DO NOWDO NOW WHY DO YOU THINK WOMEN WON THE RIGHT TO VOTE WHY DO YOU THINK WOMEN WON THE RIGHT TO VOTE

IN 1920, AFTER EARLIER EFFORTS HAD FAILED? IN 1920, AFTER EARLIER EFFORTS HAD FAILED? LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ IN YOUR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ IN YOUR

TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 334-335 UNDER THE TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 334-335 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED ”WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE: LOCAL SECTION TITLED ”WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE: LOCAL SUFFRAGE BATTLES AND CATT AND THE SUFFRAGE BATTLES AND CATT AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT”NATIONAL MOVEMENT”

DO NOWDO NOW WHEN SHOULD THE U.S. INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF WHEN SHOULD THE U.S. INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF

ANOTHER COUNTRY?ANOTHER COUNTRY? EXAMINE THE PAINTING BELOW. HOW DOES THE PAINTING EXAMINE THE PAINTING BELOW. HOW DOES THE PAINTING

DEPICT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF DEPICT THEODORE ROOSEVELT, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF THE ROUGH RIDERS AT THE BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL. THE ROUGH RIDERS AT THE BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL. HOW DOES SUCH A DEPICTION DIFFER FROM THE WAY IN HOW DOES SUCH A DEPICTION DIFFER FROM THE WAY IN WHICH MOST SOLDIERS PROBABLY ACT DURING BATTLE?WHICH MOST SOLDIERS PROBABLY ACT DURING BATTLE?

DO NOWDO NOW WHEN SHOULD THE U.S. INTERVENE (GET WHEN SHOULD THE U.S. INTERVENE (GET

INVOLVED) IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER INVOLVED) IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER COUNTRY? DOES THE UNITED STATES COUNTRY? DOES THE UNITED STATES HAVE THE RIGHT TO CONQUER ANOTHER HAVE THE RIGHT TO CONQUER ANOTHER COUNTRY IN EFFORTS TO ADVANCE COUNTRY IN EFFORTS TO ADVANCE (INCREASE) OUR RESOURCES AND (INCREASE) OUR RESOURCES AND WEALTH? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERWEALTH? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER

Territories controlled by the Territories controlled by the U.S. todayU.S. today

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/United_States_of_America/Catalogs/States_and_Territories

http://www.worldatlas.com/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/vi.htmcaribb/vi.htm

Territories in the United Territories in the United StatesStates

Territory Capital Year Acquired

Resources

Puerto Rico San Juan 1898 Major exports include pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, sugarcane, and coffee86% of exports are sent to the U.S. and 69% of imports come from the fifty states

American Samoa

Pago Pago

1899 Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export.

Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie

1927 Tourism, rum distilling, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch assembly

Northern Mariana Islands

Saipan 1947 Tourism, coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons

Guam Agana 1950 Tourism, fruits, copra, vegetables; eggs, pork, poultry, beef

Chapter 10: America Claims an Chapter 10: America Claims an EmpireEmpire

Section 1: Imperialism and Section 1: Imperialism and AmericaAmerica In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani In 1893 Queen Liliuokalani

realized that her reign in realized that her reign in Hawaii had come to an end. Hawaii had come to an end. More than 160 U.S. sailors More than 160 U.S. sailors and marines stood ready to and marines stood ready to aid the haoles (white aid the haoles (white foreigners) who planned to foreigners) who planned to overthrow the Hawaiian overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy (rule by king or monarchy (rule by king or queen).queen).

The annexation of Hawaii The annexation of Hawaii was only one of the goals of was only one of the goals of America’s empire builders in America’s empire builders in the late 19the late 19thth century. century.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

America had always sought to expand the size of their nation, and America had always sought to expand the size of their nation, and throughout the 19throughout the 19thth century they extended their control toward the century they extended their control toward the Pacific Ocean. However, by the 1880s, many American leaders had Pacific Ocean. However, by the 1880s, many American leaders had become convinced that the United States should join the imperialist become convinced that the United States should join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas. Imperialism—the powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas. Imperialism—the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories—was already a trend around military control over weaker territories—was already a trend around

the world. European nations had been establishing colonies for the world. European nations had been establishing colonies for centuries. In the late 19centuries. In the late 19thth century Africa had emerged as the prime century Africa had emerged as the prime

target of European expansionism. By the early 20target of European expansionism. By the early 20thth century, only two century, only two countries in all of Africa—Ethiopia and Liberia—remained countries in all of Africa—Ethiopia and Liberia—remained

independent.independent. 1. United 1. United States States (1880s)(1880s)

2. colony2. colony

3. 3. imperialismimperialism

1. 1. wanted to join the imperialist wanted to join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish powers of Europe and establish colonies overseascolonies overseas

2. 2. a settlement of people living in a a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked to a parent new territory, linked to a parent countrycountry

3.3. the policy in which stronger the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, nations extend their economic, political, or military control over political, or military control over weaker territoriesweaker territories

European nations had been establishing colonies for centuries. In the European nations had been establishing colonies for centuries. In the late 19late 19thth century Africa had emerged as the prime target of European century Africa had emerged as the prime target of European expansionism. By the early 20expansionism. By the early 20thth century, only two countries in all of century, only two countries in all of

Africa—Ethiopia and Liberia—remained independent. Africa—Ethiopia and Liberia—remained independent. http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/history/european/section14.phphttp://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/history/european/section14.php

Global CompetitionGlobal Competition Imperialists also competed Imperialists also competed

for territory in Asia, for territory in Asia, especially in China. In its especially in China. In its late-19late-19thth-century reform -century reform era, Japan replaced its old era, Japan replaced its old feudal order with a strong feudal order with a strong central government. central government. Hoping that military Hoping that military strength would bolster strength would bolster industrialization, Japan industrialization, Japan joined European nations in joined European nations in competition for China in the competition for China in the late 1890s.late 1890s.A shocked mandarin in Manchu robes in

the back, with Queen Victoria(United Kingdom), Wilhelm II (Germany),Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and Emperor Meiji (Japan) discussing how to cut up a king cake with Chine("China" in French) written on it.

Most Americans gradually warmed to the idea of expansion overseas. Most Americans gradually warmed to the idea of expansion overseas. With a belief in manifest destiny, they already had pushed the U.S. With a belief in manifest destiny, they already had pushed the U.S. border to the Pacific Ocean. Three factors fueled the new American border to the Pacific Ocean. Three factors fueled the new American

imperialism: (1) desire for military strength; (2) thirst for new imperialism: (1) desire for military strength; (2) thirst for new markets; (3) belief in cultural superiority. Seeing that other nations markets; (3) belief in cultural superiority. Seeing that other nations

were establishing a global military presence, American leaders were establishing a global military presence, American leaders advised that the United States build up its own military strength. One advised that the United States build up its own military strength. One

such leader was Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. navy. Mahan such leader was Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. navy. Mahan urged government officials to build up American naval power in order urged government officials to build up American naval power in order

to compete with other powerful nations. As a result of the urging to compete with other powerful nations. As a result of the urging Mahan and others, the United States built nine steel-hulled cruisers Mahan and others, the United States built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890. The construction of modern battleships between 1883 and 1890. The construction of modern battleships

such as the Maine and the Oregon transformed the country into the such as the Maine and the Oregon transformed the country into the world’s third largest naval power.world’s third largest naval power. 4. factors that 4. factors that

fueled fueled American American imperialismimperialism

5. (1) desire 5. (1) desire for military for military strength: U.S. strength: U.S. navynavy

4. 4. (1) desire for military (1) desire for military strength; (2) thirst for new strength; (2) thirst for new markets; (3) belief in cultural markets; (3) belief in cultural superiority (dominance)superiority (dominance)

5. 5. became the world’s third became the world’s third largest naval power to largest naval power to compete w/other nations for compete w/other nations for territoresterritores

In the early 1900s, the Navy’s Great White Fleet, so In the early 1900s, the Navy’s Great White Fleet, so named because its ships were painted white, was a sign named because its ships were painted white, was a sign of America’s growing military power. The construction of of America’s growing military power. The construction of

modern battleships such as the Maine and Oregon modern battleships such as the Maine and Oregon transformed the country into the world’s third largest transformed the country into the world’s third largest

naval power.naval power.

