Black English), and use seventeen definitions for

FLES. Lum noted a decade ago that "The. almost complete lack of consensus as

to the meanings, perspectives, and proper uses of bilingual-bicultural terms1

does nothing but add confusion to an area of education that holds promise."

CAlr The following list of 1,036 terms and definitions in native and second

!I language acquisition, linguistics, language testing and bicultural/multicul-

II tural education perpetuates the glut of acronyms and expressions which in many

instances express the same thing (see ESL and SGAV). However, it is the com-

piler's hope that by listing each acronym and its meaning, including every jot

and tittle differentiating one entry from its almost identical neighbor,

exactl as the are found in the literature with res ect to ca italization,

punctuation, and definition, with no judgements rendered as to correctness or

appropriateness, the list will indicate the problem of lack of standardization

and serve as a corpus for debate.

The terms derive from a manual search of the FL (Languages and Linguistics)

and UD (Urban Education) sections of Current Index to Journals in Education aad

Resources in Education from their inceptions through the September.1984 issues.

Language Teaching was scanned in its entirety. Several sections of Language

and Language Behavior Abstracts ("Non-Native Language Pedagogy," "Non-Native

Language Acquisition," and "Bilingualism, Bilingual Education") were checked.

Bibliographies and texts in linguistics, English as a Second Language, and

varieties of English were consulted. The compiler of any list of acronyms

would be foolish to claim comprehensiveness; each issue of an index adds new

terms.

Acronyms of journal titles, monographs (e.g. DARE, Dictionary of American

Regional English), academic and professional associations and research centers

are excluded.

Alphabetization disregards spacing and punCtuation.

1

John B. Lum. Will the Real Bilin ual-Bicultural Please Stand U? A Non-Taxing Taxonomy (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, ED 115 106,1975), p. 2.

AA audio activeAA audio-activeAA audio-active laboratoryAAC audio-active-comparativeA/A/C audio-active-compareAAR audio-active-record laboratoryAB articulation basisA.B.C. Academic Bilingual Career ProgramABE Aboriginal Bilingual EducationABLE Achievement through Bilingual EducationABLE Achieving Through Bilingual EducationACCT Active CommunicaZive Competence TestACE Aid to Commonwealth EnglishACTAP African Community Theatre Arts ProgramAE American EnglishAE Americ 1-EnglishAID Ampex Intrinsic DeviceAL applied linguisticsA-L audiolingualALLP Audio- Lingua]. Language ProgramALLP audiolingual language programmingALM audiolingual materialsALM audiolingual methodALM Audio-Lingual MethodALM audio-lingual methodALP fxdio-Lectal PracticeA.L.P. Audio-Lectal PracticeALP audio- le "tal practiceALPBP Assessment of Language Proficiency of Bilingual Persons ProjectALSED Anthropology and Language Science in Educational DevelopmentALSED Anthropology and Language Science in Educational Development

ProgramALTP Advanced Language Training Program.AMLEX alternate-modality listening examAOA Age of ArrivalAP audio-passi.eAPA Asian and Pacific Americans'APA Asian Pacific AmericanAPAs Asian and Pacific AmericansAPI Automated Pronunciation InstructorAPL adult performance levelAPSLE Advanced Placement Spanish Language ExaminationAR analagous renderingAR appropriate replacementAR average readerARM authentic resource materialsASFIS Auxiliary Services for High Schools ProgramASL American Sign LanguageASLPR Australian Second Language Proficiency RatingsASLPR Australian second language proficiency ratingsASM abstractly stated meaningASPA Automatic Speech-Pause AnalyzerASPLR Australian Second Language Proficiency Ratings ScaleASR automatic speech recognition

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4

ASUPE in Sham University English Language Proficincy ExamAusEng Australiah,EnglishAVE African Vernacular EnglishAVFK audiovisuellen FremdsprachenkabinettAVFL audiovisual foreign language laboratory

BABEL Bay Area Bilingual Education LeagueBABS Bilingual Academic and Business SkillsBACOP Bilingual Academic and Career Orientation ProgramBALT battered language teachersBAMS Bicultural Achievement Motivation ScaleBARSIT Barranquilla Rapid Survey Intelligence TestB.A.S.T.A. Bilingual Alternatives for Secondary Teachers and AidesBATEY Bilingual Academic and Technical Education for Youth ProgramBBE bilingual bicultural educationBBE bilingual-bicultural educationBCMRD Bilingual Class for Retarded and Mental DevelopmentBD bilingual-dictionaryBDs bilingual dictionariesBE bilingual educationBE Black EnglishBE British EnglishB.E.A. Bilingual Educational ApproachBECA Bilingual Education "Centro de Accion"BEFS basic English For ScienceBEP bilingual education programBE's bilingual education'sBESL Bilingual/English as a second languageBESS British Expatriate Supplementation SchemeBEST Basic English for Science and TechnologyBETA Bilingual Education Through the ArtsBEV Black English VernacularBEV black English VernacularBFL beginning foreign-languageBICS basic intercommunication skillsBICS basic interpersonal communicative skillBICS basic interpersonal communicative skillsBINL Basic Inventory of Natural LanguageBISO full-bilingual-progra,me schoolBISO full bilingual program schoolBL base languageBLAST Bilingual Assistance ar StudentsBLIP Bicentennial Language Incentive ProgramBLVEPs Bilingual Vocational Education ProgramsBNNE _Baltimore Non-standard Negro EnglishB.O.L.D. Bicultural Orientation and Language DevelopmentBOLT Bahia Oral Language TestBOLT Basic Occupational Language TrainingBOLT basic occupational language trainingBOSS Basic Orthographic Syllabic StructureBRC Bilingual Resource Center

