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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 372 245 CE 066 856
AUTHOR Paulet, J. L.TITLE Occupational Profiles: Thc Restoration and
Rehabilitation of the Architectural Heritage. CEDEFOPPanorama. Summary Report. 1st Edition.
INSTITUTION European Centre for the Development of VocationalTraining, Berlin (Germany).
PUB DATE Sep 93NOTE 49p.
PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Building Trades; Carpentry; Comparative Analysis;
Construction (Process); *Educational Needs;Electricians; Employment Patterns; *EmploymentQualifications; Flooring; Foreign Countries;Instructional Development; *Job Skills; Legislation;Masonry; Needs Assessment; Plumbing; Roofing;Standards; Student Certification; Tables (Data);*Trade and Industrial Education
IDENTIFIERS Belgium; France; Germany; *Historic Sites; Italy;*Restoration; United Kingdom
ABSTRACTThis report summarizes in tabular form the results of
national studies that were conducted in Belgium, France, Germany,Italy, and the United Kingdom.to identify the job skills andknowledge required of persons employed in the fields ofrehabilitation and conservation of historic buildings. Presented inchapter 1 is a comparative analysis of the situation existing withrespect to the following issues/aspects of therehabilitation/restoration sector of each of the five countries:legislation and regulation, scale of the market, firms and theirworkers, and training and qualifications. Chapter 2 consists of 14tables detailing the skills required in connection with eachcomponent of buildings needing rehabilitation/restoration. In thetables, information regarding parts of buildings, defects,contingencies, treatment, techniques, and knowledge is provided foreach of the following building components/restoration processes:foundations: walls; partition walls; floors; woodwork; roofcoverings; waterproofing and drainage; plasterwork; joinery; glazing;tiling and paving; painting; metalwork; and sanitary installations,heating, and electricity. Discussed in chapter 3 are considerationsentailed in building a pool of skilled workers in the restoration andrehabilitation trades and factors conducive to formulatingoccupational profiles (exchanges and networks, instructor training,and official recognition of qualifications). (MN)
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a. panoramaLL
L1.11 **** Occupational profiles
The restoration and rehabilitation of the architectural
* * * heritage
J.L. Pauletin collaboration with the CCCA, Paris
September 1993
1st edition, Berlin 1993
Edited by:
CEDEFOP European Centrefor the Dsvelopment of Vocational TrainingJean-Monnet-House,Bundesallee 22, D-10717 BerlinTel.: 49-30+88 41 20;Fax :49-30+88 41 22 22Telex 184 163 eucen d
The Centre was established by Regulation (EEC)No 337/75 of the Council of 10 February 1975
Summary report
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication
Berlin: CEDEFOP European Centre for the Developmentof Vocational Training, 1993
Reproduction of this text for non-commercial purposes is authorized oncondition that the source is indicated
Printed in Germany
Foreword by CEDEFOPOccupational profiles in the fields of rehabilitation and the conservation of historic build-ings are hard to define since they involve qualifications grafted onto the conventionalbuilding sector trades'. These supplementary qualifications call for an extensive knowl-edge of the history of architecture and of advanced technologies in addition to those inuse in former times. These at(ibutes are rare on the European labour market, a fact whichis revealed, unfortunately, when old buildings are restored without sufficient account beingtaken of the original plans, ma'arials and processes.
On the basis of the five national reports, the present summary report recapitulates intabular form all the common elements of occupational profiles linking skills with the de-mands of the activities in question. In our view, these tables could be used as guidelinesby all present and future Member States of the Community wishing to implement nationalinitial and continuing training measures. The saying that the whole is greater than the sumof its parts seems to be confirmed in this connection.
We hope that the tables presented here will constitute a contribution to cooperation andexchanges between national vocational training systems and that the related occupationalprofiles will be accorded the consideration they merit in all countries.
The individual national reports from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and the UnitedKi, gdom have already been published in English, French and the language of origin. Thissummary report will appear in five languages (English, French, German, Italian andSpanish) to ensure the widest possible dissemination among decision-makers and thoseresponsible for training in Europe.
E. Retuerto de la Torre G. ChornéDeputy Director Project Director
1) On this subject, see the CEDEFOP publication: Comparability of Vocational Training Qualifications in the Construction Sector,Official Journal of the EEC, no C 292 of 20. 11. 1989.
5
Index
Preface by the CCCA
Foreword
Chapter 1 - The situation
1.1 Legislation and regulation1.2 The scale of the market1.3 Firms and their workers1.4 Training and qualifications
Chapter 2 - nncipal characteristics of the occupational profiles
The table headings
Chapter 3 Conclusions
3.1 Constituting a pool of skilled workers in the restoration and rehabilitation trades ..
3.1.1 Training needs3.1.2 Knowledge and skills
3.2 Factors conducive to the constitution of occupational prc.'"Is
3.2.1 Exchanges and networks3.2.2 Instructor training
3.3 Action by industry, training bodies and the authorities
3.3.1 Determining profiles and functions3.3.2 Setting up training projects3.3.3 The official recognition of qualifications
PrefaceThe CCCA-BTP2 is a building industry tradebody concerned for more than forty yearswith training and entry to the labour marketfor young people in the building and publicworks sector in France.
Following the Second World War, theeconomic situation, the existence of tradebodies and workers' organisations and theurgent need to rebuild in countries ravagedby war combined to lead to the adoption ofeducation and training systems stronglyinfluenced by national cultural factors.
In some countries, in-firm training tookprecedence over classroom training; inothers, training was centred mainly on newbuilding, while in yet others preference wasgiven to the maintenance, repair andrestoration of existing buildings.
On the technical side, it should also benoted that building works undertaken in thefifties and sixties were based on construc-tion methods identical or at least verysimilar to those in use at the beginning ofthe century.
Traditional materials would be used, forexample:
stone, brick or concrete block materials,rendered or otherwise;
structural elements and fittings in wood orsteel;
sanitary and heating installations usinglead, copper, steel or caste iron piping;
finishing materials applied to renderedsurfaces, etc.
The demand for better thermil and acousticinsulation and better security did not reallyarise until the 1970s, prompted by theavailability of multipurpose compositematerials.
All this brought about a radical change inthe nature of training for the building trades,which until then had derived from deeply-rooted traditions in which the industries inthe various countries differed mainly asregards the materials used and the tools,which had been progressively adapted tosuit those materials. Substantial differencesin these respects existed from one countryto another.
The CCCA-BTP therefore focussed ontraining young people in the new tech-
1
niques, the use of new materials, tools andequipment, and the new industrializedconstruction methods (e.g. the use ofprefabricated elements and new formworktechniques in reinforced concrete construc-tion, and also the principles of thermal andacoustic insulation, which now involve anumber of different trades) .
At the same time, however, the CCCA wasconcerned :n preservation of traditionalskills necessary for the maintenance,repair, restoration and rehabilitation of oldbuildings.
It should be recalled that maintenance,repair and restoration work accounts forover half of all activity in the building sectorin France.