In the late 19In the late 19thth century, advances in technology enabled American century, advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce far more than American citizens could farms and factories to produce far more than American citizens could

consume. Now the United States needed raw materials for its consume. Now the United States needed raw materials for its factories and new markets for its agriculture and manufactured factories and new markets for its agriculture and manufactured

goods. Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American goods. Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American over-production and the related problems of unemployment and over-production and the related problems of unemployment and

economic depression.economic depression. 6. new 6. new

farming/factorfarming/factory technologyy technology

7. (2) thirst for 7. (2) thirst for new marketsnew markets

8. foreign 8. foreign trade trade

6. 6. allowed American farms and allowed American farms and factories to produce more than factories to produce more than American citizens could consume American citizens could consume (use)(use)

7. 7. U.S. needed raw materials for U.S. needed raw materials for its factories and new markets its factories and new markets (buyers) for its agriculture (food) (buyers) for its agriculture (food) and manufactured (produced) and manufactured (produced) goodsgoods

8. 8. was viewed as the solution for was viewed as the solution for American over-productionAmerican over-production

In the late 1800s, new farm machinery greatly improved In the late 1800s, new farm machinery greatly improved grain production. For example, plows, harrows, threshing grain production. For example, plows, harrows, threshing

machines, and reapers corn and wheat production in machines, and reapers corn and wheat production in substantial proportions.substantial proportions.

Increased Corn production 264%Increased Corn production 264% Increased Wheat production 252%Increased Wheat production 252%

Cultural factors also were used to justify imperialism. Some Cultural factors also were used to justify imperialism. Some Americans combined the philosophy of Social Darwinism—a belief Americans combined the philosophy of Social Darwinism—a belief

that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittestthat free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest—with a belief in the racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons. They argued —with a belief in the racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons. They argued that the United States had a responsibility to spread Christianity and that the United States had a responsibility to spread Christianity and

“civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples.” This viewpoint “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples.” This viewpoint narrowly defined “civilization according to the standards of only one narrowly defined “civilization according to the standards of only one

culture.culture. 9. (3) belief in 9. (3) belief in

cultural & cultural & racial racial superiority superiority (Anglo-(Anglo-Saxons)Saxons)

10. Alaska 10. Alaska (1867)(1867)

9. 9. Americans argued that it was Americans argued that it was their responsibility to spread their responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples”the world’s “inferior peoples”

10. 10. purchased from Russia purchased from Russia ($7.2 million); known for ($7.2 million); known for timber, minerals & oil; becomes timber, minerals & oil; becomes state in 1959state in 1959

The United States Acquires The United States Acquires AlaskaAlaska An early supporter of American expansion was William An early supporter of American expansion was William

Seward, Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Seward, Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1867, Seward arranged for Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1867, Seward arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. the U.S. to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Seward had some trouble persuading the House of Seward had some trouble persuading the House of Representatives to approve funding for the purchase. Some Representatives to approve funding for the purchase. Some people thought it was silly to buy what they called “Seward’s people thought it was silly to buy what they called “Seward’s Icebox.” Time showed how wrong they were. In 1959, Icebox.” Time showed how wrong they were. In 1959, Alaska became a state. For about two cents an acre, the Alaska became a state. For about two cents an acre, the United States had acquired a land rich in timber, minerals, United States had acquired a land rich in timber, minerals, and, as it turned out, oil.and, as it turned out, oil.

The United States Takes HawaiiThe United States Takes Hawaii In 1867, the same year in which Alaska was purchased, the In 1867, the same year in which Alaska was purchased, the

United States took over the Midway Islands, which lie in the United States took over the Midway Islands, which lie in the Pacific Ocean about 1300 miles north of Hawaii. No one Pacific Ocean about 1300 miles north of Hawaii. No one lived on the islands, so the event did not attract much lived on the islands, so the event did not attract much attention. Hawaii was another question. The Hawaiian attention. Hawaii was another question. The Hawaiian Islands had been economically important to the United Islands had been economically important to the United States for nearly a century. States for nearly a century.

Since the 1790s, American merchants stopped there on their Since the 1790s, American merchants stopped there on their way to China and East India. In the 1820s, Yankee way to China and East India. In the 1820s, Yankee missionaries founded Christian schools and churches on the missionaries founded Christian schools and churches on the islands. Their children and grandchildren became sugar islands. Their children and grandchildren became sugar planters who sold most of their crop to the United States.planters who sold most of their crop to the United States.

In the mid-19In the mid-19thth century, American-owned sugar plantations accounted century, American-owned sugar plantations accounted for about three-quarters of the islands’ wealth. Plantation owners for about three-quarters of the islands’ wealth. Plantation owners

imported thousands of laborers from Japan, Portugal, and China. By imported thousands of laborers from Japan, Portugal, and China. By 1900, foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered native 1900, foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered native

Hawaiians about three to one. White planters profited from close ties Hawaiians about three to one. White planters profited from close ties with the U.S. In 1875, the United States agreed to import Hawaiian with the U.S. In 1875, the United States agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free. Over the next 15 years, Hawaiian sugar produced sugar duty-free. Over the next 15 years, Hawaiian sugar produced increased nine times. Then the McKinely Tariff of 1890 provoked a increased nine times. Then the McKinely Tariff of 1890 provoked a crisis by eliminating the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar. As a crisis by eliminating the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar. As a result, Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in the American result, Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in the American

market. American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex the market. American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex the islands so they wouldn’t have to pay the duty (tax). U.S. military and islands so they wouldn’t have to pay the duty (tax). U.S. military and

economic leaders already understood the value of the islands. In economic leaders already understood the value of the islands. In 1887, they pressured Hawaii to allow the United States to build a 1887, they pressured Hawaii to allow the United States to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor, the kingdom’s best port. The base naval base at Pearl Harbor, the kingdom’s best port. The base

became a refueling station for American ships.became a refueling station for American ships. 11. Hawaii11. Hawaii

12. Hawaii is 12. Hawaii is annexed annexed (taken in)by (taken in)by U.S. U.S.

11. 11. by 1900 foreigners and by 1900 foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered immigrant laborers outnumbered native Hawaiians 3 to 1 (known for native Hawaiians 3 to 1 (known for growing sugar)growing sugar)

12. 12. naval base is built at Pearl naval base is built at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (1887); is made Harbor in Hawaii (1887); is made into a state (1959)into a state (1959)

Hawaii’s Changing Population (1853-Hawaii’s Changing Population (1853-1920)1920)

The percentage of native Hawaiians declined from about 98% in The percentage of native Hawaiians declined from about 98% in 1853 to about 16% in 1920. The percentage of other populations 1853 to about 16% in 1920. The percentage of other populations (mostly Asian; Japanese and Chinese immigrants) increased from (mostly Asian; Japanese and Chinese immigrants) increased from about 1% in 1853 to about 16% in 1920.about 1% in 1853 to about 16% in 1920.

How might these changes have affected the political How might these changes have affected the political climate there?climate there?

DO NOWDO NOW IN YOUR OWN WORDS IN YOUR OWN WORDS

DEFINE IMPERIALISM? DEFINE IMPERIALISM? WHAT ARE THE THREE WHAT ARE THE THREE FACTORS THAT FUELED FACTORS THAT FUELED THE NEW AMERICAN THE NEW AMERICAN IMPERIALISM?IMPERIALISM?

LOOK IN OUR NOTES LOOK IN OUR NOTES AND READ YOUR AND READ YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 342-344 UNDER THE 342-344 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED SECTION TITLED “AMERICAN “AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM”EXPANSIONISM”

By the end of the 19th century, Spain—once the most powerful colonial nation on earth—had lost most of its colonies. It retained only the Philippines and the island of Guam in the Pacific, a few outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean Islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico in the Americas.

A cartoon in the Chicago Tribune portrayed Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as dirty and backwards children knocking on Uncle Sam’s door.