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5

BR-Rebus basal reading approach using rebusesBR-TO basal reading approach using traditional orthographyBSL British Sign LanguageBSM Bilingual Syntax MeasureBSM bilingual syntax measureBT baby talkBTBC Boehm Test of Basic ConceptsBUENO Better Understanding of Educational Needs of OthersBUILD Bilingual Understanding Incorporates Learning DisabilitiesBVT bilingual vocational trainingBYU FLATS BYU Foreign Language Achievement Test Series

CA Classical ArabicCA contrastive analysisCAH Contrastive Analysis HypothesisCAH contrastive analysis hypothesisCAL CourLe Author LanguageCALI Computer-Aided Language InstructionCALI computer-aided language instructionCALI computer-assisted language instruction"CALL" computer-aided language learningCALL Computer-Assisted Language LearningCALL computer assisted language learningCALP cognitive academic language proficiencyCALP cognitive/academic language proficiencyCALP cognitive academic linguistic proficiencyCanEng Canadian EnglishCAPISCO Comprehensive Academic Program for Italian Students' Citizenship

OrientationC.A.P.I.S.C.O. Comprehensive Academic Program for Italian Students'

Citizenship OrientationCARLOS Computer-Assisted Review Lessons on SyntaxC.A.T. Culturally Appropriate TeachingCBHT Computer-Based Hindi TeachingCC communicative competenceCCCW Cross Cultural Communication WorkshopCCCW Cross-Cultural Communication WorkshopCCN Community Consumer Newsletter ProgramCCO cross-cultural orientationCCP Cultural Continuity ProjectCELT Carrow Elicited Larguage InventoryCELT Comprehensive English Language TestCELT Comprehensive English Language Test for Speakers of English as a

Second LanguageCELT Comprehensive English Language Test for Speakers of English as a

second languageC.E.O.B.S. Career Exploration Opportunities for Bilingual StudentsCESS Children's English and Services StudyCG contrastive grammarCHIRP Comprehensive Hearing Impaired Reception ProgramCHP conversational historical present

5

CI comprehensible inputCIM Cultural Identity MotivationCIVIL Categorie di Interazione Verbale nell'Insegnamento LinguisticaCKS Ching-Katz-Sanborn ScaleCL contrastive linguisticsC-L counseling-learningc-1 counselling- learningCL cross-languageCLA contrastive linguistic analysisC-L CA cross-language communication analysisCL/CLL Counseling Learning/Community Language LearningC-L/CLL Counseling-Learning/Community Language LearningCLEP-GEEC College-Level Examination Program's General Examination in

English CompositionCLEP-SEEC College-Level Examination Program's Subject Examination in

English CompositionCLIPS Community Languages in Primary SchoolsCLIS Classroom Laboratory Instructional SystemCLL Community Language LearningCLL community language learningCLL Counseling Learning/Community Language LearningC/LOBS communication/language objectives-based systemCLT communicative language teachingCLTG communicative language-teaching gamesCLTGs communicative language teaching gamesCLZNT clozentropyCM code mixingCOLT conceptual oral language testCOL-1 Comprehension of Oral Language - Level 1CP Cameroonian PidginCP communication practiceCPE Cambridgd Proficiency in English examinationCREST Criterion Referenced English Syntax TestCS communication strategiesC.C.L. Chinese as a second languageCT Collouial TamilCU capitalizable unitCUs capitalizable unitsCWS Chinese writing system

DAVLS Dos Amigos Verbal Language ScalesDC descriptive capacityDC didactic conversationDCs didactic conversationsDEA Didaktische Differenzierung im englischen Anfangsunterricht,

unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung lernschwacher SchulerDF distinctive featureDF distinctive featuresDFs distinctive featuresDILM Dartmouth Intensive Language ModelDISK Dewey Independent Study KitDL Dual Language

6

DLAB Defense Language Aptitude BatteryDLP Developmental Language ProgramDLPs Developmental Language ProgramsDLPT Defense Language Proficiency TestDORT Detroit Objective Referenced TestsDPPF Disadvantaged Pupil Program FundDRLST Del Rio Language Screening TestDSS Developmental Sentence ScoringDSS Developmental sentence scoringDSS developmental Sentence Scoring