In consequence, at the beginning of the1980s the CCCA called for the creation of asupplementary training course to lead toadvanced vocational qualifications in thefield of the restoratbn of historic buildings.
In concert with the Ministry of Educationand after consultation with the CCCA'sEuropean counterparts through theREFORME network3, a national diplomaattesting to advanced qualifications in thisspecific field was established.
In 1990, when CEDEFOP presente-d itsproject aimed at better defining occupa-tional profiles in the fields of restoration andrehabilitation, the CCCA thought this ideaespecially opportune and pertinent.
However, since we did not possess theresources necessary to carry out this studyourselves, we called on Jean-Louis Pau let,one of our associates whose variousqualifications made him especially suitablefor carrying out this work in concert with theCCCAs. Architect, builder and teacher, hisactivities have been concentrated for manyyears on the restoration of old buildings.
He also pioneered training methods involv-ing the use of training sites, adding a newdimension to the training/work-experiencesystems strongly advocated by the CCCA.
For my part, I have followed the preparationof this summary report with considerableinterest.
Meetings with our European counterpartsand visits to a number of restoration sitesenabled us to better understand the princi-
ples and practice of restoration and reha-bilitation in the various countries repre-sented.
We were also prompted to rethink ourapproach and review our practices andorganizations to enable us to respond moreeffectively, to the requirements of thissteadily growing market which is, in addi-tion, potentially an attractive sector formany young Europeans.
I should like to express my thanks toCEDEFOP for the progress it has helped usto achieve in this area .
Jacques LorthioirDirector of Training
1)Comité Central de Coordination de l'Apprentissage duBâtiment et des Travaux Publics (Central Commitee for theCoordination of Training in the Building and Public WorksSector)7, rue du Dounier Rousseau, 75680 PARIS CEDEX 14
2)REFORME (REstauration,FORMation,Europe) Network forexchanges between building industry personnel and bodiesresponsible for the the promotion of training. FORMEDIL(Italy) holds the presidency at the present time.
2
8
ForewordThis report represents the second stage ofthe "occupational profiles" programmeapplied to the field of the restoration andrehabilitation of the architectural heritage. Itis based on reports prepared in 1991 in fiveCommunity countries - Belgium, France,Germany, Italy and the United Kingdomand already published by CEDEFOP.
The aim of this report is to identify, in therespective national situations, commonelements, common characteristics orelements specific to one country whichcould be promoted at European level;identify the principal elemeMs in the con-tent of the various qualifications in thissector; and formulate a number of propos-als regarding the related occupationalprofiles.
The reader is referred to the nationalreports already published for details of thesituations in the respective countries.
39
Chapter 1 The situationWhile the situation in the sector concernedvaries in many ways from one country toanother, a comparison of the nationalreports at once highlights an importantfactor: the definition of the architecturalheritage.
Almost everywhere, this definition whichhas gradually been broadened is basedon an earlier conception limited to buildingsof historical or cultural interest which it wasdesired to preserve and restore.
The ICOMOS Charter distinguishes be-tween the conservation of ancient buildings,which implies ongoing maintenance,respect for their characteristics and thepreservation of their environment, andrestoration, entailing a radical operationdesigned to ensure the preservation of abuilding carried out on an exceptionalbasis.
This definition was subsequently extendedto cover the surroundings of the buildings inquestion, giving rise to the concept ofhistoric centre or site, while today otherbuildings in the vicinity besides those ofmore recent construction are also included.In the latter case, the concept of rehabilita-tion applies.
Despite the deeply rooted cultural differ-ences between European countries, certaincommon elements can be discerned,making it possible to sketch the outlines fora concept of the architectural heritage andthe operations required for its preservation,whether restoration or rehabilitation.
The significance of these two terms, how-ever, is not strictly identical from onecountry to another. While the term restora-tion" is generally used solely in connectionwith historic buildings, rehabilitation" has amore variable meaning; in some countries itis synonymous with restoration, while inothers it refers to renovation work carriedout on recent buildings in a poor state ofrepair.
In the countries studied, therefore, differentlevels of intervention are specified inrespect of the architectural heritage (see, inparticular, the UK report by DavidMatthews) in accordance with the state ofpreservation, historical or cultural signifi-cance and intended use following restora-tion of the buildings in question.
In this study the following general defini-tions will be used:
the aim of restoration is to preserve thecharacter and significance of a building,restoring its original appearance;
the aim of rehabilitation is to return abuilding to a state in which it fulfils itsintended function. When it also concernsthe building's appearance, it is partlysynonymous with restoration.
1.1 Legislation and regula-tion
Given this evolution in the significance ofthe terms used, it would be logical to expecta parallel development in the relatedlegislation in the countries under study.
In every country the first measures in thisarea were adopted some time ago, oftendating back to the end of the 19th orbeginning of the 20th century. They wereinvariably aimed at the preservation andrestoration of historic buildings. Manycountries subsequently established lists ofbuildings protected under these measures(e.g. France, Italy, and the United King-dom).
In certain cases the legislation was devel-oped no further. In most countries, how-ever, the provisions in this area weregradually extended in line with the broaden-ing of the field covered.
4
In this way new provisions were introducedgoverning historic sites or centres (Italy),establishing conservation areas (UnitedKingdom), or combining several of theseideas (France).
The State intervenes at levels which varyfrom one country to another: in France, thisarea is mainly the responsibility of thecentral government, though often actingthrough its decentralized s9rvices, while inthe United Kingdom publid authorities atvarious levels are involved; in Italy thecentral, regionaI and local authorities allhave an important part to play.
In addition to protecting historic buildings, insome cases the legislation also coversfirms carrying out restoration work. In Italy,a series of restoration charters" issuedover the past sixty years embody recom-mendations regarding the principles to befollowed by firms working on buildingssubject to State protection. The quest for
1 0
specialized firms and the criteria with whichto evaluate their capacities are matters ofconcern in all the countries studied. InFrance, Authorisation 15 (specialization inhistoric buildings) is accorded to firms by acommittee comprising government andbuilding trade representatives. In Italy, theregional authorities select firms with experi-ence in the field of restoration from anunofficial list. Both these cases solelyconcern firms selected to carry out work onhistoric buildings.
A third aspect of intervention by the publicauthorities is financial aid to private indi-viduals or bodies for restoration or rehabili-tation work. This may take two forms, asfollows:
aid for the restoration of buildings of historicinterest (which does not necessarily meanthat they must be very old), involvingsubsidies (e.g. France and Belgium), taxconcessions (Italy, in some cases), or both(United Kingdom);
aid for rehabilitation of districts in disrepairand disadvantaged populations. Pro-grammes of this kind are aimed at a socialobjective as well as the renovation of urbanzones (France, Belgium and Germany).
However, in general legislative provisionshave had little direct influence on systemsof training and qualifications. Even wheregovernments demand that firms working onhistoric buildings should possess specificcompetencies, they confine themselves toseeking firms with experience of this type ofoperation, without stipulating that theworkers involved must hold particularqualifications.