Section 2:The Spanish-Section 2:The Spanish-American WarAmerican War

Philippines Puerto

Rico

Cuba

The United States had long held an interest in Cuba, which lies only The United States had long held an interest in Cuba, which lies only 90 miles south of Florida. In 1854, diplomats recommended to 90 miles south of Florida. In 1854, diplomats recommended to

President Franklin Pierce that the United States buy Cuba from Spain. President Franklin Pierce that the United States buy Cuba from Spain. The Spanish responded by saying that they would rather see Cuba The Spanish responded by saying that they would rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean. But American interest in Cuba continued. When sunk in the ocean. But American interest in Cuba continued. When

the Cubans rebelled against Spain between 1868 and 1878, American the Cubans rebelled against Spain between 1868 and 1878, American sympathies went out to the Cuban people. The Cuban revolt against sympathies went out to the Cuban people. The Cuban revolt against

Spain was not successful, but in 1886 the Cuban people did force Spain was not successful, but in 1886 the Cuban people did force Spain to abolish slavery. After the emancipation of Cuba’s slaves, Spain to abolish slavery. After the emancipation of Cuba’s slaves,

American capitalists began investing millions of dollars in large sugar American capitalists began investing millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations on the island.cane plantations on the island.

1. U.S. 1. U.S. interests interests in Cubain Cuba

2. Cuba 2. Cuba rebels rebels (1868)(1868)

3. 3. American American capitalistscapitalists

1. 1. U.S. offered to purchase Cuba U.S. offered to purchase Cuba from Spain (1854); however, Spain from Spain (1854); however, Spain refusedrefused

2. 2. against Spain but was against Spain but was unsuccessful; did force Spain to unsuccessful; did force Spain to abolish slavery (1886)abolish slavery (1886)

3. 3. began purchasing sugar began purchasing sugar plantations in Cubaplantations in Cuba

Cuba

The Second War For The Second War For IndependenceIndependence

Anti-Spanish sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second Anti-Spanish sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence. Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and war for independence. Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York, launched a revolution in journalist in exile in New York, launched a revolution in 1895. Marti organized Cuban resistance against Spain, 1895. Marti organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately using an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations. Marti counted on provoking U.S. and plantations. Marti counted on provoking U.S. intervention to help the rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—A free intervention to help the rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—A free CubaCuba

Public opinion in the United States was split. Many business Public opinion in the United States was split. Many business people wanted the government to support Spain in order to people wanted the government to support Spain in order to protect their investments. Other Americans, however, were protect their investments. Other Americans, however, were enthusiastic about the rebel cause.enthusiastic about the rebel cause.

Anti-Spanish sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for Anti-Spanish sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence. Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New independence. Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New

York, launched a revolution in 1895. Marti organized Cuban York, launched a revolution in 1895. Marti organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active guerrilla campaign and resistance against Spain, using an active guerrilla campaign and

deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations. Marti counted on provoking U.S. intervention mills and plantations. Marti counted on provoking U.S. intervention

to help the rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—A free Cubato help the rebels achieve Cuba Libre!—A free CubaPublic opinion in the United States was split. Many business people Public opinion in the United States was split. Many business people wanted the government to support Spain in order to protect their wanted the government to support Spain in order to protect their

investments. Other Americans, however, were enthusiastic about the investments. Other Americans, however, were enthusiastic about the rebel cause.rebel cause.

4. Cuba’s 4. Cuba’s second war second war for for independence independence (1878)(1878)

5. Spain’s 5. Spain’s responseresponse

4. 4. rebels against Spain for a rebels against Spain for a second timesecond time

5.5. placed Cuban rebels in placed Cuban rebels in barbed-wire concentration barbed-wire concentration camps; thousands died from camps; thousands died from starvation & diseasestarvation & disease

Spain’s actions fueled a war over newspaper circulation that had Spain’s actions fueled a war over newspaper circulation that had developed between the American newspaper tycoons William developed between the American newspaper tycoons William

Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. To lure readers, Hearst’s New Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. To lure readers, Hearst’s New York Journal and Pulitzer’s New York World printed and exaggerated York Journal and Pulitzer’s New York World printed and exaggerated

accounts—by reporters such as James Creelman—of “Butcher” accounts—by reporters such as James Creelman—of “Butcher” Weyler’s brutality. Stories of poisoned wells and of children being Weyler’s brutality. Stories of poisoned wells and of children being thrown to the sharks deepened American sympathy for the rebels. thrown to the sharks deepened American sympathy for the rebels.

This sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure This sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers, became known as yellow journalism. Hearst and and enrage readers, became known as yellow journalism. Hearst and Pulizter fanned war fever. When Hearst sent the gifted artist Frederic Pulizter fanned war fever. When Hearst sent the gifted artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches of reporters’ stories, Remington Remington to Cuba to draw sketches of reporters’ stories, Remington

informed the publisher that a war between the United States and informed the publisher that a war between the United States and Spain seemed very unlikely. Hearst reportedly replied, “You furnish Spain seemed very unlikely. Hearst reportedly replied, “You furnish

the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” 6. yellow 6. yellow journalismjournalism

6. 6. exaggerated news to lure exaggerated news to lure and enrage readers; pushed and enrage readers; pushed American public to support war American public to support war against Cubaagainst Cuba

Exaggerated stories of Exaggerated stories of poisoned wells and of children poisoned wells and of children being thrown to the sharks being thrown to the sharks deepened American sympathy deepened American sympathy for the rebels.for the rebels.

American resentment toward Spain turned to outrage. Early in 1898, American resentment toward Spain turned to outrage. Early in 1898, President McKinely had ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring President McKinely had ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring

home American citizens in danger from fighting and to protect home American citizens in danger from fighting and to protect American property. On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the American property. On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed. At the time, no harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed. At the time, no

one really knew why the ship exploded; however, American one really knew why the ship exploded; however, American newspapers claimed that the Spanish had blown up the ship. The newspapers claimed that the Spanish had blown up the ship. The Journal’s headline read “the warship Maine was split in two by an Journal’s headline read “the warship Maine was split in two by an

enemy’s secret infernal machine.” Hearst’s paper offered a reward of enemy’s secret infernal machine.” Hearst’s paper offered a reward of $50,000 for the capture of the Spaniards who supposedly had $50,000 for the capture of the Spaniards who supposedly had

committed the outrage.committed the outrage. 7. U.S.S. Maine7. U.S.S. Maine

8. American 8. American newspapersnewspapers

9. Spanish-9. Spanish-American War American War (1898)(1898)

7. 7. sent to bring home U.S. sent to bring home U.S. citizens from Cuba blew up citizens from Cuba blew up in the harbor of Havana in the harbor of Havana Cuba killing 260 menCuba killing 260 men

8. 8. claimed Spain had blown claimed Spain had blown up the ship; sprouting up the ship; sprouting public opinion for warpublic opinion for war

9. 9. U.S. declares war on U.S. declares war on SpainSpain

War with Spain EruptsWar with Spain Erupts

Now there was no holding back the forces that Now there was no holding back the forces that wanted war. “Remember the Maine!” became wanted war. “Remember the Maine!” became the rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba. It the rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba. It made no difference that Spanish government made no difference that Spanish government agreed, on April 9, to almost everything the agreed, on April 9, to almost everything the United States demanded, including a six-month United States demanded, including a six-month cease-fire. Despite the Spanish concessions, cease-fire. Despite the Spanish concessions, public opinion favored war. On April 11, President public opinion favored war. On April 11, President McKinely asked Congress authority to use force McKinely asked Congress authority to use force against Spain. After a week of debate, Congress against Spain. After a week of debate, Congress agreed, and on April 20 the United States agreed, and on April 20 the United States declared war. declared war.

The Spanish thought the Americans would invade Cuba. But the first The Spanish thought the Americans would invade Cuba. But the first battle of the war took place in a Spanish colony on the other side of battle of the war took place in a Spanish colony on the other side of the world—the Philippine islands. On April 30the world—the Philippine islands. On April 30thth, the American fleet in , the American fleet in

the Pacific steamed to the Philippines. The next morning, the Pacific steamed to the Philippines. The next morning, Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the

Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. Within hours, Dewey’s Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. Within hours, Dewey’s men had destroyed every Spanish ship there. Dewey’s victory men had destroyed every Spanish ship there. Dewey’s victory

allowed U.S. troops to destroy land in the Philippines. Dewey had the allowed U.S. troops to destroy land in the Philippines. Dewey had the support of the Filipinos who, like the Cubans, also wanted freedom support of the Filipinos who, like the Cubans, also wanted freedom from Spain. Over the next two months, 11,000 Americans joined from Spain. Over the next two months, 11,000 Americans joined

forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo. In August, Spanish forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo. In August, Spanish troops in Manila surrendered to the United States.troops in Manila surrendered to the United States.