EA error analysisEAE Edited American EnglishEAL English as an Additional LanguageEAL English as an additional languageEAP English for Academic PurposesEAP English for academic purposesEAP English in Advanced StudiesEAT Edinburgh Articulation TestEAVE East African Vernacular EnglishEBE English for Business and EconomicsEBTA Eight Basic Approaches to TeachingECHO Echoes of Classical Heritage in OklahomaECO Equal Career OpportunitiesEEE English Entrance ExaminationEEV engineering English vocabularyEFI early French immersionEFL English as a First LanguageEFL English as a Foreign LanguageEFL English as a foreign languageEFL English Foreign LanguageEFL/ESL English as a foreign and as a second languageEFL /ESL English as a Foreign or Secc d LanguageEFL/ESL English as a foreign/second languageEFL/ESL teaching of English to native speakers of other languagesEFPS English for francophone primary schoolsEI elicited imitationEI English instructionEIAL English as an International Auxiliary LanguageEIAL English as an international auxiliary languageEIIL English as an international and intranational languageEIIL speaking English internationally and internationallyEIIP English for international and intranational purposesEIL English as an International LanguageEIL English as an international languageEIL Experiment in International LivingE.I.L. Experiment in' International LivingELA English Language AssistantsELA Extending Language ActionELAs English Language AssistantsELBA English Language Battery

7

ELI Elicited Language InventoryELITES Education for Life Through Extended ServicesELPE English Language Placement ExaminationsELRET Ethnic Language RetentionELRET ethnic language retentionELS English as a Language of StudyELSE Elementary Language Study ExperimentELSIA Edmonds Learning Style Identification ExerciseELSIE Edmonds Learning Style Identification ExerciseELT English Language TeachingELT English language teachingELT English Language--TrainingELT Teaching English a- a foreign languageELTD English Language Test DevelopmentELTS English Language Testing ServiceELWC English as a language of wider communicationEM English monolingualEMLAT Elementary Modern Language Aptitude TestEMP eye movement photographyEMT English mother tongueENE Educated Nigerian EnglishEngEng English EnglishENSOL English for Native Speakers of Other LanguagesEOP English for Occupational PurposesEOP/MESL English for Occupational Purposes/Manpower ESL

EPAL Engelska PR LagsladietEPE English Placement ExaminationEPM English for Preventive MedicineEPT English Proficiency TestEPT English-Second-Language Placement TestEPTB English Proficiency Test Battery.ER exact replacementESA Educated Spoken ArabicESD English as a second dialectESD English-as-a-second-dialectESE Educated southern EnglishESL English As A Second LanguageESL English as a Second LanguageE.S.L. English as a Second LanguageESL English-as-a-Second LanguageESL English-as-a-Second-LanguageESL English as a second languageESL English as a second-languageESL English-as-a-second-languageESL English as Second LanguageESL English as second languageESL English-as-second-languageESL English Standard LanguageESLAB English-as-a-Second Language Assessment BatteryESLAT English as a Second Language Achievement TestESL/D English as a Second Language or DialectESL/EFL English as a second/foreign languageESLOA English as a Second Language Oral AssessmentESLPE English as a Second Language Placement Examination

8

ESOD English for speakers of other dialectsESOD . English to Speakers of Other DialectsESOL English as a 2nd languageESOL English for Speakers of Other LanguagesESOL English for speakers of other languagesESOL English to Speakers of Other LanguagesESOL English to speakers of other languagesESP English for Special PurposesESP English for special purposesE.S.P. English for special purposesESP English for specialized purposesESP English for Specific PurposesESP English for specific purposesESP English Standard PronunciationESPMENA English for Special Purposes in the Middle East and North AfricaEST English for Science and TechnologyEST English for science and technologyEST English of.Science and TechnologyEST English scientific and technical subject matterET extended textETBBS Effective Transition of the Bilingual and Bicultural Student to

Senior High SchoolETCH .English Through Cartoon HumorETML early.teaching of modern languagesETPB English Proficiency TestETPB English Proficiency Test BatteryETT English for Technical TrainingEVP English for Vocational PurposesEX explicitEX explicit grammarEX Explicit MethodEXTOL East Anglia and Essex Teaching-Oriented LanguageE2L English as a Second Language

FALCON Full-Year Asian Language ConcentrationFAMES Family Of Man Evaluation StudyFAST familiarization and short-termFCE Cambridge First Certificate in English examinationFCTL functional-communicative text linguisticsFEP Fluent English ProficiencyFEP fluent-English-proficientFEP fully English-proficientFF Fundamental FrenchFF le Francais FondamentalFI French immersionFIAC Flanders Interaction Analysis CategoriesFL foreign languageFL foreign-languageF/L foreign languageF-L foreign languageF.L.A. Foreign Language AppreciationFLAG fused language acquisition