Since 1975. the European architecturalheritage year, the (Community has gradu-ally been introducing legislation at Euro-pean level to replace these measures.
1.2 The scale of the market
The vigorous development of regulatoryactivity in this field paralleled the growingconcern on the part of the public authori-ties, intermediate structures (e.g. in theUnited Kingdom) and individuals, making itnecessary to provide a legal framework forrestoration and rehabilitation to ensure thatquality standards were maintained. DavidMatthews, in particular, cites the ups anddowns suffered by the British architecturalheritage over long periods.
The market share of restoration and reha-bilitation - including maintenance work is
growing in all countries, and ranges from30-50% in Belgium to 50% of the overallmarket in Italy and France. Everywhere astrong trend can be seen towards preserv-ing and using historic buildings, situatingcurrent activities in a historic context andfinding means to reconcile contemporarylife with the cultural and architecturalheritage - and its long development thatthese buildings represent.
New functions are being found for increas-ing numbers of old buildings, while therenovation and rehabilitation of historiccities and centres is gathering pace.
However, neither public nor private promot-ers are necessarily aware of the particularproblems arising in connection with work onexisting buildings, which are sometimesinhabited during the operation. Regulationis not always sufficient to ensure the qualityof the result, which largely depends on thefirms involved.
1.3 Firms and their workers
There are few specialist firms in this field,most working on both new construction andexisting buildings. This is true in all thecountries studied, resulting in numerousdeficiencies in the quality of restoration andrehabilitation work. Everywhere, stress waslaid on the damage caused by the applica-tion of inadequately mastered moderntechnologies to older buildings. In everycountry the need for higher levels of com-petence and better quality work on the partof the firms was repeatedly asserted;however, firms fear that if they providetraining, the personnel in question willsubsequently leave to set up on their ownaccount.
While high-grade restoration work onbuildings of historic interest is carried out byhighly qualified personnel, the quality ofwork carried out on buildings of lesserimportance is much more variable. In suchcases firms try to operate simply by adapt-ing standard methods to particular technicalrequirements, since many new constructionpractices Can still be employed. In certaincountries (e.g. the United Kingdom andItaly), firms obtaining contracts for work inthis field will sometimes subcontract opera-tions for which they do not possess thenecessary skills.
The extent of the problem can be seen atonce from the fact that many countriescomplain of the deskilling of buildingindustry workers. Of the live countriesstudied, three stress this point specifically
5
1 1
(Belgium, France and Italy). The loss ofknow-how, the decline of the traditionaltrades, the lack of adequate diagnosticskills, and the frequent use of techniquesincompatible with the nature of the build-ings worked on are some of the mostfrequently cited problems.
The problem is worsened by the fact that7 these trades are unattractive to young
people, with the result that know-how is notpassed on and there are insufficient num-bers of young technicians and supervisorystaff in the industry to ensure the mainte-nance of high skill levels.
All five countries expressed a need forskilled manpower, with some (e.g. Ger-many) pointing to a demand for certainparticular trades.
In most countries, however, collectiveagreements generally make no provision intheir classifications for speCialized qualifica-tions relating to rehabilitation and restora-tion.
In most cases tasks relating to restorationor rehabilitation are specified only at highqualification levels though with no specificdenomination. In the labour market, distinc-tions are sometimes made between new-building workers and rehabilitation andrestoration specialists especially asregards pay levels. In France, however, agiven specialization does not always giverise to the same benefits, since firmsaccorded Authorization 15 are generallySMEs and salary levels are sometimes low;other specialist workers, on the other hand,o'otain good pay levels.
1.4 Training and qualifica-tions
No system of qualifications specific torestoration and rehabilitation exists in anyof the countries represented. In every casebasic qualifications relate to new construc-tion, to the extent that the share of tradi-tional technologies in the related training isbeing steadily reduced.
Restoration and rehabilitation skills aretherefore acquired essentially through on-the-job training or continuing trainingcourses. Certificates or other formal attes-tations to the skills acquired in this way arerarely accorded. In addition, the situationappears to differ sharply from one countryto another.
In the United Kingdom, skill shortages areacute; firms apparently make little effort to
train their workers for fear that they willsubsequently be tempted away by one oftheir competitors.
Even in Germany, where continuing trainingfor these trades is considered to be welldeveloped, specific qualifications in conser-vation/restoration/maintenance relate onlyto high levels of specialized technicaltraining such as that provided by thetechnical universities.
In France, the first specific endorsement(European Level III) to initiate continuingtraining qualifications was introduced by theMinistry of Education on the CCCA'sinitiative. It is rarely accorded, however,and here too there is a crying need to domore.
This example is somewhat similar to thesituation in Belgium, where training isessentially given in the school system;however, in some cases students have theoption at age of 16 or 18 of following a one-year specialization course which includessupplementary training in rehabilitation andrestoration. This course is available only toa Iimiteenumber of students; however,training activities are also organized byfirms.
It is true that the importance of skills spe-cific to rehabilitation and restoration andsupplementary to the basic skills of thetrade varies significantly from one trade toanother. While a knowledge of older tech-niques is indispensable, it is far from beingthe only specific capacity required tobecome a fully trained specialist in therehabilitation and restoration of historicbuildings. An aptitude for diagnosis is alsoneeded, to a degree varying with theworker's level of responsibility on the site.
6
A capacity to choose the appropriate formof intervention - including the use of innova-tive technologies - is one of the foremostrequirements for work on existing buildings.
Public concern about old buildings com-bined with the inability of the industry andtraining bodies to provide an adequateresponse to this concern have, however,brought about certain new developmentsduring the past few years.
In Italy the Collective Agreement (Article88) now provides for the possibility ofsetting up training firms" to train futurebuilding industry personnel, in which oldertechniques are being gradually redevelopedunder the aegis of FORMEDIL, the coordi-nating body. In the United Kingdom mea-sures were adopted in 1986 to establish aframework of National Vocational Qua Mica-
12
tions; in the field of conservation, this workwas entrusted to COSQUEC. In France, aqualification in the form of an endorsementRestoration of the architectural heritage(carcass work)", prepared under the aegisof the CCCA, has been introduced and isnow recognised by the Ministry of Educa-tion as a Level III (European) diploma. TheFrench report also describes the firsttraining course for rehabilitation engineers,launched by the Limousine RegionalTraining Association (AREF-BTP) in con-junction with the CNAM. In Belgium, theprincipal new development is the SaintHubert training site, while in Germany, theChambers of Crafts have developedtraining courses in rehabilitation with aduration of up to 13 months for foremen,site supervisors and technicians, leading toa qualification in rehabilitation work.
Citing only the most striking examples (byno means an exhaustive list) from thecountries studied demonstrates the recentproliferation of initiatives launched inresponse to growing needs and an expand-ing market. However, there remains aconsiderabie. gap in both quantitative andqualitative terms between these beginningsand actual and potential needs.