10. battle in 10. battle in the the PhilippinesPhilippines

10. 10. Americans first invade Americans first invade the Spanish colony of the the Spanish colony of the Philippine islands who also Philippine islands who also wanted freedom from Spainwanted freedom from Spain

The War in the CaribbeanThe War in the Caribbean Dewey’s victory at Manila had demonstrated the superiority Dewey’s victory at Manila had demonstrated the superiority

of United States naval forces. In contrast, the army of United States naval forces. In contrast, the army maintained only a small professional force, supplemented maintained only a small professional force, supplemented by a larger inexperienced and ill-prepared volunteer force. by a larger inexperienced and ill-prepared volunteer force. About 125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight. The About 125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight. The new soldiers were sent to training camps that lacked new soldiers were sent to training camps that lacked adequate supplies and effective leaders. Moreover, there adequate supplies and effective leaders. Moreover, there were not enough modern guns to go around, and the troops were not enough modern guns to go around, and the troops were outfitted with heavy woolen uniforms unsuitable for were outfitted with heavy woolen uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate. In addition, the officers—most of Cuba’s tropical climate. In addition, the officers—most of whom were Civil War veterans—had a tendency to spend whom were Civil War veterans—had a tendency to spend their time recalling their war experiences rather than their time recalling their war experiences rather than training the volunteers.training the volunteers.

Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in Cuba in June Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in Cuba in June 1898 and began to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army 1898 and began to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army of 17,000 included four African American regiments of the regular of 17,000 included four African American regiments of the regular

army and the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry under the command army and the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt, a New Yorker, of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt, a New Yorker, had given up his job as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lead the had given up his job as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lead the group of volunteers. He would later become the president of the group of volunteers. He would later become the president of the

United States. The most famous land battle in Cuba took place near United States. The most famous land battle in Cuba took place near Santiago on July 1. The first part of the battle, on nearby Kettle Hill, Santiago on July 1. The first part of the battle, on nearby Kettle Hill,

featured a dramatic uphill charge by the Rough Riders and two featured a dramatic uphill charge by the Rough Riders and two African-American regiments, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries. Their African-American regiments, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries. Their victory cleared the way for an infantry attack on the strategically victory cleared the way for an infantry attack on the strategically

important San Juan Hill. Although Roosevelt and his units played only important San Juan Hill. Although Roosevelt and his units played only a minor role in the second victory, U.S. newspapers declared him the a minor role in the second victory, U.S. newspapers declared him the

hero of San Juan Hill.hero of San Juan Hill. 11. Rough 11. Rough RidersRiders

11. 11. volunteer cavalry under volunteer cavalry under Leonard Wood and Theodore Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt helped to capture Roosevelt helped to capture Cuba; Puerto Rico was later Cuba; Puerto Rico was later taken by U.S.taken by U.S.

The army of 17,000 included four African American regiments of the The army of 17,000 included four African American regiments of the regular army.regular army.

Theodore Roosevelt and the Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough RidersRough Riders

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

The United States and Spain signed an armistice, The United States and Spain signed an armistice, a cease-fire agreement, on August 12, ending a cease-fire agreement, on August 12, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war.” The actual fighting in the war splendid little war.” The actual fighting in the war lasted only 15 weeks.lasted only 15 weeks.

On December 10On December 10thth, 1898, the United States and , 1898, the United States and Spain met in Paris, France to agree on a treaty. Spain met in Paris, France to agree on a treaty. At the peace talks, Spain freed Cuba and turned At the peace talks, Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto over the islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the United States. Rico in the West Indies to the United States. Spain also sold the Philippines to the United Spain also sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 millionStates for $20 million

The Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate in the United States. The Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate in the United States. Arguments centered on whether or not the United States had the Arguments centered on whether or not the United States had the

right to annex (absorb) the Philippines, but imperialism was the real right to annex (absorb) the Philippines, but imperialism was the real issue. Other prominent Americans presented a variety of argumentsissue. Other prominent Americans presented a variety of arguments—political, moral, and economic against annexation. Some felt that —political, moral, and economic against annexation. Some felt that the treaty violated the Declaration of Independence by denying self-the treaty violated the Declaration of Independence by denying self-government to the newly acquired territories. On February 6 1899 government to the newly acquired territories. On February 6 1899 the annexation question was settled with the Senate’s approval of the annexation question was settled with the Senate’s approval of

the Treaty of Paris. The United States now had an empire that the Treaty of Paris. The United States now had an empire that included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The next question included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The next question Americans faced was now and when the United States should add to Americans faced was now and when the United States should add to

its dominion.its dominion. 12. Treaty of 12. Treaty of Paris (1899)Paris (1899)

12. 12. Spain freed Cuba and Spain freed Cuba and turned over Guam and Puerto turned over Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. which they will Rico to the U.S. which they will annex (absorb as territories); annex (absorb as territories); U.S. purchased Philippines for U.S. purchased Philippines for $20 million$20 million

Monroe Doctrine

The old horse was too slow for Uncle SamCoasting.

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine The The Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine was a policy of the was a policy of the United States

introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by by European nations to nations to colonize land or interfere with states in land or interfere with states in North or or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.requiring U.S. intervention.[1] At the same time, the doctrine At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence from the from the Spanish Empire (except (except Cuba and and Puerto Rico) and the ) and the Portuguese Empire. The United States, . The United States, working in agreement with working in agreement with Britain, wanted to guarantee that no , wanted to guarantee that no European power would move in.European power would move in.[2]

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine BY ISSUING THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN BY ISSUING THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN

1823, THE UNITED STATES WARNED 1823, THE UNITED STATES WARNED EUROPEAN NATIONS TO STAY OUT OF EUROPEAN NATIONS TO STAY OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE WHILE THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE WHILE PROMISING NOT TO INTERVENE IN THE PROMISING NOT TO INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS AFFAIRS OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS SUCH AS THE COLONIES THEY CONTROL. SUCH AS THE COLONIES THEY CONTROL. BY BECOMING AN IMPERIAL POWER, BY BECOMING AN IMPERIAL POWER, HOWEVER, THE UNITED STATES SEEMED HOWEVER, THE UNITED STATES SEEMED TO BE IGNORING THAT PLEDGE.TO BE IGNORING THAT PLEDGE.

DO NOWDO NOW

WHY WAS PUERTO RICO IMPORTANT WHY WAS PUERTO RICO IMPORTANT TO THE UNITED STATES?TO THE UNITED STATES?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 353 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “RETURN TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT”

DO NOWDO NOW WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF

PARIS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND SPAIN?PARIS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND SPAIN? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 350-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 350-

351 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “TREATY 351 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “TREATY OF PARIS”OF PARIS”

Monroe Doctrine

The old horse was too slow for Uncle SamCoasting.

Section 3: Acquiring New LandsSection 3: Acquiring New Lands When Puerto Rico became part of the United States after the When Puerto Rico became part of the United States after the

Spanish-American War, many Puerto Ricans feared that the Spanish-American War, many Puerto Ricans feared that the United States would not give them the measure of self-rule United States would not give them the measure of self-rule that they had gained under the Spanish. Not all Puerto that they had gained under the Spanish. Not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence. Some wanted statehood, Ricans wanted independence. Some wanted statehood, while others hoped for some measure of local self-while others hoped for some measure of local self-government as an American territory. As a result, the United government as an American territory. As a result, the United States gave Puerto Ricans no promises regarding States gave Puerto Ricans no promises regarding independence after the Spanish-American Warindependence after the Spanish-American War

Hawaii

Puerto Rico

Philippines

Cuba

Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!"

U.S.: The First Lessons In Self Government

Caricature showing Uncle Sam lecturing four children labeled Philippines (who appears similar to Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo), Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba in front of children holding books labeled with various U.S. states. In the background are an American Indian holding a book upside down, a Chinese boy at door, and a black boy cleaning a window. Originally published on p. 8-9 of the January 25, 1899 issue of Puck magazine.

