do we need social interaction? harry harlow’s ‘surrogate mothers’ and other experiments group...
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Do we need social interaction?Do we need social interaction?
Harry Harlow’s ‘Surrogate Mothers’ and other experiments
Group 1: Terrycloth mother did not provide food.
Group 2: Wire mother provided food.
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Isolation ChambersIsolation Chambers
Pit of Despair
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Isolation of MonkeysIsolation of Monkeys
Partially and Fully isolated monkeysPartially isolated (occasional social contact) –
• Repetitive circling of cages, blank staring, and occasional self mutilation
Total social deprivation (6, 12, 24 months)• 6 months = emotional shock when reintroduced:
rocking and clenching, rare anorexia
• 12, 24 months = “obliterated the monkeys socially”
All isolated monkeys exhibited little to no recovery
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Social LearningSocial Learning
Process of altering behavior observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Observational Learning and Cognitive Learning
“Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.”
• Albert Bandura (1977)
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Observational LearningObservational LearningObservational LearningObservational Learning
Learning by observing others.
ModelingModelingThe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Vicarious Reinforcement Vicarious Reinforcement You first engage in a behavior because you saw someone else get rewardedDirectly tied to Operant Conditioning
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Mirror NeuronsMirror Neurons
Fire both when performing actions and when observing another doing so.
NOVA – Mirror Neurons
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ModelingModeling
Follow the Leader: The behavior of others increases the chances that we will do the same thing
Clapping, looking out the window, copying the styles and verbal expressions of our peers
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Observational LearningObservational Learning
Watch someone else perform a behavior, then be able to perform the behavior yourself
Learning a game, dance move, sport
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Role ModelsRole Models
Role ModelsDo we chose to be a role model?How important are older siblings?parents? peers?
"I don't believe professional athletes should be role models. I believe parents should be role models.... It's not like it was when I was growing up. My mom and my grandmother told me how it was going to be. If I didn't like it, they said, "Don't let the door hit you in the ass on your way out." Parents have to take better control."
• Sir Charles Barkley
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Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
Children were exposed to adults displaying aggression toward a bobo doll, and were then observed in a room filled with toys
What happened?
Bobo Clip
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The beating of Bobo…
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TV and Violence
Before you turn 18, you will see approx. 18,000 simulated murders on TV & movies
Since the 1960s, more than 3,000 studies have linked television violence to real violence
Results: viewers become
desensitized to violence,
become more fearful
behave more violently
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Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Social-Cognitive Theory applies fundamentals of social learning to personality and behavior choices.
Social-Cognitive Theory Clip
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Extinction of Phobias / Disinhibition
Learning that seemingly threatening experiences can be safe
Phobia treatment (counter-conditioning)
Safety of new environment
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Application of Social Learning
Bad news – antisocial models may have antisocial effects on children
Good news – prosocial (positive, helpful) models can have prosocial effects
Consistency of words and actions.
Social learning plays a large roleParents are extremely powerful models
Children See, Children Do
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Latent (Incidental) Learning
Learning that occurs without knowledge being immediately expressed
Accidental learning that occurs in the process of another behavior
• Setting the table, putting in a light bulb
Knowledge is there, but does not come out until a reinforcer appears
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Cognitive MapsE.C. Tolman studied in 1930sTaught rats a maze through repetition, without providing reinforcement (food)Once a reinforcer was presented for completion of the maze, the rats were just as quick to complete as rats which received food upon every completionA mental picture of a place which allows you to navigate to an unseen destination
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Formation of Insight
An insight is a new way to organize stimuli or a new approach to solving a problemOnce insight has occurred, no further training is necessary
Wolfgang KohlerChimps with insightPigeon shows insight
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Learned HelplessnessCondition in which a person gives up due to repeated failureSeligman’s electric shock dog studiesHiroto’s study of college students (1974)People feel they have no control over environment; success seems more a matter of luck than skill
Learned Laziness - Condition that occurs if rewards come without effort, a person never learns to work.
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Martin Seligman on Depression
Learned helplessness is a leading cause of depressionStability
Temporary vs. Stable
GlobalitySpecific vs. Global
InternalityExternal vs. Internal
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Behavior ModificationSystematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings
Involves a series of well-defined steps to change behavior.The success of each step is carefully evaluated to find the best solution for a given situation.
Common in sports training and drug treatment – involves intense drive to become an ideal productModeling, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
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Self ControlChanging your own behavior
1. Define the problem specificallyThis can often lead to a change in behavior
2. Behavioral contract
Study HabitsConsiderations: negative emotions, environment, conditioning
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Bad Habits
How are bad habits formed?Procrastination
Favoring immediate reinforcement and accepting delayed punishment
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Token Economies
Desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
Used most commonly in prisons, mental hospitals
Combats attention as reinforcement drawback
Does this result in long term learning?