Since the qualifications in this sector haveonly very recently been established, theyhave not yet been fully shaped by theinfluence of local cultural factors andtraditions. Occupational profiles can there-fore be developed which take account oftraditions specific to the country in question,while being consonant with broadly compa-rable profiles at European level.
This illustrates the objective of the occupa-tional profiles" programme, here applied tothe restoration and rehabilitation trades.
The aim of the next chapter is to define, inrelation to each of the component parts of abuilding, the basic skills required - inwhichever country they are exercised. Thisdoes not obviate the need for adaptation ordiffering emphasis to correspond to theparticular features of the respective tradesin each country.
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Chapter 2 Principal characteristics ofthe occupational profiles
The tables which follow set out the skillsrequired in connection with each con-stitutent part of a building. In the variouscountries of the Community a given task isnot necessarily performed by a member ofthe same trade. The problem, then, is tosituate certain skills listed as relating to thisor that trade within their national contexts,taking account of the fact that groups ofskills are combined in different ways in thevarious countries to constitute trades, as isclearly shown in the respective nationalreports. Similarly, the tasks listed do notalways fall within the same functions.
Consequently, in the respective countriesdifferent skill levels are required to fulfill thevarious functions, in accordance with thelevel of responsability involved.
For the occupational profiles we are con-cerned with, a basic knowledge of thetrades provides the foundation to which thespecialized skills are added.
The tables are concerned with skills spe-cific to restoration and rehabilitation:
the aim of restoration is to conserve andenhance the aesthetic and historic value ofa building, on the basis of a respect for itsoriginal fabric and a study of authenticdocuments (Venice Charter);
rehabilitation concerns the renovation of abuilding using contemporary materials,possibly with the addition of new structuresrequired in some cases to improve comfortand safety.
The table headings1. Parts of buildingsThis concerns parts of existing buildingssubject to defects. Given the multiplicity ofcases, general denominations are used tocover a variety of situations calling forsimilar treatment.
For example, projection or overhang"covers cornices or balconies in stone orconcrete.
2 . DefectsThis refers to observable defects, thoughwithout identifying their causes, whichconcern contingency management.
For example, surface fissures may arisefrom poor construction, but also fromshifting masonry or fractures caused byfrost.
3. ContingenciesThis column lists the situations regularlyencountered on restoration and rehabilita-tion sites (those which normally concernparticular trades are described in theprovisions relating to the comparability ofqualifications).
They relate directly to the specific skillsre-quired to deal with them.
4. TreatmentThis column lists the tasks to be performed.In certain cases, new-build techniques maybe sufficient, when backed up by special-ized knowledge. The treatment selecteddepends on the results of the diagnosis.
5. TechniquesThis column, together with column 6("Knowledge"), describes the range of skillsand competencies required. The tech-niques applied vary according to thetreatment selected, which depends on theresults of the diagnosis.
6. KnowledgeThis column summarizes the knowledgerequired for the different types of work.However, the level required may be as-sessed in terms of levels of training orspecialization.
The minimum knowledge required for eachoperation carried out on existing buildingsis listed. However, in addition there are twofundamental requirements:
knowledge and skills must be orientedtowards the specific purposes of rehabilita-tion or restoration, to enable the quality ofwork carried out to be assessed;
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a marked aptitude for diagnosis is alsoessential.
It should be noted that certain operations(tasks) are regularly required in restorationand rehabilitation work: these includeshoring, sheeting, measurement, diagnosis,dismantling and reassembly. .
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of o
ldm
ater
ials
& th
eir
empl
oym
ent
Env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts
on b
uild
ings
Com
patib
ility
of o
ld &
new
mat
eria
lsT
ypes
of d
ecor
atio
n &
styl
es
Kno
wle
dge
of s
tatic
s &
stre
ngth
of m
ater
ials
,ap
plie
d to
com
pres
-si
on, t
ensi
on, o
r be
nd-
ing
stre
sses
in s
impl
est
ruct
ures
19
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
.M
orta
rs &
ren
derin
g of
vario
us ty
pes
Pro
ject
ions
, cor
nice
s,et
c.
Cem
ent r
ende
ring
20
Def
ects
Det
achm
ent
Pee
ling
Fis
sure
s
Det
achm
ent
Dis
inte
grat
ion
Des
truc
tion
Dis
appe
aran
ce
Edg
e cr
acki
ngC
orro
sion
of r
einf
orci
ngel
emen
ts
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Dis
lodg
emen
t of
mas
onry
Dis
cove
ry o
f ele
men
tsof
val
ueP
repa
rato
ry w
ork
for
trea
tmen
t of s
urfa
ces
Oth
er
Rep
air
of s
uppo
rtin
gst
ruct
ure
Fra
ctur
ing
of r
einf
orc-
ing
elem
ents
Det
achm
ent o
f ele
-m
ents
Tre
atm
ent
Com
plet
e di
sass
embl
yD
ism
antli
ng &
par
tial
stre
ngth
enin
gIn
ject
ion
Sub
stitu
tion
of m
ater
ials
Cle
anin
g of
sto
new
ork
usin
g te
chno
logi
esap
prop
riate
for
the
mat
eria
ls &
pro
duct
sus
ed
Sho
ring
Dis
man
tling
&re
asse
mbl
yF
abric
atio
n of
iden
tical
elem
ents
, of s
imila
rco
mpo
sitio
n or
oth
er-
wis
e
Inje
ctio
n
Ren
ovat
ion
of e
le-
men
ts b
y cl
eani
ng &
inje
ctio
n
PA
RT
ITIO
N W
ALL
S
Tec
hniq
ues
Dre
ssin
gW
ashi
ngR
ef ix
ing
with
out d
am-
age
to s
urfa
ce
Ope
ratio
n of
inec
tion
&/o
r dr
illin
g m
achi
nery
or e
quip
men
t
Inje
ctio
nM
akin
g go
od o
n to
p of
rein
forc
ing
elem
ents
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldm
ater
ials
& b
uild
ing
met
hods
Env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts
on b
uild
ings
Com
patib
ility
of o
ld &
new
mat
eria
lsT
ypes
of d
ecor
atio
n &
styl
es
Tec
hnol
ogy
of p
rodu
cts
for
mak
ing
good
21
FLO
OR
S
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gsD
efec
tsC
ontin
genc
ies
Tre
atm
ent
Tec
hniq
ues
Bin
ders
, com
mon
jois
tsC
orro
sion
& v
ario
usE
ffect
s on
par
titio
nS
horin
gB
raci
ng&
trim
mer
jois
ts.