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10

FLAG Foreign Language Arts in the GradesF.L.A.G. Foreign Language Arts in the GradesFLAP Foreign Language Alternative ProgramFLASH V Facilitating Language Arts Through School and HomeFLE foreign-language educationFLES foreign language elementary school

0FLES foreign language in elementary schoolFLES foreign language in elementary schoolsFLES Foreign Language in the Elementary SchoolFLES foreign language in the elementary schoolFLES foreign language the elementary school programsFLES Foreign Language in the Elementary SchoolsFLES forelgn language instruction in elementary schoolsFLES foreign language instructionAn the elementary schoolFLES foreign language instruction in the elementary schoolsFLES Foreign Language Learning in Elementary SchoolsFLES foreign language teaching in elementary schoolsFLES Foreign Languages in the Elementary SchoolFLES foreign languages in the elementary schoolFLES Foreign Languages in the Elementary SchoolsFLES Foreign Languages in the elementary schoolsFLES foreign languages in the elementary schoolsFLEX foreign language experienceFLEX foreign language explanatoryFLEX foreign language exploratory programFLI FL instructionFLI foreign-language instructionFLICS Foreign Language Innovative Curricula StudiesFLICS Foreign Language Innovative Curriculum StudyFLIP French Language Immersion ProgramFLIP French Language Intensive ProgramFLITE Foreign Language Idea and Technique ExchangeFLL foreign-language learningFLP foreign language pedagogyFLP foreign-language programFLPs foreign-language programsFLS foreign-language studiesFLs foreign languagesFLS Functional Language SurveyFLT foreign language teachingFLT foreign-language teachingFM Franzbsische MindeswortschatzFMT French as a mother tongueFP frauais populaireFr FrenchFRA Authentic French RadioFRASE Fry Readability Adaptation for Spanish EvaluationFOCUS Foci for Observing Communications Used in Second Language

InstructionFRG Fry Readability GraphFS fransais standardFSC Functional Skills method "enriched" by GrammarFSL French-as-a-second LanguageFSL French second languageFSL French Sign Language

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FSM Functional Skills MethodFT Foreigner talkFT foreigner talkFTA face-threatening act

GART Grammar and Reading TestGer GermanGEs grammatical explanationsGLAFLL Graded Levels of Achievement in Foreign Language LearningGLC General SeconA/Foreign Language CourseGLP general language proficiencyGLS German Language SchoolGLSs German Language SchoolsGOIT Goyer Organization of Ideas TestCRASP Greek, Arabic, and Spanish Bilingual ProgramGSFLT Graduate School Foreign Language TestsGTG generative transformational grammarGUME Goteborg, UndervisningsMetod i EngelskaGUME Gothenburg/Teaching/Methods/EnglishGWO grammatical word orderGWP Guided Writing ProcedureGWP guided writing procedure

HABILE Haitian Bilingual EducationHABLA Helping Advance Bilingual Learning in Abernathy, TexasHAD/LAD high- and low-auditory discriminatorsHAMT human-aided machine translationHBUE Home Bilingual Usage EstimateHCE Hawaii Creole EnglishHOE Hawaiian Creole EnglishHCERT Hawaii Creole English Repetition TestHDPA Hawaiian Islands Dialect Proficiency Ass,JssmentHED Hawaiian aiglish dialectHELP Haitian Hispanic Employability Language ProjectH.E.L.P. Haitian/Hispanic Employability through Language ProgramHESL History for English as a Second LanguageHESL history for non-native speakers of EnglishHID Hawaiian Islands DialectHILT high intensity language trainingHL home languageHLT High Literary TamilHO hearer-orientedHOS hearer-oriented strategyHOSs hearer-oriented strategiesHSE Hierarchical System of Errors

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IBI Individualized Bilingual InstructionIDA-LRC Individual Diagnostic Assessment for Language and Reading

ComprehensionIE Israeli EnglishIEP intensive English ProgramsIEPs individual education plansIEPT Interethnolinguistic Peer TutoringIF information focusIFP French individualized programIGT integrative grammar testIGT Integrative test of English GrammarIIS Interaction Involvement ScaleIKR immediate knowledge of resultsIL information languageIL interlanguageILM initial learning mediumI.L.M. Initial Learning Method.IL? Indiana Language ProgramILP individual learning planILs interlanguagesILSSE Insegnamento delle Lingue Straniere nelle Scuole elementariIM implicitIM implicit grammarIM Implicit MethodINC Instructional Methods in GermanINCA Inner-City Committee for ActionINCA Inter City Committee For ActionIndEng Indian English.INS inherently neutral specificity101 Ilyin Oral InterviewIP inalienable possessionIP information processingIP instant playbackIPA International Phonetic AlphabetI.P.A. International Phonetic Alphabet'IPM information-processing model of memoryIQ information questionIrEng Irish EnglishIRIT Intensive Reading Instructional TeamIRIT Intensive Reading Instructional TeamsIRT imitative reading techniqueISSE Individualizing Spanish for Speakers of EnglishISV International Scientific VocabularyITA Initial Teaching Alphabeti.t.a. Initial. Teaching Alphabeti.t.a. initial teach4Ag alphabeti/t/a initial ~.earning alphabetITALS Italiano come lingua stranieraITPA Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic AbilitiesITPA Revised Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic AbilitiesIUFCAT Indiana University French Communicative Ability Test