Caption: "School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!"

Blackboard: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. — England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. — The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.

Poster: The Confederated States refused their consent to be governed, but the Union was preserved without their consent.

During the Spanish-American War, United States forces, occupied the During the Spanish-American War, United States forces, occupied the island. General Nelson A. Miles issued a statement assuring Puerto island. General Nelson A. Miles issued a statement assuring Puerto Ricans that the Americans were there to “bring you protection, not Ricans that the Americans were there to “bring you protection, not only to yourselves but to your property, to promote your prosperity, only to yourselves but to your property, to promote your prosperity, and to bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of the liberal and to bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of the liberal

institutions of our government.” For the time being, Puerto Rico institutions of our government.” For the time being, Puerto Rico would be controlled by the military until Congress decided otherwise. would be controlled by the military until Congress decided otherwise.

Although many Puerto Ricans had dreams of independence or Although many Puerto Ricans had dreams of independence or statehood, the United States had different plans for the island’s statehood, the United States had different plans for the island’s

future. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the United States, future. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the United States, both for maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean and for both for maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean and for

protecting a future canal that American leaders wanted to build protecting a future canal that American leaders wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama. across the Isthmus of Panama. 1. Puerto 1. Puerto

RicoRico

2. territory2. territory 3. 3.

importance importance of Puerto of Puerto Rico to the Rico to the U.S.U.S.

1. 1. becomes a territory of the becomes a territory of the United StatesUnited States

2. 2. an area of land under the an area of land under the control of a ruler or countrycontrol of a ruler or country

3. 3. maintaining a U.S. presence in maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean & protecting the Caribbean & protecting resources & a future canal across resources & a future canal across the isthmus of Panamathe isthmus of Panama

In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which ended military rule In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which ended military rule and set up a civil government. The act gave the president of the and set up a civil government. The act gave the president of the United States the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and United States the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and

members of the upper house of its legislature. Puerto Ricans could members of the upper house of its legislature. Puerto Ricans could elect only the members of the legislature’s lower house. In 1901, in elect only the members of the legislature’s lower house. In 1901, in the Insular Cases, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution the Insular Cases, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution

did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories. did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories. Congress, however, retained the right to extend U.S. citizenship, and Congress, however, retained the right to extend U.S. citizenship, and it granted that right to Puerto Ricans in 1917. It also gave them the it granted that right to Puerto Ricans in 1917. It also gave them the

right to elect both houses of their legislature.right to elect both houses of their legislature. 4. 4.

Foraker Foraker Act Act (1900)(1900)

5. Insular 5. Insular CasesCases

4. 4. allowed the president of U.S. allowed the president of U.S. the power to appoint Puerto the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and members of Rico’s governor and members of the upper housethe upper house

5. 5. Supreme Court claimed Supreme Court claimed Constitution did not apply to Constitution did not apply to people in territories; gave people in territories; gave territories U.S. citizenship & territories U.S. citizenship & granted them the right to vote for granted them the right to vote for their legislaturetheir legislature

Cuba and the United StatesCuba and the United States When the United States When the United States

declared war against Spain declared war against Spain in 1898, it recognized in 1898, it recognized Cuba’s independence from Cuba’s independence from Spain. It also passed the Spain. It also passed the Teller Amendment, which Teller Amendment, which stated that the United stated that the United States had no intention of States had no intention of taking over any part of taking over any part of Cuba. The Treaty of Paris, Cuba. The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, which ended the war, further guaranteed Cuba further guaranteed Cuba the independence that its the independence that its nationalist leaders had nationalist leaders had been demanding for years.been demanding for years.

WILLIAM McKINLEY CARTOON. 'Well, I Hardly Know Which To Take First!' American cartoon comment, c1900, on Uncle Sam's seemingly insatiable imperialist appetite; waiting to take the

order, at right, is President William McKinley. 

Analyzing Political CartoonsAnalyzing Political Cartoons

1. What is on the bill of fare, or 1. What is on the bill of fare, or menu, in this restaurant?menu, in this restaurant?

2. Which president does the waiter 2. Which president does the waiter portray?portray?

3. What seems to be Uncle Sam’s 3. What seems to be Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offerings on the attitude toward the offerings on the menu?menu?

Though officially independent, Cuba was occupied by American Though officially independent, Cuba was occupied by American troops when the war ended. Jose Marti, the Cuban patriot who had troops when the war ended. Jose Marti, the Cuban patriot who had

led the movement for independence from Spain, had feared that the led the movement for independence from Spain, had feared that the United States would merely replace Spain and dominate Cuban United States would merely replace Spain and dominate Cuban

politics. In some ways, Marti’s prediction came true. Under American politics. In some ways, Marti’s prediction came true. Under American occupation, the same officials who had served Spain remained in occupation, the same officials who had served Spain remained in

office. Cubans who protested this policy were imprisoned or exiled. office. Cubans who protested this policy were imprisoned or exiled. On the other hand, the American military government provide food On the other hand, the American military government provide food and clothing for thousands of families, helped farmers put land back and clothing for thousands of families, helped farmers put land back

into cultivation, and organized elementary schools. Through into cultivation, and organized elementary schools. Through improvement of sanitation and medical research, the military improvement of sanitation and medical research, the military

government helped eliminate yellow fever, a disease that had killed government helped eliminate yellow fever, a disease that had killed hundreds of Cuban each year. hundreds of Cuban each year. 6. Cuba6. Cuba

7. Teller 7. Teller AmendmentAmendment

6. 6. remained an independent remained an independent nation under the Treaty of nation under the Treaty of ParisParis

7. 7. stated the U.S. had no stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over any intention of taking over any part of Cuba; however U.S. part of Cuba; however U.S. kept troops in Cuba after the kept troops in Cuba after the warwar

Cuba’s Relations w/ United Cuba’s Relations w/ United States: The Platt AgreementStates: The Platt Agreement

In 1900 the newly formed Cuban government wrote a constitution for In 1900 the newly formed Cuban government wrote a constitution for an independent Cuba. The constitution, however, did not specify the an independent Cuba. The constitution, however, did not specify the relationship between Cuba and the United States. Consequently, in relationship between Cuba and the United States. Consequently, in 1901, the United States insisted that Cuba add to its constitution 1901, the United States insisted that Cuba add to its constitution several provisions (additions), known as the Platt Agreement stating several provisions (additions), known as the Platt Agreement stating that:that:– Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its

independence or permit a foreign power to control any independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territorypart of its territory

– The United States reserved the right to intervene in CubaThe United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba– Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not

repayrepay– The United States could buy or lease land on the island for The United States could buy or lease land on the island for

naval stations and refueling stations.naval stations and refueling stations.

The United States made it clear that its army would not withdraw The United States made it clear that its army would not withdraw until Cuba adopted the Platt Amendment. In response, a torchlight until Cuba adopted the Platt Amendment. In response, a torchlight procession marched on the residence of Governor-General Leonard procession marched on the residence of Governor-General Leonard Wood in protest. Some protestors even called for a return to arms to Wood in protest. Some protestors even called for a return to arms to

defend their national honor against this American insult. The U.S. defend their national honor against this American insult. The U.S. government stood firm, though, and Cubans reluctantly ratified the government stood firm, though, and Cubans reluctantly ratified the new constitution. In 1903, the Platt Amendment became part of a new constitution. In 1903, the Platt Amendment became part of a treaty between the two nations, and it remained in effect for 31 treaty between the two nations, and it remained in effect for 31

years. Under the terms of the treaty, Cuba became a U.S. years. Under the terms of the treaty, Cuba became a U.S. protectorate, a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a protectorate, a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a

stronger power.stronger power. 8. Platt 8. Platt AmendmentAmendment

9. 9. protectorateprotectorate

8. 8. treaty b/t Cuba and U.S. treaty b/t Cuba and U.S. making Cuba a protectorate making Cuba a protectorate (ex: U.S. had right to (ex: U.S. had right to intervene in Cuban affairs)intervene in Cuban affairs)

9. 9. affairs (businesses) are affairs (businesses) are partially controlled by a partially controlled by a stronger powerstronger power

Protecting American Business Protecting American Business InterestsInterests

The most important reason for the United States to The most important reason for the United States to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to protect American businesses that had invested in the protect American businesses that had invested in the island’s sugar, tobacco, and mining industries, as well island’s sugar, tobacco, and mining industries, as well as in its railroads and public utilities.as in its railroads and public utilities.