type
s of
dec
ayw
alls
Str
engt
heni
ngIn
ject
ion
Des
truc
tion
of r
ende
r-S
ubst
itutio
nG
luin
g
Fra
mew
ork
of v
ario
usty
pes
Fle
xion
ing
& p
last
erin
gD
isin
tegr
atio
n of
stru
ctur
e
Hol
low
floo
ring
bloc
ksA
nim
al o
r fu
ngal
infe
stat
ion
Des
truc
tion
of m
ater
ials
Noi
seIn
ject
ion
2°
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldm
ater
ials
and
met
hods
Env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts
on b
uild
ings
Com
patib
ility
of o
ld &
new
mat
eria
lsT
ypes
of d
ecor
atio
n &
styl
es
Com
patib
ility
bet
wee
nsu
bstit
ute
mat
eria
ls &
thos
e or
igin
ally
use
d
23
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs D
ef e
cts
Roo
f tru
sses
& r
afte
rs
Str
uctu
res
carr
ying
deco
ratio
n
Dec
ay d
ue to
:-
inse
ct in
fest
atio
n;-
fung
i;hu
mid
ity
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Dis
inte
grat
ion
Effe
ct o
n su
ppor
ting
mas
onry
Tre
atm
ent
Sho
ring
Cle
anin
gB
raci
ngS
ubst
itutio
nIm
preg
natio
n
WO
OD
WO
RK
Tec
hniq
ues
Use
of s
ynth
etic
prod
ucts
Wor
k by
han
dF
abric
atio
n of
tool
s
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of p
rodu
cts
used
for
trea
tmen
t
Typ
es o
f dec
orat
ion
&st
yles
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Cov
erin
g in
nat
ural
mat
eria
ls
Cov
erin
g in
pre
fabr
i-ca
ted
mat
eria
ls o
rsh
eet m
etal
Ligh
tnin
g co
nduc
tor
26
Def
ect
sW
ear
& te
ar
Det
erio
ratio
n
Abs
ence
or
dest
ruct
ion
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Det
erio
ratio
n of
sup
-po
rtin
g st
ruct
ure
Dan
gero
us a
cces
s.
Tre
atm
ent
Sub
stitu
tion
adap
ted
tofit
str
uctu
re
Rep
lace
men
t with
iden
tical
mat
eria
ls
Mai
nten
ance
or
fittin
gof
new
equ
ipm
ent
RO
OF
CO
VE
RIN
GS
Tec
hniq
ues
Wor
king
of m
ater
ials
by
hand
Ref
ittin
g fo
llow
ing
lines
of e
xist
ing
stru
ctur
e
Use
of h
and
tool
s
Kno
wlP
dge
Kno
wle
dge
of o
ldte
chni
ques
& m
etho
dsE
nviro
nmen
tal e
ffect
son
mat
eria
ls
Ele
ctric
ity
27
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs-
Gut
terin
g &
flas
hing
s
Dec
orat
ive
elem
ents
,hi
p til
es &
cor
nice
s
Def
ect
s C
ontin
genc
ies
Cor
rosi
onD
estr
uctio
nE
ffect
s on
sup
port
ing
stru
ctur
e
Dis
inte
grat
ion
WA
TE
RP
RO
OF
ING
& D
RA
INA
GE
Tre
atm
ent
Fab
ricat
ion
and
fittin
gof
rus
t-pr
oofe
d el
e-m
ents
Tec
hniq
ues
Mea
surin
g of
ele
men
tsIm
preg
natio
n te
ch-
niqu
es
Kno
wle
dge
Typ
es o
f arc
hite
ctur
alde
cora
tion
Env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts
on m
ater
ials
Ele
ctro
lytic
phe
nom
ena
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Stu
cco,
fibr
ous
plas
ter
& p
last
er e
lem
ents
on
plan
e su
rfac
es
Inte
rior
proj
ectio
ns,
corn
ices
, etc
.03
30
Def
ects
Sca
ling
Pee
ling
Fis
sure
s
Des
truc
tion
of m
ater
ials
Dis
lodg
emen
tD
isin
tegr
atio
nD
estr
uctio
nD
isap
pear
ance
Con
tinge
ncie
sSI
MM
II
Dis
lodg
emen
t of
mas
onry
Dis
cove
ry o
f ele
men
tsof
val
ueP
repa
rato
ry w
ork
for
trea
tmen
t of s
urfa
ces
Oth
er
Dis
inte
grat
ion
offr
amew
ork
As
abov
e
PLA
ST
ER
WO
RK
Tre
atm
ent T
echn
ique
sC
ompl
ete
disa
ssem
bly
Par
tial s
tren
gthe
ning
Inje
ctio
nR
epai
r us
ing
mat
eria
lsid
entic
al to
orig
inal
Fix
ing
of p
refa
bric
ated
elem
ents
in m
ater
ials
iden
tical
in fo
rm &
com
posi
tion,
or
fittin
gof
ele
men
ts in
sub
sti-
tute
mat
eria
ls
Cle
anin
g us
ing
tech
-ni
ques
app
ropr
iate
tom
ater
ials
& p
rodu
cts
Mea
surin
g of
ele
men
ts,
draw
ing,
mou
ldin
gA
pplic
atio
n of
sub
sti-
tute
pro
duct
sF
ixin
g sy
stem
s
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldm
ater
ials
& m
etho
dsC
limat
ic e
ffect
sC
ompa
tibili
ty o
f old
and
new
mat
eria
lsT
ypes
of a
rchi
tect
ural
deco
ratio
nT
echn
olog
y of
adh
e-si
ves
& fi
nish
ing
prod
ucts 31
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Doo
rs, w
indo
ws
&sh
utte
rs
Pan
nelli
ng &
par
quet
32
Def
ect
sD
efor
mat
ion
Det
erio
ratio
n re
sulti
ngfr
om v
ario
us d
ecay
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Infil
trat
ion
Wea
r &
tear
Virt
ual d
estr
uctio
n of
elem
ents
JOIN
ER
Y
Tre
atm
ent T
echn
ique
sS
ubst
itutio
n of
ele
-m
ents
Str
engt
heni
ng
Mea
sure
men
tF
abric
atio
n of
tool
sT
reat
men
t of w
oodw
ork
Mea
sure
men
tM
ould
ing
Rep
air
of s
uppo
rtst
ruct
ure
Inje
ctio
nT
reat
men
t by
appl
ica-
tion
of v
ario
usno
ninj
urio
us p
rodu
cts
Kno
wle
dge
Insp
ectio
n &
ass
ess-
men
t of c
ondi
tion
ofbu
ildin
gH
isto
ry o
f arc
hite
ctur
e&
dec
orat
ion
(esp
e-ci
ally
furn
ishi
ngs
&de
cora
tive
elem
ents
)K
now
ledg
e of
mat
eria
ls&
res
tora
tion
tech
-ni
ques
Ply
& in
layi
ng te
ch-
niqu
esS
urfa
ce tr
eatm
ent o
fw
ood
with
out d
amag
eto
mat
eria
lW
ood
carv
ing
& in
lay-
ing
Met
hods
of c
lean
ing,
prot
ectio
n &
rei
nfor
ce-
men
tP
olis
hing
& g
ildin
gte
chni
ques
Orn
amen
tatio
n &
calli
grap
hyT
horo
ugh
know
ledg
e of
& c
apac
ity fo
r fr
eedr
awin
g, c
onst
ruct
ion
draw
ing,
per
spec
tive
draw
ing
& d
iagr
amdr
awin
g 33
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Lead
ed g
lass
Dou
ble
glaz
ing
orse
cond
ary
glaz
ing
34
Def
ect
sB
reak
age
or d
eter
iora
-tio
n of
gla
ssC
orro
sion
of l
ead
cam
es
Wea
r &
tear
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Effe
cts
on s
uppo
rtin
gst
ruct
ure
Det
erio
rate
d or
frag
ilesu
ppor
ts
Tre
atm
ent
Cle
anin
g of
gla
ssR
elea
ding
& p
utty
ing
ofgl
ass
Str
engt
heni
ng o
fsu
ppor
ts
GLA
ZIN
G
Tec
hniq
ues
Gla
zier
's s
kills
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of g
lazi
ngC
ompo
sitio
n of
old
glas
sH
eat-
rela
ted
calc
ula-
tions
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldm
ater
ials
Env
ironm
enta
l effe
cts
on m
ater
ials
Pro
duct
ion
of c
olou
red
glas
s su
rfac
es, g
lass
inse
rts
& th
e us
e of
pain
ts o
n gl
ass
Res
tora
tion
of w
indo
ws
of h
isto
ric in
tere
st:
glas
s si
gns
& le
tters
,gl
ass
mos
aics
Oth
er g
lazi
ng w
ork
usin
g le
ad, b
rass
, etc
.