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JamEng Jamaican EnglishJEP Junior English ProgramJLDT James Language Dominance TestJ.TP Japanese Teachers Program

KE Keaukaha EnglishKEEP Kamehameha Early Education ProgramKELT Key English Language TeachingKEYS Knowledge of English Yields SuccessK.E.Y.S. Knowledge of English Yields SuccessKPDT Kamehameha Phone Discrimination Test

LA Language AbilitiesLA language abilitiesLA language aptitudeLAB Language Assessment BatteryLAD Language Acquisition DeviceLAG Language Assistant GameLAP Learning Activity PacketLAPs learning activity packagesLAPs Learning Activity PacketsLAPSE Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Sociolinguistics, English

(and Education)LaREC Language through RecreationLARSP Language Assessment, Remediation and Screening ProcedureLAS Language Ability ScalesLAS Language Assessment ScaleLAS Language Assistance SystemLAS languages and area studies.LAT Latin Achievement TestLB Language BehaviorLB language behaiorLC Limon CreoleLC linguistic competenceLC listening comprehensionLCS English Language and Concepts Program for Spanish-Speaking

ChildrenLCS English Language and Concepts Program for Spanish Speaking PupilsLD lexical densityLDP long-delay playbackLDs lexical densitiesLEA Language Experience ApproachLEA language experience approachL'E.A.P. l'anglais enseignd dans les 4tudes sup4rieuresLEAP Language Education Acceleration ProgramLEP Language Experience ProgramLEP Limited English ProficiencyLEP limited English proficiencyL.E.P. limited English proficiency

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LEP limited-English-proficiencyLEP Limited English ProficientLEP limited English proficientLEP limited-English-proficientLEP limited English speakingLEP limited-English-speakingLEP/NEP limited- and non-English proficientLEREC Learning English as a Second Language through RecreationLES Limited English SpeakingLES limited English speakingLES limited English-speakingLES Listen, Enumerate, and Start

. LESA limited English speakingLESA Limited-English-Speaking AbilityLESA limited English-speaking abilityLES/NES limited- and non-English-speakingLES/NES limited- and non-English speaking studentsLES/NES limited- or non-English-speakingLETS Learn English through StampsLEU 5 Ein Leistungstest fuer den Englischunterricht in der 5LF lexical functionLF lexical functionsLFE local form of EnglishLFE local forms of EnglishLFE localized forms of EnglishLFEs local forms of EnglishLFEs localized forms of EnglishLFI late French immersionLFs lexical functionsLFT Langucge Facility TestLg linguistic grammarsLH left hemisphereLI linguistic inputL international languageinter

L intranational languageintra

LIR Language Instruction RegisterLL language labLL language laboratoriesLL language laboratoryLL/LT 'Language learning/language teaching processLLTM Language Laboratory Teaching MachineLM&AI Language Measurement and Assessment InventoryLMLs language maintenance and language shiftLOI 'language orientation instructionLP language planningLP Language ProficiencyLP language proficiencyLPA language proficiency assessmentLPACs Language Proficiency Assessment CommitteesLPBS Language Profile of Bilingual StudentsLPI Language Proficiency InterviewLRU Lahori Roman UrduL second language 14

sec

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LSF Language Skills FrameworkLSF's Language Skills Framework'sLSG linguistically significant generalisationLSGs linguistically significant generalisationsLSP language for special purposesLSP language for specific purposesLSP languages for special purposesLSP Languages for Specific PurposesLSP specific-purpose language teachingLSPs languages for 'special purposesLT language teachingLTG language-teaching gamesLTM long term memoryLTM long-term memoryLTPC language teaching in a plurilingual contextLTR language-teaching research

.LTRS Language Teaching Record SchemeLUQ Language Usage QuestionnaireLWC language of wider communicationLWCs languages of wider communicationLWOW Leng1lr8eF of the World of WorkLl first languageLl first-languageL lang1 1

Ll mother tongueLl primary languageLl 1st languageLl-L2 first-language/second-languageL2 English as a second language learnersL lang'2 2

L2 second languageL2 second-languageL second language learned2

"L2" second language study

L2 2nd language

MA Moroccan ArabicMACRO/S Man: A Creative, Rational, and Organized SpeciesMAL miniature artificial languageMALT Military Assistance Language TrainingMAP Materials Acquisition ProjectMAT machine-aided translationMCC multiple choice cloze testMCE Multicultural educationMCS Miami-Cuban SpanishMDP minimal distance principleME Migrant (Language) EducationMEB Modality Endowment Battery of tests