Although many business people were convinced that Although many business people were convinced that annexing and imposing colonial rule on new territories annexing and imposing colonial rule on new territories was necessary to protect American business interests, was necessary to protect American business interests, some were concerned with colonial entanglements. some were concerned with colonial entanglements. Some industrialists like Andrew Carnegie argued Some industrialists like Andrew Carnegie argued against the taking of nations as colonies.against the taking of nations as colonies.

Despite such concerns, the U.S. continued to push for control of its Latin American neighbors. In the years to come, the United States would intervene time and again of other nations in the Western Hemisphere.

In the Philippines, Filipinos reacted with outrage to the Treaty of In the Philippines, Filipinos reacted with outrage to the Treaty of Paris, which called for American annexation of the Philippines. The Paris, which called for American annexation of the Philippines. The rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo believed that the United States had rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo believed that the United States had promised independence. When he and his followers learned the promised independence. When he and his followers learned the

terms of the treaty they vowed to fight for their freedom. In February terms of the treaty they vowed to fight for their freedom. In February 1899, the Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo rose in revolt. The United States 1899, the Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo rose in revolt. The United States

assumed almost the same role that Spain had played, imposing its assumed almost the same role that Spain had played, imposing its authority on a colony that was fighting for freedom. When Aguinaldo authority on a colony that was fighting for freedom. When Aguinaldo turned to guerrilla tactics, the United States forced Filipinos to live in turned to guerrilla tactics, the United States forced Filipinos to live in

designated zones, where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease designated zones, where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands. This was the very same practice that Americans killed thousands. This was the very same practice that Americans

had condemned Spain for using in Cuba. It took the Americans had condemned Spain for using in Cuba. It took the Americans nearly three years to put down the rebellion. About 20,000 Filipino nearly three years to put down the rebellion. About 20,000 Filipino

rebels died fighting for independence. The war claimed 4,000 rebels died fighting for independence. The war claimed 4,000 American lives and cost $400 million—20 times the price the United American lives and cost $400 million—20 times the price the United

States had paid to purchase the islands.States had paid to purchase the islands. 10. Philippines10. Philippines

11. U.S. 11. U.S. responseresponse

10. 10. felt betrayed by U.S. felt betrayed by U.S. wanted independence from wanted independence from the U.S. and began to revoltthe U.S. and began to revolt

11. 11. took them 3 yrs to put took them 3 yrs to put down the rebellion costing down the rebellion costing 20,000 Filipino lives and $400 20,000 Filipino lives and $400 millionmillion

Spain

$20 million

Philippines

Aftermath of the Aftermath of the WarWar

After suppressing the After suppressing the rebellion, the United States set rebellion, the United States set up a government similar to the up a government similar to the one it had established for one it had established for Puerto Rico. The U.S. Puerto Rico. The U.S. president would appoint a president would appoint a governor, who would then governor, who would then appoint the upper house of the appoint the upper house of the legislature. Filipinos would legislature. Filipinos would elect the lower house. Under elect the lower house. Under American rule, the Philippines American rule, the Philippines moved gradually toward moved gradually toward independence and finally independence and finally became an independent became an independent republic on July 4, 1946.republic on July 4, 1946.

DO NOWDO NOW LOOK AT THE POLITICAL CARTOON IN YOUR LOOK AT THE POLITICAL CARTOON IN YOUR

TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 354. ANSWER THESE TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 354. ANSWER THESE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. WHAT IS THE BILL OF FARE, OR MENU, THIS 1. WHAT IS THE BILL OF FARE, OR MENU, THIS RESTAURANT?RESTAURANT?

2. WHICH PRESIDENT DOES THE WAITER PORTRAY?2. WHICH PRESIDENT DOES THE WAITER PORTRAY? 3. WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE ATTITUDE OF UNCLE SAM 3. WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE ATTITUDE OF UNCLE SAM

TOWARD THE OFFERINGS ON THE MENU?TOWARD THE OFFERINGS ON THE MENU?

U.S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia, U.S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia, particularly to China. China was seen as a vast potential market for particularly to China. China was seen as a vast potential market for American products. It also presented American investors with new American products. It also presented American investors with new

opportunities for large-scale railroad construction. Weakened by war opportunities for large-scale railroad construction. Weakened by war and foreign intervention, China had become known as the “sick man and foreign intervention, China had become known as the “sick man of Asia.” France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had established of Asia.” France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had established

prosperous settlements along the coast of China. They also had prosperous settlements along the coast of China. They also had carved out spheres of influence, areas where each nation claimed carved out spheres of influence, areas where each nation claimed

special rights and economic privileges.special rights and economic privileges. 12. 12.

Philippines Philippines was viewedwas viewed

13. China was 13. China was viewedviewed

12. 12. as a gateway (opening) as a gateway (opening) to the rest of Asia to the U.S. to the rest of Asia to the U.S. particularly Chinaparticularly China

13. 13. as a potential market (to as a potential market (to sell) for American products & sell) for American products & large-scale railroad large-scale railroad constructionconstruction

Look on page 356 of your textbooks to look at U.S. imperialism on a world map.

Foreign Foreign Influence in Influence in

ChinaChina Weakened by war and Weakened by war and

foreign invention, China foreign invention, China had become known as the had become known as the “sick man of Asia.” “sick man of Asia.” France, Germany, Britain, France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had Japan, and Russia had established prosperous established prosperous settlements along the settlements along the coast of China. They also coast of China. They also carved out spheres of carved out spheres of influence, areas where influence, areas where each nation claimed each nation claimed special rights and special rights and economic privileges.economic privileges.

The United States began to fear that China would be carved into The United States began to fear that China would be carved into colonies and American traders would be shut out. To protect colonies and American traders would be shut out. To protect

American interests, U.S. Secretary of State John Jay issued, in 1899, a American interests, U.S. Secretary of State John Jay issued, in 1899, a series of policy statements called the Open Door notes. The notes series of policy statements called the Open Door notes. The notes

were letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing were letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the United States, thus that the nations share their trading rights with the United States, thus creating an open door. This meant that no single nation would have creating an open door. This meant that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. The other imperialist a monopoly on trade with any part of China. The other imperialist

powers reluctantly accepted this policy.powers reluctantly accepted this policy. 14. U.S. 14. U.S.

governmengovernment t

15. Open 15. Open Door notesDoor notes

14. 14. protects American interests protects American interests by issuing policy statements by issuing policy statements called Open Door notes (John called Open Door notes (John Hay, 1899)Hay, 1899)

15. 15. statements addressed to statements addressed to leaders of imperialist nations leaders of imperialist nations (Europe) proposing that nations (Europe) proposing that nations share their trading rights in share their trading rights in China w/ U.S.China w/ U.S.

The Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion in Chinain China

Although China kept its freedom, Although China kept its freedom, Europeans dominated most of Europeans dominated most of China’s large cities. Resentment China’s large cities. Resentment simmered beneath the surface as simmered beneath the surface as some Chinese formed secret some Chinese formed secret societies pledged to rid the country societies pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils.” The most of “foreign devils.” The most famous of these secret groups were famous of these secret groups were the Boxers, so named by the Boxers, so named by Westerners because members Westerners because members practiced martial arts. practiced martial arts.

The Boxers killed hundreds of The Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners, missionaries and other foreigners, as well as Chinese converts to as well as Chinese converts to Christianity.Christianity.