The
se s
uppl
emen
tary
qual
ifica
tions
sol
ely
conc
ern
spec
ial s
kills
rela
ting
to a
rtw
orks
&th
eir
rest
orat
ion.
The
ydo
not
invo
lve
spec
iali-
zatio
n in
arc
hite
ctur
alre
stor
atio
n
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gsD
e f e
cts
Tili
ng
Mos
aics
Gra
nolit
hic
Pavi
ng
Det
erio
ratio
n of
sur
-fa
ces
Des
truc
tion
of s
ettin
gD
isap
pear
ance
of
elem
ents
Des
truc
tion
of p
arts
of
elem
ents
Dis
appe
aran
ce o
fel
emen
tsU
neve
nnes
s
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Frag
ile o
r da
mag
edsu
ppor
ting
stru
ctur
es
Tre
atm
ent
Dis
asse
mbl
yA
pplic
atio
n of
app
ropr
i-at
e pr
oduc
ts
Rep
air
of s
ettin
gs o
rsu
ppor
tsR
econ
stitu
tion
ofde
sign
with
iden
tical
mat
eria
l
Rec
onst
itutio
n of
prod
ucts
with
app
ropr
i-at
e m
ater
ials
Rem
oval
& r
efitt
ing
Subs
titut
ion
of id
entic
alm
ater
ials
TIL
ING
& P
AV
ING
Tec
hniq
ues
Use
of
fini
shin
g pr
od-
ucts
Cem
entin
g
Mou
ldin
gC
emen
ting
Tre
atm
ent b
y ap
plic
a-tio
n of
sui
tabl
e pr
od-
ucts
Ana
lysi
s of
com
posi
tion
Pavi
ng te
chni
ques
Kno
wle
dge
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldm
ater
ials
Typ
es o
f fl
oori
ngde
cora
tion
As
abov
e
Cut
ting
tech
niqu
es
Gra
nolit
hic
tech
nolo
gy
Solid
ity o
f gr
ound
or
supp
orts
acc
ordi
ng to
use
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gsD
efec
tsC
ontin
genc
ies
Tre
atm
ent
Mur
al p
aint
ing
Det
achm
ent
Loss
of b
inde
rD
efec
tive
supp
ort
surf
aces
Ref
ixin
g
Sta
ins
Irre
gula
r di
scol
oura
tion
Fre
sco
pain
ting
Det
achm
ent
Def
ectiv
e su
ppor
tsR
emov
al, R
epai
r of
supp
ort s
urfa
ces
Ref
ixin
g
Irre
gula
r di
scol
oura
tion
Uns
uita
ble
earli
er w
ork
Rem
oval
or
appl
icat
ion
of p
igm
ents
of t
hesa
me
com
posi
tion
1\.)
1\)
,
Pai
ntin
g on
woo
dD
etac
hmen
tD
efec
tive
supp
orts
Res
tora
tion
of c
olou
rs
Loss
of b
inde
rS
tain
sIr
regu
lar
disc
olou
ratio
n
Wal
l cov
erin
gs o
fva
rious
type
sIr
regu
lar
disc
olou
ratio
nR
ef ix
ing
Gild
ing
Det
achm
ent
PA
INT
ING
Tec
hniq
ues
Mic
ro-in
ject
ion
Use
of a
dhes
ives
Ant
ique
fini
shin
gT
reat
men
t by
appl
ica-
tion
of s
uita
ble
prod
-uc
ts
Use
of a
dhes
ives
Tre
atm
ent b
y ap
plic
atio
nof
sui
tabl
e pr
oduc
ts
Kno
wle
dge,
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ldpa
intin
gsH
isto
ry o
f the
tech
-ni
ques
of p
aint
ing
Fre
sco
pain
ting
tech
-ni
ques
Lim
e pl
aste
r te
chno
logy
Age
of f
resc
o pa
intin
gs
Age
of m
ural
pai
nt'n
gs
Tec
hnol
ogy
of o
ld w
all
cove
rings
& m
etho
ds o
f
fixin
g
Tec
hnol
ogy
of m
ater
ials
In th
e ca
se o
f cer
tain
pai
ntin
gs o
r ot
her
wor
ks o
f int
eres
t or
impo
rtan
ce, s
peci
alis
ssh
ould
be
calle
d in
. In
the
abse
nce
of a
sup
ervi
sor,
the
wor
ker
conc
erne
d
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
eva
luat
e th
e lim
its o
f his
cap
acity
to in
terv
ene
on th
e ba
sis
ofth
e sk
ills
he p
osse
sses
and
ass
ess
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f the
wor
k in
que
stio
n
3 F
)39
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Rai
lings
& b
alco
nies
Met
al ty
ing
Def
ect
sR
ust
Fra
ctur
eR
ust
Con
tinge
ncie
s
Loos
enin
g of
ele
men
tsD
eter
iora
tion
of s
uppo
rtst
ruct
ure
Dis
inte
grat
ion
ofsu
ppor
t str
uctu
re
ME
TA
LWO
RK
Tre
atm
ent T
echn
ique
sC
lean
ing
Sho
ring
Ren
ovat
ion
of e
le-
men
ts
Sho
ring
Dril
ling
Mea
sure
men
t of
elem
ents
App
licat
ion
of c
lean
ing
prod
ucts
Wel
ding
Ope
ratio
n of
equ
ip-
men
t
Kno
wle
dge
Typ
es o
f wro
ught
or
cast
iron
dec
orat
ion
Tec
hnol
ogy
of m
etal
-w
ork
Sta
tics
Str
engt
h of
mat
eria
ls
Kno
wle
dge
of o
ldm
ater
ials
& te
chno
lo-
gies
In th
is fi
eld,
whe
re a
s a
resu
lt of
sta
ndar
diza
tion
mod
ern
inst
alla
tions
are
man
dato
ry, p
artic
ular
atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id to
the
cond
ition
of s
uppo
rtin
g st
ruct
ures
prio
r to
any
inte
rven
tion.