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MEC Minimum English CompetencyMEPT: Adult Ed. Maculaitis English Proficiency Tests for Non-Native Speakers

of English; Adult EducationMEPT-6 Maculaitis English Proficiency Test of Reading Comprehension and

Vocabulary for Non-Native Speakers of English in the Sixth GradeMES Multicultural Environment SurveyMESL Manpower English as a second languageMFSL Math for English as a Second LanguageMESL math for non-native speakers of EnglishMGK Modern Greek KoineMLA Music Language ArtsMLAT Modern Language Aptitude TestML-PAT Mohawk Language Picture Association TestMLT Modern Literary TamilMLU Mean Length of UtteranceMLU mean length of utteranceMLU mean-length of utteranceMME Micro-Momentary ExpressionMPU morpheme-per-utteranceMQLAD Moreno Quick Language Assessment InventoryMSA Modern Standard ArabicMSC Modern Standard ChineseMT Machine TranslationMT Machine translationMT machine translationMT Mother TongueMT mother tongueMT mother-tongueMTT Mother Tongue TeachingMTELP Michigan Test of English Language ProficiencyMW migrant worker

NAmEng North American EnglishNCA "New Concurrent Approach"NCA new concurrent language usage approachNCT New Cloze TestNE Native EnglishNE new EnglischesNELB non-English-language backgroundNELB non-English-language-backgroundNEMT non-English mother tongueNEP non-English-proficientNES native English speakerNES non-English speakingNES non-English-speakingNES's native English speaker'sNGP Natural Generative PhonologyNGP natural generative phonologyNGP New Guinea PidginNIrEng English of Northern IrelandNL native language

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NL native-languageNLC Need Based Second/Foreign Language CourseNLP Neuro-Linguistic ProgrammingNL/TL native and target languageNNE Negro Nonstandard EnglishNNE nonstandard Negro EnglishNNE non-standard Negro EnglishNNS non - native speakerNNS/ESL non-native-speaking English as a second languageNOL national official languageNOL non-indigenous languageNS native speakerNS native speakersNS native-speakingNS Un Niveau SeuilNSI Native Speaker InsightNSI native speaker insight ed

NSS Northwestern Syntax Screening TestNSST Northwestern Syntax Screening TestNST

1NS Type 1

NT Natural translationNT negative transfer

. NT non-TagalogNVC non-verbal communicationNVC's non-verbal communication'sNZEng New Zealand English

OA oral approachOAV Oral-Aural-VisualOCR Observational Checklists for ReferralOCRT Oral Cognate Recognition TestOCS Old Church SlavonicOESL Occupational English as a Second LanguageOESL occupational English as a second languageOI oral interviewOIT oral interview testOLAF oral language analyzer and feedback systemOLE Oral Language EvaluationOMLAC Oxfordshire Modern Languages Achievement CertificateOMLAC Oxfordshire Modern Languages Achievement schemeOPI oral proficiency interviews .

O.P.I. oral proficiency interviews0.P.N.I. Objet pedagogique non identifi4ORACLE . Operationally Relevant Activities for Children's Language

Experience

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P

P

PAPAAPAAsPACESPACTPALPAPIPEPPFIPgPHIPIPPLPLPLIPLLIPLUPMSPOETPPVT-APRAMPRAM IIPRAM IIPRCAPREP.R.O.B.E.PROVISLPSCIPSEPSEPSENPSIPSI

native languageprimary languagepaired-associatesPacific and Asian AmericanPacific and Asian AmericansProgram for Achievements in Chinese, English and SpanishPictorial Auditory Comprehension TestPrimary Acquisition of LanguagesProgram Assessment/Pupil InstructionProgram for English Proficiencypartial French immersionpedagogical grammarsPositive Human InteractionProper Inclusion Precedenceprogrammed languagepsycholinguisticsProgrammed Language Instructionprogrammed language laboratory instructionprogrammierten Sprachlabor-UnterrichtPrimary Message SystemsPreparation of English TeachersPeabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Form APreschool Racial Attitude MeasurePreschool Racial Attitude Measure IIPreschool Racial Attitudes Measure IIPersonal Report of Communication ApprehensionPuerto Rican EnglishPrimary Reading Objectives for Bilingual EducationProvidence Island Sign LanguagePerez Self Concept InventoryPidgin Sign EnglishPrescribed Standard EnglishPupils with Special Educational NeedsPersonalized System of Instructionpersonalized system of Instruction

P.S.I. Personalized System of InstructionP/S Inventory Paradigmatic/Syntagmatic InventoryPSL Portugese as a second languagePSL Providence Island Sign LanguagePSL Providence Sign LanguagePT propositional theoryPTBLD The Pictorial Test of Bilingualism and Language DominancePVT Peabody Vocabulary TestPWO pragmatic word order