In August 1900 troops from Britain, France, Germany, and Japan In August 1900 troops from Britain, France, Germany, and Japan joined about 2,500 American soldiers and marched on the Chinese joined about 2,500 American soldiers and marched on the Chinese capital. Within two months, the international forces put down the capital. Within two months, the international forces put down the

Boxer Rebellion. Thousands of Chinese people died during the Boxer Rebellion. Thousands of Chinese people died during the fighting. After the Boxer Rebellion, the United States feared that fighting. After the Boxer Rebellion, the United States feared that

European nations would use their victory to take even greater control European nations would use their victory to take even greater control of China. To prevent this, John Jay issued a second series of Open of China. To prevent this, John Jay issued a second series of Open

Door notes, announcing that the United States would “safeguard for Door notes, announcing that the United States would “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of

the Chinese Empire.” This policy paved the way for greater the Chinese Empire.” This policy paved the way for greater American influence in Asia. The open door policy reflected three American influence in Asia. The open door policy reflected three deeply held American beliefs about the United States industrial deeply held American beliefs about the United States industrial

capitalist economy.capitalist economy. 16. Open 16. Open Door Policy Door Policy (1900)(1900)

17. America’s 17. America’s belief of belief of industrial industrial economyeconomy

16. 16. U.S. would protect equal and U.S. would protect equal and partial trade w/all parts of partial trade w/all parts of Chinese empireChinese empire

17. 17. (1) economy depended on (1) economy depended on exports (selling); (2) had to exports (selling); (2) had to intervene abroad to keep foreign intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open; (3) closing of an markets open; (3) closing of an area to American products could area to American products could threaten U.S. survivalthreaten U.S. survival

Anti (Against)-ImperialistsAnti (Against)-Imperialists Not everyone in the U.S. supported Not everyone in the U.S. supported

Imperialism. An Anti-Imperialist Imperialism. An Anti-Imperialist League had sprung into being. The League had sprung into being. The league included some of the most league included some of the most prominent people in American, such as prominent people in American, such as former president Grover Cleveland, former president Grover Cleveland, industrial leader Andrew Carnegie, the industrial leader Andrew Carnegie, the social worker Jane Addams, and many social worker Jane Addams, and many leading writers. Anti-imperialists had leading writers. Anti-imperialists had different and sometimes conflicting different and sometimes conflicting reasons for their opposition, but all reasons for their opposition, but all agreed that it was wrong for the United agreed that it was wrong for the United States to rule other people without States to rule other people without their consent.their consent.

Section 4: America As a World Section 4: America As a World PowerPower

The assassination of William McKinely in 1901 thrust The assassination of William McKinely in 1901 thrust Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt into the role of a Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt into the role of a world leader. Roosevelt was unwilling to allow the world leader. Roosevelt was unwilling to allow the imperial powers of Europe to control the world’s imperial powers of Europe to control the world’s political and economic destiny. political and economic destiny.

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/southamerica.cfm

Amid the various Latin American independence movements in the early 1800s, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. This stated that any attempt by a European power to reassert control over a rebellious colony in South America  would be viewed as a threat to the United States which had only recently won its independence from Great Britain.

As President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt issued an extension to the Monroe Doctrine that essentially stated that only the U.S. would be allowed to intervene in South America.

By the time Roosevelt became president, many Americans, including By the time Roosevelt became president, many Americans, including Roosevelt, felt that the United States needed a canal cutting across Roosevelt, felt that the United States needed a canal cutting across Central America. Such a canal would greatly reduce travel time for Central America. Such a canal would greatly reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As early as 1850, the United States and Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As early as 1850, the United States and Britain had agreed to share the rights to such a canal. In the Hay-Britain had agreed to share the rights to such a canal. In the Hay-

Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, however, Britain gave the United States Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, however, Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America. exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America.

In 1800s, a French company had tried to build a canal in Panama In 1800s, a French company had tried to build a canal in Panama which was filled with mountains and swamps. After ten years, the which was filled with mountains and swamps. After ten years, the company gave up. It sent an agent to Washington to convince the company gave up. It sent an agent to Washington to convince the United States to buy its claim. In 1903, the president and Congress United States to buy its claim. In 1903, the president and Congress

decided to use the Panama route and agreed to buy the French decided to use the Panama route and agreed to buy the French company’s route for $40 million.company’s route for $40 million.

1. shortcut b/t 1. shortcut b/t Atlantic and Atlantic and Pacific OceansPacific Oceans

2. Panama 2. Panama routeroute

1. 1. many Americans felt that many Americans felt that U.S. needed a canal cutting U.S. needed a canal cutting across Central Americaacross Central America

2. 2. Congress purchased Congress purchased Panama water-route from Panama water-route from France for $40 millionFrance for $40 million

Before beginning work on the Panama Canal, the United States had Before beginning work on the Panama Canal, the United States had to get permission from Colombia, which then ruled Panama. When to get permission from Colombia, which then ruled Panama. When

these negotiations broke down, France helped organize a these negotiations broke down, France helped organize a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. On November 3, 1903, Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. On November 3, 1903, nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present as Panama declared nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present as Panama declared

independenceindependence

..

Fifteen days later, Panama and the United States signed a treaty in Fifteen days later, Panama and the United States signed a treaty in which the United States agreed to pay Panama $10 million plus an which the United States agreed to pay Panama $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000 for an area land across Panama, called the annual rent of $250,000 for an area land across Panama, called the Canal Zone. The payments were to begin in 1913. Construction of Canal Zone. The payments were to begin in 1913. Construction of the Panama Canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering the Panama Canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats. Builders fought diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria, feats. Builders fought diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria, and soft volcanic soil that proved difficult to remove where it lay. and soft volcanic soil that proved difficult to remove where it lay.

Work began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and draining of Work began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and draining of swamps. By 1913, the height of the construction, more than 43,400 swamps. By 1913, the height of the construction, more than 43,400

workers were employed. Some had come from Italy and Spain; workers were employed. Some had come from Italy and Spain; three-quarters were blacks from the British West Indies. More than three-quarters were blacks from the British West Indies. More than

5,600 workers on the canal died from accidents or disease. The total 5,600 workers on the canal died from accidents or disease. The total cost to the United States was about $380 million. On August 15, cost to the United States was about $380 million. On August 15,

1914, the canal opened for business, and more than 1,000 merchant 1914, the canal opened for business, and more than 1,000 merchant ships passed through during its first year.ships passed through during its first year. 3. Panama 3. Panama

landland

4. Panama 4. Panama CanalCanal

3. 3. was purchased from Panama was purchased from Panama for $10 million after the U.S. for $10 million after the U.S. helped them achieve helped them achieve independence from South independence from South AmericaAmerica

4. 4. water-way passing through water-way passing through Central AmericaCentral America

DO NOWDO NOW WHAT PROBLEMS DID CANAL WORKERS WHAT PROBLEMS DID CANAL WORKERS

ENCOUNTER IN CONSTRUCTING THE PANAMA ENCOUNTER IN CONSTRUCTING THE PANAMA CANAL?CANAL?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 361 READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 361 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “CONSTRUCTING THE CANAL”“CONSTRUCTING THE CANAL”

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary

Financial factors drew the United States further Financial factors drew the United States further into Latin American affairs. In the late 19into Latin American affairs. In the late 19thth century, many Latin American nations had century, many Latin American nations had borrowed huge sums of money from European borrowed huge sums of money from European banks to build railroads and develop industries. banks to build railroads and develop industries. Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their loans, Europeans might intervene. He on their loans, Europeans might intervene. He was determined to make the United States the was determined to make the United States the predominant power in the Caribbean and predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America.Central America.

Roosevelt reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrine, which Roosevelt reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrine, which had been issued in 1823 by President James Monroe. The Monroe had been issued in 1823 by President James Monroe. The Monroe

Doctrine demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Doctrine demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations. Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on Latin American nations. Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

Roosevelt reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrine, which Roosevelt reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrine, which had been issued in 1823 by President James Monroe. The Monroe had been issued in 1823 by President James Monroe. The Monroe

Doctrine demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Doctrine demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations. Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on Latin American nations. Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

In his December 1904 message to congress, Roosevelt added the In his December 1904 message to congress, Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. He warned that disorder Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. He warned that disorder in Latin America might “force the United States…to the exercise of an in Latin America might “force the United States…to the exercise of an

international policy power.” In effect, the corollary said that the international policy power.” In effect, the corollary said that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interests in United States would now use force to protect its economic interests in

Latin America.Latin America. 5. 5.