Par
ts o
f bui
ldin
gs
Ren
ovat
ion
of e
xist
ing
inst
alla
tions
4=, 42
Def
ects
SA
NIT
AR
Y IN
ST
ALL
AT
ION
S, H
EA
TIN
G &
ELE
CT
RIC
ITY
Con
tinge
ncie
sIT
reat
men
tT
echn
ique
s
Wea
r &
tear
Det
erio
ratio
n of
sup
port
Rep
lace
men
t of e
le-
New
con
stru
ctio
nst
ruct
ures
men
tste
chni
ques
Fun
ctio
nal u
nsui
tabi
lity
Kno
wle
dge
Reh
abili
tatio
n w
ork
and
advi
ce to
the
inha
bit-
ants
of b
uild
ings
unde
rgoi
ng r
ehab
ilita
-tio
n re
quire
the
follo
w-
ing
know
ledg
e an
dca
paci
ties:
an a
cute
sen
se o
fde
tail,
bes
ides
the
patie
nce
& d
eter
min
a-tio
n ne
eded
to lo
cate
old
pipi
ng o
r w
iring
&di
strib
utio
n m
echa
-ni
sms;
an a
bilit
y to
use
mod
ern
equi
pmen
tw
ithou
t har
min
g th
efa
bric
of t
he b
uild
ing,
for
exam
ple
the
use
ofdi
amon
d dr
ills
for
the
reno
vatio
n of
mas
onry
or s
tone
wor
k.
For
this
ent
ire a
rea,
mul
ti-sk
ill q
ualif
icat
ions
such
as
plum
ber
&in
stal
ler
of g
as &
elec
tric
al a
pplia
nces
&eq
uipm
ent a
re d
esir-
able
.
43
Chapter 3 ConclusionsThe consensus view appears to be thatoccupational profiles in the restoration andrehabilitations sector require a completemastery of the basic skills appropriate toeach trade, plus specific supplementaryskills to ensure that personnel are fullycompetent to carry out work on existingbuildings: this report will propose that trainingshould be organized along these lines.
Restoration and rehabiiitation work, there-fore, call for supplementary skills in relationto each of the building components referredto in this study; however, they may beexercised differently in accordance withdecisions made regarding the treatment ofbuildings in question.
Consequently, it is important that qualifiedpersonnel should clearly understand theobjectives of restoration and rehabilitation,which are determined by three basic aspects:
(1) the condition of the building;(2) its construction date;(3) the importance attached to its conserva-tion.
It may be noted that these aspects areinterconnected; they also determine thecorresponding training needs.
3.1 Constituting a pool ofskilled workers in the resto-ration and rehabilitationtrades
3.1.1 Training needs
The requirements of the new buildingsector have gradually resulted in theremoval from training programmes ofeverything relating to older materials. As anexample, for some time the technical rulesfor the use of materials failed to include air-hardening lime, the use of which hasbecome rare in modern buildings; however,it has recently been reinstated.
The results of this trend are:
deskilling;
a lack of knowledge of the composition ofproducts and their real performance;
the substitution of superficial, cosmeticpractices for the use of techniques basedon skills.
Further, substitute materials comprisingsynthetic resins or thermoplastics, of highperformance when applied to suitablematerials or supports, can be detrimental tothe fabric of old buildings.
Here again, stress must be laid on the needfor knowledge of the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the materials throughrigorous training in this area backed up byindependent research laboratories.
It is therefore a matter 0 urgency thattraining relating to old buildings shouldonce more be included in initial trainingcourses in the building sector since qualifi-cations similar to the endorsement (Mentioncomplementaire) referred to earlier - eventhough they represent an advance in theattempt to meet the need for qualifiedpersonnel imply that serious shortcomingsexist in the knowledge and skills acquiredthrough a basic training which relatesexclusively to new-build.
At first, however, apart from the skills andknowledge discussed under 3.1.2 below,stress could be laid on the following as-pects:
old techniques, their performance andlimitations;
old materials, their composition, durabilityand mutual compatibility;
diagnostic methodology, which is at the heartof the entire range of skills in this field.
3.1.2 Knowledge and skills
In addition to the specific techniques listedin the tables, there exist groups of skillsfundamental to restoration and rehabilita-tion work which constitute an essentialcommon core in the training of all personnelassigned to work on old buildings.
Old building methods
The building methods employed in the pastwere established on the basis of severalinterdependent criteria:
(a) durability;(b) the materials used;(c) the technologies employed.
These criteria vary in line with the degree ofsophistication and durabilily of the buildingsin question. Another aspect is the develop-ment of new techniques and materials and
25
4 4
changes in living standards and lifestyles,which directly affect the soundness of build-ings and the use to which they are assigned
The application of modern constructionprinciples, established oh the basis ofcontemporary criteria, introduces ideastotally at variance with the principles ap-plied originally. For example, timber-framed buildings with wattle and daub fillingare considered to lack solidity, by constrastwith stone structures: clearly, interventionwould call for different methods in each case.
In former times the presence of a degree ofhumidity and a lack of draught exclusionwere tolerated, which would be unaccept-able today: excluding humidity from abuilding inadequately waterproofed calls forspecialized treatment. Any operation toconvert an old building for use as a moderndwelling entails consequences as regardsconservation. Finally, while new construc-tion proceeds from the bottom up i.e.,foundations, masonry, and then roofingrestoration and rehabilitation work proceedsfrom the top downwards: first roofing, toexclude water, then walls and/or founda-tions to ensure stability, site organizationand planning being adapted accordingly.
Knowledge required for diagnosis
A knowledge of traditional materials andtheir use throughout history, and old tech-nologies and their development in relationto the evolution of society are needed toassess the methods used in a particularcase in relation to a range of skills oftenlinked to the quality of the structure.
In some cases simple structures showevidence of the builder's incompetence, oron the other hand his ingenuity in overcom-ing the inadequacy of the means at hisdisposal. These aspects, which bearwitness to the history of the trades inquestion, are of value to contemporaryspecialists in their work of diagnosis.
Typology of buildings
The form and function (or functions) of abuilding and the chronology in so far as itcan be determined - of the maintenanceoperations carried out make it possible tosituate it within its era of construction. Thisinformation is of value for diagnosis andespecially in determining the choice ofconservation techniques to be employed.
Changes in structures and materialsover time and environmental effects
The maintenance work carried out on abuilding and the conditions in which it exists
are factors determining its present state. Aknowledge of the ageing of materials andtheir resistance to the deleterious effects ofhumidity, airborne agents and infestationalso contributes to the work of diagnosis.
Knowledge required to determine theappropriate treatment
In addition to a knowledge of the oldtechniques referred to above, a knowledgeof statics is required to assess the stabilityof the buildings concerned.