QATQSVT

Multicultural Quick Assessment TestQuick-Scoring Vocabulary Test

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RCC receptive communicative competenceRCT Reading Comprehension TestRCT Receptive Discrete Point Communicative Competence Testr/e racial/ethnicRE regular English programREAP Racial Ethnic Action ProjectRECAP Romanian-English Contrastive Analysis ProjectRH . right hemisphereRLAP Radio Language Arts Project.R.O.C.K. Region One Curriculum KitR.O.L.L. Region One Literacy LessonsRP Receivqd PronunciationR.P. received pronunciationRP/PP reproductive and communicative competenceARDS Rough Rock Demonstration SchoolRT reaction time

S second languageSABE Systematic Approaches to Bilingual EducationSABER Student Assistance in Bilingual Education and ResourcesSABOR Sound Approaches to Bilingualism and Opportunities' for

RecognitionSACLI Sistema di Analisi del Comportamento Linguistico dell'insegnanteSAE Standard American EnglishSAfEng South African EnglishSAID Speech Auto-Instructional DeviceSAID Speech Automated Instruction DeviceSALT Suggestive-Accelerative Learn!ng and TeachingSALT Suggestive-Accelerative Lozanov TeachingSAS Situational Attitude ScaleS.A.S. Situational Attitude ScaleSAT speech act theorySEE Standard Black EnglishSC Serbo-CroatSC Serbo-CroatianSC sociolinguistic competenceS&otEng Scottish EnglishSCPI Sign Communication Proficiency InterviewSCRP Supplemented Conventional Reading ProgramSCT Sociolinguistic Competence TestSD sound discriminationSDAS Speech Dialect Attitudinal ScaleSDL self-directed learningS.D.L. self-directed learningSE Standard EnglishSE standard EnglishSE standard English speakersSEE Seeing Essential EnglishS.E.F. Standard Educated FrenchSELL Spanish/English Language LearningS/ELPS Spanish/English Language Performance ScreeningSEng Standard English

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SERT Standard English Repetition TestSERVS Spanish-English Reading and Vocabulary ScreeningSESAT Spanish Stanford Early School Achievement TestSFC "Spanish for Communtcation"SFE Standard Filipino ;aglishSFE subjective frequent' estimationSFH Semantic Feature IypothesisSGES Audiovisual Structuro-GlobalSGAV Audio-Visual StrOcturo-GlobalSGAV audio-visual stilucturo- globalSGAV structural-global and audio-visualSGAV structuro-glcoal and audiovisualSGAV Structuro-Global AudiovisualSGAV Structuro- Global Audio-VisualSGAV structuro-global 'audio-visualSGAV Structuro Global Audio Visual MethodSGAV Structuro-Globil-Audio-Visual MethodSGAV Structuro-Global-Audio-Visual MethodologySGAV structuro-global-audio-visual methodologySGAV structuro-global method of audio-visual instructionSGAV structuro-globale (structural-whole) audio-visual approachSHC Speaker-Hearer ContinuumSHE Standard Highland EnglishSI simultaneous interpretationSILP self-instruction language programsSILP Self-Instructional Language ProgramSILP Self-Instructional Language ProgramsSILP self-instructional language programsSIP Spanish Immersion ProgramSIrEng Southern Ireland EnglishSITLES Los seminarios de inmersicin total en una lengua extranjera

dentro de un en enfoque comunicativoSJT Sentence Judgement TaskSL same-languageSL school languageSL second languageSL second-languageSL source languageSL source-languageSLA second language acquisitionSLA second-language acquisitionSLA secondary language acquisitionSLAC separate language acquisition contextSLEP Secondary Level English ProficiencySLEP Secondary Level English Proficiency TestSLEP secondary level English proficiency testSLEP Students of Limited English ProficiencySLEPs Students of Limited-English-ProficiencySLL Second Language LearnerSLL second language learningSLOPE Second Language Oral Production EnglishSLOPE Second Language Oral Production in EnglishSLOPE Second Language Oral Proficiency in EnglishSLOPE Second Language Oral Proficiency in English Test

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SLP Sri Lanka PortugeseSMARS socially meaningful alternative rules systemSME Singapore-Malaysian-EnglishSNS semi-native speakersSO speaker-orientationSOBER System for Objectives-Based Evaluation of ReadingSOMPA System of Multicultural Pluralistic AssessmentSORT Slossom 0,?al Reading TestSOS speaker-oriented strategySObs speaker-oriented strategiesSp SpanishSPD special-purpose dictionarySPDs special-purpose dictionariesSP-LT special-purpose language teachingSPLT Structured Photographic Language TestSPF sentence pattern formulasSR Situational ReinforcementSRT Sentence Repetition TaskSRTNHill Survey of Research Tool Needs in the Hispanic Languages and