Roosevelt Roosevelt reminded reminded

6. Monroe 6. Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

7. 7. Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary

5. 5. reminded European powers reminded European powers of the Monroe Doctrineof the Monroe Doctrine

6. 6. document demanding document demanding European countries to stay out European countries to stay out of the affairs of Latin American of the affairs of Latin American nationsnations

7. 7. stated the U.S. would use stated the U.S. would use police force to protect its police force to protect its economic interests in Latin economic interests in Latin AmericaAmerica

During the next decade, the United States exercised its police power During the next decade, the United States exercised its police power on several occasions. For example, when a 1911 rebellion in on several occasions. For example, when a 1911 rebellion in

Nicaragua left the nation near bankruptcy, President William H. Taft, Nicaragua left the nation near bankruptcy, President William H. Taft, Roosevelt’s successor, arranged for American bankers to loan Roosevelt’s successor, arranged for American bankers to loan

Nicaragua enough to pay its debts. In return, the bankers were given Nicaragua enough to pay its debts. In return, the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua’s custom the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua’s custom duties. The U.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaragua’s state-duties. The U.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaragua’s state-owned railroad system and its national bank. When Nicaraguan owned railroad system and its national bank. When Nicaraguan

citizens heard about this deal, they revolted against President Adolfo citizens heard about this deal, they revolted against President Adolfo Diaz. To prop up Diaz’s government, some 2,000 marines were sent Diaz. To prop up Diaz’s government, some 2,000 marines were sent

to Nicaragua. The revolt was put down, but some marine to Nicaragua. The revolt was put down, but some marine detachments remained in the country until 1933. The Taft detachments remained in the country until 1933. The Taft

administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American

businesspeople. This policy was called dollar diplomacy by its critics businesspeople. This policy was called dollar diplomacy by its critics and was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the and was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the

Caribbean.Caribbean. 8. dollar 8. dollar diplomacydiplomacy

8. 8. using the U.S. gov. to using the U.S. gov. to guarantee loans made to guarantee loans made to foreign countries in Latin foreign countries in Latin America by American America by American businesspeople to keep businesspeople to keep European powers outEuropean powers out

The Monroe Doctrine, issued by President James Monroe in 1823, had The Monroe Doctrine, issued by President James Monroe in 1823, had warned other nations against expanding their influence in Latin warned other nations against expanding their influence in Latin

America. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted, in 1904, that the United America. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted, in 1904, that the United States had a right to exercise international police power in the States had a right to exercise international police power in the

Western Hemisphere. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson gave the Western Hemisphere. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone. According to Wilson’s “missionary Monroe Doctrine a moral tone. According to Wilson’s “missionary diplomacy,” the United States had a moral responsibility to deny diplomacy,” the United States had a moral responsibility to deny

recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Prior to this oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Prior to this

policy, the United States recognized any government that controlled policy, the United States recognized any government that controlled a nation, regardless of that nation’s policies or how it had come to a nation, regardless of that nation’s policies or how it had come to

power. Wilson’s policy pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere power. Wilson’s policy pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments. Almost immediately, the to establish democratic governments. Almost immediately, the

Mexican Revolution put Wilson’s policy to the test.Mexican Revolution put Wilson’s policy to the test. 9. President 9. President WilsonWilson

10. 10. missionary missionary diplomacydiplomacy

9. 9. gave the Monroe Doctrine a gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral (upstanding) tone by moral (upstanding) tone by issuing a missionary diplomacyissuing a missionary diplomacy

10. 10. denied recognition to any denied recognition to any Latin American gov. it viewed as Latin American gov. it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interestshostile to U.S. interests

Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy, Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy, and the American government attempted to extend the reach of this and the American government attempted to extend the reach of this

economic and political system, even through armed intervention. economic and political system, even through armed intervention. The United States pursued and achieved several foreign policy goals The United States pursued and achieved several foreign policy goals

in the early 20in the early 20thth century. First, it expanded its access to foreign century. First, it expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic

economy. Second, the United States built a modern navy to protect economy. Second, the United States built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad. Third, the United States exercised its its interests abroad. Third, the United States exercised its

international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America.international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America. 11. U.S. 11. U.S.

foreign foreign policy goalspolicy goals

11. 11. (1) expanded access to (1) expanded access to foreign markets to ensure foreign markets to ensure domestic economic growth; (2) domestic economic growth; (2) built a modern navy to protect its built a modern navy to protect its interests; (3) exercised its police interests; (3) exercised its police power to ensure dominance in power to ensure dominance in Latin AmericaLatin America

Chapter 11: The First World Chapter 11: The First World WarWar It was about 1:00 A.M. on April 6It was about 1:00 A.M. on April 6thth 1917, and the 1917, and the

members of the U.S. House of Representatives members of the U.S. House of Representatives were tired. For the past 15 hours they had been were tired. For the past 15 hours they had been debating President Wilson’s request for a debating President Wilson’s request for a declaration of war against Germany. There was declaration of war against Germany. There was a breathless hush as Jeanette Rankin of Montana, a breathless hush as Jeanette Rankin of Montana, the first woman elected to Congress, stood up. the first woman elected to Congress, stood up. Rankin declared, “I want to stand by my country Rankin declared, “I want to stand by my country but I can not vote for war. I vote no.” but I can not vote for war. I vote no.”

After much debate as to whether the United After much debate as to whether the United States should join the fight, Congress voted in States should join the fight, Congress voted in favor of U.S. entry into World War I. With this favor of U.S. entry into World War I. With this decision, the government abandoned the decision, the government abandoned the neutrality that America had maintained for three neutrality that America had maintained for three years. What made the United States change its years. What made the United States change its policy in 1917?policy in 1917?

Although many Americans wanted to stay out of the war, several Although many Americans wanted to stay out of the war, several factors made American neutrality difficult to maintain. As an factors made American neutrality difficult to maintain. As an

industrial and imperial power, the United States felt many of the industrial and imperial power, the United States felt many of the same pressures that had led the nations of Europe into devastating same pressures that had led the nations of Europe into devastating warfare. Historians generally cite four long-term causes of the First warfare. Historians generally cite four long-term causes of the First

World War: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of World War: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of a system of alliances. Throughout the 19a system of alliances. Throughout the 19thth century, politics in the century, politics in the

Western world were deeply influenced by the concept of nationalismWestern world were deeply influenced by the concept of nationalism—a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation. Often, —a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation. Often, nationalism led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nationalism led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among

nations. In this atmosphere of competition, many feared Germany’s nations. In this atmosphere of competition, many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe.growing power in Europe. 1. long-term 1. long-term

causes of causes of the WWI the WWI (1914-1918)(1914-1918)

2. 2. nationalismnationalism

1. 1. nationalism, imperialism, nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and formation of militarism, and formation of alliancesalliances

2. 2. a devotion to the interests a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation; and culture of one’s nation; led to rivalries among nationsled to rivalries among nations

ImperialismImperialism For many centuries, European For many centuries, European

nations had been building nations had been building empires, slowly extending empires, slowly extending their economic and political their economic and political control over various peoples control over various peoples of the world. Colonies of the world. Colonies supplied the European supplied the European imperial powers with raw imperial powers with raw materials and provided materials and provided markets for manufactured markets for manufactured goods. As Germany goods. As Germany industrialized, it competed industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the with France and Britain in the contest for colonies.contest for colonies.

Empires were expensive to build and to defend. The growth of Empires were expensive to build and to defend. The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending. nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending.

Because each nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any Because each nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of militarism—potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of militarism—

the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. By 1890 the strongest nation on the European continent diplomacy. By 1890 the strongest nation on the European continent was Germany, which had set up an army reserve system that drafted was Germany, which had set up an army reserve system that drafted

and trained young men. Britain was not initially alarmed by and trained young men. Britain was not initially alarmed by Germany’s military expansion. As an island nation, Britain had Germany’s military expansion. As an island nation, Britain had

always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping routes—and the British navy was the strongest in the world. routes—and the British navy was the strongest in the world.

However, in 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, or emperor, decided However, in 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, or emperor, decided that his nation should also become a major sea power in order to that his nation should also become a major sea power in order to compete more successfully against the British. Soon British and compete more successfully against the British. Soon British and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and

destroyers. France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined destroyers. France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined the naval arms race.the naval arms race. 3. 3.

imperialismimperialism

4. militarism4. militarism

3. 3. led to competition among led to competition among European nations for European nations for colonies/territories colonies/territories

4. 4. development of armed development of armed forces (army/navy) to protect forces (army/navy) to protect territoriesterritories