In many cases the building's stability willhave been affected by changes to itsenvironment or in the materials of -lich itis composed. This process shoulo becontrolled rather than arrested, since theintroduction of rigid elements in a shiftingstructure can introduce serious problems.
The composition and performance overtime of contemporary materials must beknown, but their look must also be takeninto account. Today's synthetic materialsoffer a satisfactory appearance, but theircharacteristics (e.g. flexibility, rigidity orinflammability) make them unsuitable forcertain applications. The problem is toreconcile these aspects and assess theneed for the use of these materials in avariety of situations.
Finally, adding new materials and struc-tures to an old supporting structure impliesa need to master interface problems; theperformance of both old and new elementsmust be fully understood to assess compat-ibility.
Technical know-how
The renovation of parts of buildings fre-quently involVes the use of injection,bracing or dowelling techniqueS exceptwhere a complete new element is to besubstituted. However, the techniques usedshould be adapted in accordance with thenature of the materials encountered inbuildings differing in age and structuralcharacteristics.
Skill levels therefore relate to the number ofdifferent situations encountered, in additionto a knowledge of the characteristics andperformance of materials.
Finally, for certain operations, tools andequipment must be adapted to the situa-tion, requiring a,capacity to conceive andcarry out the adaptations necessary. Anability to carry out a basic analysis ofmaterials and support structures is alsoimportant, contributing to the work ofdiagnosis .
264 5
Additional skills and capacities
The skills and capacities described abovecan be extended to other levels, enablingpersonnel to expand their field of compe-tence.
Example: environmental effects on materi-als and the performance of various oldmaterials, or the phenomena of evaporationand condensation and their effects onproducts used to treat surfaces.
These additional skills imply a high degreeof specialization in trades specific to oldbuildings, leading towards recognizedqualifications in restoration.
3.2 Factors conducive to theconstitution of occupationalprofiles
3.2.1 Exchanges and networks
One of the principal factors conducive tothe constitution of occupational profiles isthe development of exchanges betweenbuilding industry personnel, whatever theirparticular field.
Both the work entrusted to CEDEFOP bythe EC Commission and the Expert Groupset up by the Council of Europe seem topromote the development of productivecontacts since in both cases their workresults in recommendations and proposalswhich tend to further this activity.
Some exchanges already take place infrontier areas - especially along the Franc6-German border between building firmsand chambers of trades. Bilateral pro-grammes have been established by Ger-many and Italy, for example, and Germanyand France (the Fulda Centre and theAvignon School both offer a three-weekspecialized training course).
The PETRA programme also contributes tothese activities through exchanges betweenyoung apprentices by studying techniquesused in other countries, sometimes includ-ing techniques in use in former times.
At the same time, networks such as theREFORME Network, organized on theinitiative of the CCCA, facilitate contactsbetween restoration and rehabilitationspecialists and personnel concerned withtraining for the related trades. REFORMEpromotes exchanges, transfers of knowl-edge and know-how and the constitution ofa body of specialists at international level. The present absence of recognition ofThe following countries participate through qualifications in the area we are concerned
the agency of their joint vocational trainingstructures: Belgium, France, Italy, theNetherlands and Spain. The growingnumber of these initiatives and their supportby the public authorities will constitute animportant positive factor in the developmentof occupational profiles at European level.The FORCE and EUROFORM pro-grammes should prove to be particularlywell adapted, within the existing spectrumof Community measures, for the develop-ment of programmes to promote the estab-lishment of European occupational profiles.
3.2.2 Instructor training
Few projects have yet been launched inthis field. Almost everywhere, instructortraining is confined to new-build techniques,thus curbing the development of training inrestoration or rehabilitation, whether inbasic or specialized courses. The develop-ment of this training is essential for the consti-tution of suitable occupational profiles.
At present, teachers wishing to includerehabilitation and restoration in the contentof training courses they are developing withtheir trainees can themselves only obtaintraining in the skills they wish to transmitthrough continuing training courses in-tended for all building sector personnel.Training in the essential skills can beobtained in centres such as Fulda inGermany, San Servelo in Italy, the AvignonSchool and from certain CAUEs (architec-tural, town planning and environmentaladvisory committees) in France.
In several countries, however, the linkbetween schools and firms goes further,forming an integral part of the trainingprocess. The variety of forms taken bytraining/work experience programmes andapprenticeship schemes illustrates thepossibilities for cooperation in this area.Rehabilitation and restoration are fieldswhich call for continuing confrontationbetween real situations and the classroomstudy of skills and know-how. A comparisonmight be drawn with medical training, inwhich diagnosis can only be learnt byinvolvement with real cases.
This association between training bodiesand firms favours the progress of traineestowards their goal of becoming qualifiedtradesmen. In this connection, the develop-ment of training sites is a significant innova-tion.
3.3.3 The official recognition of qualifica-tions
27 4C
with is a problem which must be overcomeif the'related occupational profiles are to bedeveloped.
While validation procedures vary fromcountry to country, being dependent insome cases on the public authorities and inothers on firms or the two sides of industry,the recognition of the skills in question inthe context of new occupational profilescombining the basic skills of the trade withspecialized skills in restoration and rehabili-tation is indispensable if a body of person-nei qualified in the maintenance andconservation of the architectural heritage isto be established.
Further, at this stage in the building ofEurope, recognition at European levelwhether through equivalence, correspond-ence, mutual recognition or any othermechanism - would promote the establish-ment and development of the relatedoccupational profiles.
Naturally, there is no question of seeking toimpose a European mould in a field charac-terized by cultural factors specific to eachcountry. However, Common elements forEuropean occupational profiles can beestablished while taking full account ofindividual cultural factors.
28 4 7
CEDEFOP - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training
Occupational profilesThe restoration and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage
J.L. Pauletin collaboration with CCCA, Paris
CEDEFOP panorama
Berlin: CEDEFOP European Centrefor the Development of Vocational Training, 1993
1993 -36 pp.- 21,0 x 29,7 cm
ES, DE, EN, FR, IT
free of charge - 5018
48
European Centre for the Developmentof Vocational TrainingJean-Monnet-House, Bundesallee 22, D-10717 BerlinTel.: 49-30+88 41 20; Telefax 49-30+88 41 22 22;Telex 184163 eucen d;
As part of the project "Directory of occupational profiles at Community level"CEDEFOP carried out research in five countries on qualifications relating to therestoration and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage.
In this report the author has made a comparative analysis of the various subjectsexamined in the national reports:
legislation and provisions relating to the restoration and rehabilitation of thearchitectural heritage,
the systems of initial and continuing training,
market trends and collective bargaining agreements.
A large part is devoted to a summary analysis of 14 component parts of buildings.
Summary tables for each of the component parts identify
common occupational tasks,
occupational activities and
the knowledge and skills of the manpower in the five countries reviewed.
The synthesis report provides "Euro-profiles" containing common basic elementsclassified at national level and is enriched by the expertise of the Council of Europe,architectural heritage division and by the European Centre for training skilled workersin conservation of the architectural heritage, Venice.
5018 ummar r ort