LiteraturesSSL Spanish as a Second LanguageSSL Spanish as a second languageSSR Sustained Silent ReadingSSS Spanish for Spanish SpeakersS.S.S.D. standard Spanish as a second dialectSSSPI Spontaneous Speech Samples of ?aired InteractionsSTACL Screening Test for Auditory Comprehension of LanguageST'D Student Teams-Achievement DivisionsSTEL Structure Tests - English LanguageSTEP Sequential test of Educational ProgressSTIK Sprechhandlungstypen-Inventar fUr KinderSTM short term memorySTM short-term memory stageSTP Standard Thai ProcedureSTQ statement question formSTR scientific and technical RussianSTSG Screening Test of Spanish GrammarSTTE scientific, technological, and technical EnglishS.U.B.E. Success Under Spanish Bilingual EducationS.U.B.E. Success under Spanish Bilingual EducationSUCCESS Striving Upward through College and Career Education for Spanish

Speakers

T Tagalog:T target languageT textTACL Test for Auditory Comprehension of LanguageTACL test for Auditory Comprehension of LanguageTAE textbook analysis and evaluationTARP Targeted Achievement Reading ProgramTAS Test of Ability to SubordinateTBE Transitional Bilingual Education

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T.C.A.L.S. Test de Classement in Anglais Langue SecondeTE Technical EnglishTE translation equivalentTEFL Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageTEFL teaching English as a foreign languageTEFL teachllg of English as a foreign languageTEFL teaching of English as a foreign or second languageTEFL/TESL teaching English as a foreign/second languageTELE Trilingual Education Learning EnvironmentTELE Trilingual Education Learning Environment ProgramTEMAS "Tell-Me-a-Story"TEMS Tests of English for Migrant StudentsTENES Teaching English to Non-English SpeakersTENES "'caching of English to Non-English SpeakersTENL Teaching English as a Native Language to Nonstandard Dialect

SpeakersTEPSELT Test of Principles and Strategies of EnglishTESCOL Teaching of English to Scientists of Other LanguagesTES/FL teaching English as a 2nd foreign languageTESL English as a Second LanguageTESL Teaching English as a Second LanguageTESL teaching English as a second languageTESL teaching English-as-a-second languageTESL Teaching English to Speakers of Other LanguagesTESOL teaching English to speakers of other languagesTESOL Teaching of English to Speakers of Other LanguagesTESOL teaching of English to speakers of other languagesTESOL teaching of English to students of other languagesTESOL the teaching of English to speakers of other languagesTESOLD Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages and DialectsTESOLD teaching English to speakers of other languages and dialectsTESOL/US teachers of English to speakers of other languages in the

United StatesTESOL/US teaching of English as a second language in the United StatesTFI total French immersionTG transformational generativeTG Transformational Generative GrammarTGG transformational generative grammarTH translation hypothesisTIES Tracing Individual Ethnic SourcesT.I.P. total immersion programTJQ Teacher Judgement QuestionnaireTL target languageTLA Threshold Level for AdultsTLAT Thai Language Aptitude TestTLE teaching/learning/evaluationTLP Target Language ProficiencyTLS Threshold Level for SchoolsTO Traditional OrthographyT.O. Traditional OrthographyT.O. traditional orthographyt.o. traditional orthographyt/o traditional orthographyTOEFL English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language

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TOEIC Test of English for International CommunicationTOPESL Test of Proficiency in English as a Second LanguageTOPS Test of Oral Proficiency in SpanishTOSTP Toronto Office Skills Training ProjectTPR Total Physical ResponseTSA Target Situation AnalysisTSA target situation analysisTSE Test of Spoken EnglishTSG transformational school grammarTTSE Technical, Technological and Scientific EnglishTTSE Technical, Technological, and Scientific EnglishT.T.T. Traveling Teachers Teams2LL second language learning2LL second-language learning

UCH Unitary Competence HypothesisULP Unified Language ProjectUM: Unterrichtsmethode EnglishUMESPP University of Malaya English for Special Purposes ProjectU.P.O. Unidentified Pedagogical ObjectURRD State Urban, Rural, Racial, Disadvantaged Education ProgramsURRD Urban, Rural, Racial Disadvantaged Educational ProgramsURRD Urban, Rural, Racial, Disadvantaged Educational ProgramsURRD Urban, Rural, Racial Disadvantaged programUSEng United States English

VBE Vernacular Black EnglishVBE vernacular black EnglishVESL Vocational English as a Second LanguageVESL vocational English as second languageVG varieties grammarVIE Virgin Islands EnglishVIEC Virgin Islands English CreoleVOCAW Voices of Children Around the WorldVOT voice onset timeVOT voiced onset timeVSC Verbal Skills Curriculum

WAfEng West African EnglishWAVE West African Vernacular EnglishWEng Welsh EnglishWIC Words in ColorWIEDS Ways To Improve Education In Desegregated SchoolsWIEDS Ways to Improve Education in Desegregated SchoolsWIEng West Indian English

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IP

WIS West Indian StandardWME word meaning explanationWMEs word meaning explanationsWSL World Second LanguageWSLs World Second Languages

YOGAY.O.G.A.

Your Objectives, Guidelines & Assessment FormYour Objectives, Guidelines & Assessment Form

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