Eureka Video Notes

1. What’s the funny thing about matter?

2. What makes a solid a solid, and not a liquid?

3. Describe the dance of the molecules.

4. Apply the concept of kinetic energy to the concept of “phase change” to explain why solid change to liquids, and vice versa.

5. Describe the motion of the molecules in a glass of water.

6. How can you see a molecule?

7. What is wrong with saying that gold fish water disappears.

8. Where does gold fish water go, and how can we get it back?

9. Explain why balloons get bigger and sometimes burst when they get hot.

10. Explain why solids and liquids expand when heated.

11. What are some examples of everyday solids expanding and contracting.

12. Why is judging hotness and coldness a difficult task?

13. What is hotness?

14. How can we measure the speed of molecules?

15.Why is a bucket of 50o water better at heating up swimming pools than a cup of 100o water?

Degree of hotness depends on _____________________________________________________________________________

Quantity of hotness depends on ___________________________________and ____________________________________

Degree of hotness = Quantity of hotness =

States of Matter NotesKinetic Theory of Matter• States that microscopic particles of all matter are in _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Kinetic energyà Type of energy that states that all matter is made of _________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ that collide without losing energy.

1. Kinetic Model of Gases– Gases are made up of tiny particles in _____________________________________________________________

– The particles are _________________________________________________________________. There motion is

random and________________________________________________________________ of the other particles.

2. Kinetic Model of Liquids– Particles in a liquid are _____________________________________________________________________________.

– The particles can move freely, but they ___________________________________________________________.

3. Kinetic Model of Solids– particles are ____________________________________________________________ in a regular arrangement.

– The particles ____________________________________________ about a ___________________________________ position.

Physical States of MatterStates of Matter

Property Solid Liquid GasShape Definite shape Shape depends on

container

Volume Definite volume

Expansion/Compressibility Some expansion but minimal

Example with water Ice Water Steam

Specific Notes Gas: gaseous state of a substance NOT generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

Vapor:

The 4th State of Matter• Plasma

– An __________________________________________________________

– Form at _________________________________________________________________________________

– _____________________________________________________ state of matter in the universe but the least

common on _______________________________________________________

Kinetic Energy and Phase Change NotesDiffusion

Diffusion is____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rate of Diffusion•How fast diffusion occurs __________________________________________________________________________________________

–High kinetic energy = ____________________________________________________________________

–Low kinetic energy = ____________________________________________________________________

Phase Changes•Melting

–__________________________________________________________________________________

–The ____________________________________________________ of the particles that make up the solid is

___________________________________________

•This causes the particles to move around more-- What do you think causes the increase in kinetic energy?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Melting point:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

•Evaporation–_______________________________________________________________________________–The molecules in a liquid become excited enough, or move around enough, that some of

them can ______________________________________________________________________________________________

–Do you think this occurs faster on a hot day or a cold day?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Boiling point:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

•Condensation–_______________________________________________________________________________

–Gas particles ___________________________________________________ and get close enough to each

other that _____________________________________________________________________

–Due to a ___________________________________________________________________________________________

–Would this be more likely to occur when it gets very hot or very cold? Why?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

•Freezing–______________________________________________________________________________

–The particles that make up the liquid slow down enough that they form a solid

–What would cause the particles to slow down?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

•Sublimation–______________________________________________________________________________

–Ex/ Dry icePhase Change Diagram

Gas Pressure and Pressure Conversion Notes

The Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory- __________________________________________________________________________________

Kinetic theory of gases: we can assume 4 these things…..1- gas consists of ____________________________________________________________________________________

2- Gas molecules influence each other ____________________________________________________________

àhave no ________________________________________________________________________________________

3- All energy is conserved when ___________________________________________________________________ (energy does not change)

4- the volume occupied by gases is very small. ___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is Gas Pressure? The force that the particles of a gas exert on the walls of their container

Also called _____________________________________________________________________________________

Which ball has a higher pressure? Why?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

As more air is pumped into the basketball the number of gas particles inside the ball

______________________________________

This means that more particles bounce off of and push against the inside walls of the basketball.

How are number of particles and gas pressure related?Increase in gas particles = ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Decrease in gas particles = __________________________________________________________________________________________

Measuring the amount of pressure:Barometer:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Measures the amount of pressure exerted by the_________________________________________________________

How would the barometric pressure change if you traveled from San Francisco to Denver?

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Units of Pressure Pressure (P): _____________________________________________________________________________

Converting Units of PressureExample 1: In weather reports, barometric pressure is often expressed in inches of mercury. What is one standard atmosphere express in inches of mercury? (1 in = 25.4 mm)

Example 2: The reading on a tire gauge is 35 psi. What is the equivalent pressure in kilopascals?

Example 3: Convert 1140 mm Hg to kPa

Boyle’s Law Notes

Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume At constant temperature,____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

An inverse relationshipo ________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Think about what happens when you apply different amounts of pressure to the same

object.

We can express the relationship between pressure and volume with an equation:

Example 1: A high altitude balloon contains 30.0L of helium gas at 103 kpa. What is the volume in liters when the balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure is only 25.0 kpa? (assume that the temperature remains constant.)

Example 2:The pressure on 2.50 L of anesthetic gas changes from 105 kPa to 40.5 Kpa. What will be the new volume in mL if the temperature remains constant?

Example 3: A gas with a volume of 4.00 L at a pressure of 205 kpa is allowed to expand to a volume of 12.0 L. What is the pressure in the container if the temperature remains constant?

Behavior of Gases: Charles’ LawCharles’ Law

Volume of a gas is____________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does directly proportional mean?

Answer: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Equation:

Temperature must _________________________________________________________________________ when you plug it into this equation

o K =

C =

Charles’ Law PracticeExample 1: A balloon inflated in a room at 24 degrees C has a volume of 4.00 L. The balloon is then heated to a temperature of 58 degrees C. What is the new volume in liters if the pressure remains constant?

Example 2: If a sample of gas occupies 6.80L at 35 degrees C, what will be its volume at 25 degrees C if the pressure does not change?

Example 3: Exactly 5.00 L of air at 0 degrees C is expanded to 10L of air. What is the new temperature if the pressure remains constant?

Gay Lussac’s Law

Gay-Lussac’s Law (Pressure and Temperature) The pressure of a gas is _____________________________________________________________________________________

This means that ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Temperature must be in ____________________________________________

Recall K= C+273

Equation: Graph:

Example 1:The gas left in a used aerosol can is at a pressure of 103 kpa at 300 degrees K. If this can is thrown onto a fire, what is the pressure of the gas when its temperature reaches 938 degrees k?

Example 2:A gas has a pressure of 6.58 kpa at 539 K. What will be the pressure at 211 K if the volume does not change?

Example 3:The pressure in an automobile tire is 198 kpa at 27 degrees C. At the end of a trip on a hot sunny day, the pressure has risen to 225 kpa. What is the temperature of the air in the tire?

Now, why do more tire blow outs in the summer time?