Do Now: Do Now: Which of the following Which of the following sentences sentences need a commaneed a comma??

1.1. Jim passed Coach Warner’s test but Jim passed Coach Warner’s test but he did not get to play right away.he did not get to play right away.

2.2. One Army player tried to tackle Jim, One Army player tried to tackle Jim, failed, injured his knee in the failed, injured his knee in the process and had to be helped from process and had to be helped from the field.the field.

3.3. Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.cake.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

1.1. Before a coordinating conjunction Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clausesjoining independent clauses

2.2. After an introductory phrase or After an introductory phrase or clauseclause

3.3. Between all items in a seriesBetween all items in a series

4.4. Between coordinate adjectivesBetween coordinate adjectives

5.5. To set off nonessential elementsTo set off nonessential elements

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• A complete sentence has A complete sentence has two components, a subject two components, a subject and a verb.and a verb.

• The subject and verb must The subject and verb must form a complete thought to form a complete thought to be considered an be considered an independent clause.independent clause.

The couple dances. The coupleThe couple dancesdances.. subject (S) subject (S) verb verb (V)(V)

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• A sentence that contains A sentence that contains two independent clausestwo independent clauses joined by a coordinating joined by a coordinating conjunction is called a conjunction is called a compound sentence.compound sentence.

• A conjunction joins words, A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses phrases, and clauses together in a sentence.together in a sentence.

• ConjunctionsConjunctions– forfor– andand– nornor– butbut– oror– yetyet– soso

FAN BOYS

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

Rule 1: The comma in a Rule 1: The comma in a compound sentence is compound sentence is placed before the placed before the coordinating conjunction.coordinating conjunction.

Andy built a snowman, and Jeff played with his dog.

SS VV conj.conj.

AndyAndy builtbuilt a snowman a snowman,, andand

JeffJeff playedplayed with his dog.with his dog.

SS VV

Where would you Where would you place the comma place the comma in the following in the following sentence?sentence?

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

Dan struggled with his homework so his father helped him.Dan struggled with his homework, so his father helped him. S V conj. S V

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• A A dependentdependent clause clause contains a subject contains a subject and verb, but the and verb, but the clause cannot stand clause cannot stand independently.independently.

• Dependent clausesDependent clauses can often be can often be identified by the use identified by the use of dependent clause of dependent clause markers.markers.

• Some dependent clause markers:Some dependent clause markers:

because

since

when

while

until

if

as

though

although

unless

after

before

once

whether

Introductory clause=Introductory clause=dependent clause located at the dependent clause located at the

beginning of a sentencebeginning of a sentence

Rule 2: When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause.

When Elizabeth called 911, the firemen rushed to her rescue.WhenWhen ElizabethElizabeth calledcalled 911 911,, the the firemenfiremen rushedrushed to her rescue. to her rescue. DCM DCM SS V V SS VV

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

Where would you place the comma in the following examples?

After the movie ended we went out for coffee.

Since it was raining we decided to go to the movies.

Once the movie began I fell asleep.

Since it was raining, we decided to go to the movies. DCM S V S V

Once the movie began, I fell asleep.DCM S V S V

After the movie ended, we went out for coffee.DCM S V S V

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

When a When a dependent clausedependent clause is is

located after an independent clause, located after an independent clause,

DO NOTDO NOT place a comma between the two. place a comma between the two.I went on the roller coaster because my brother dared me.

S V DCM S V

I became very sick when the S V DCMroller coaster zoomed upside down. S V

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

After INTRODUCTORY phrases After INTRODUCTORY phrases • Near a small stream at the bottom Near a small stream at the bottom

of the canyonof the canyon, the park rangers , the park rangers discovered the mine. discovered the mine.

• Thinking his motorcade drive Thinking his motorcade drive through Dallas was routine through Dallas was routine President Kennedy smiled and President Kennedy smiled and waved at the crowds. waved at the crowds.

• Commas should be placed in series of Commas should be placed in series of words, phrases, or clauses.words, phrases, or clauses.

• Place commas in the following sentencesPlace commas in the following sentences:

Rule 3: Rule 3: Commas in a SeriesCommas in a Series

Martina brushed her hair put on her pajamas and went to bed.

She fell asleep and dreamed that she was a princess she kissed a frog and she rescued her prince.

Martina brushed her hairMartina brushed her hair,, put on put on

her pajamasher pajamas,, and went to bed. and went to bed.

She fell asleep and dreamed that she was She fell asleep and dreamed that she was a princessa princess, , she kissed a frogshe kissed a frog,, and she and she rescued her prince.rescued her prince.

When should you use When should you use commas commas with adjectives?with adjectives?

Rule 4Rule 4: Use commas to separate adjectives : Use commas to separate adjectives that provide an equal description of a noun.that provide an equal description of a noun.

THE TEST:THE TEST:

Can you put “and” between the adjectives?Can you put “and” between the adjectives?

Can they be described in reverse order?Can they be described in reverse order?

If so, use a comma.If so, use a comma.

big blue house three hungry kittens

a cranky, ungrateful man

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a comma with comma with adjectivesadjectives??

• Coordinate Coordinate

• Two or more Two or more adjectives that adjectives that modify a noun modify a noun separatelyseparately

• Robert is a Robert is a warm, warm, gentle, and gentle, and affectionateaffectionate fatherfather.

• CumulativeCumulative

• Do not modify the Do not modify the noun separatelynoun separately

• Three large gray Three large gray shapes shapes moved moved slowly toward us.slowly toward us.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• The cold impersonal The cold impersonal atmosphere of the university atmosphere of the university was unbearable. was unbearable.

• The The 1812 Overture 1812 Overture is a stirring, is a stirring, magnificent piece of music.magnificent piece of music.

• My cats pupils had constricted My cats pupils had constricted to small black shining dots. to small black shining dots.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• An essential clause or phrase is used to modify a noun.

• It also adds information that is critical to the meaning of the sentence.

• Essential clauses are NOT set off by commas.

The The peoplepeople who work in my officewho work in my office areare so uptight! so uptight!

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

S S essential phraseessential phrase VV

Without the essential phrase, this sentence does not make complete sense : The people are so uptight!

The The martinimartini that I had at Joe’sthat I had at Joe’s waswas much better than this one!much better than this one!

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

S essential V

The word “that” is almost always an indicator of an essential phrase or clause.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

• A nonessential phrase or clause A nonessential phrase or clause adds extra information to a sentence.adds extra information to a sentence.

• This information can be eliminated This information can be eliminated from the sentence without from the sentence without jeopardizing the meaning of the jeopardizing the meaning of the sentence.sentence.

• Rule 5: Always place commas Rule 5: Always place commas around nonessential phrases and around nonessential phrases and clauses.clauses.

My brother, who lives across town, plans to throw a party! S non-essential V

Even without the phrase the sentence still makes sense : My brother plans to throw a party!

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

Steve said that he would propose to me on Valentine’s Day, which is my favorite holiday!

S V

non-essential

Use commas to set off additional information

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

Would you place commas in the following sentences? If so, where?

I am planning a trip to Paris which is one of the greatest cities in the world.

No comma is needed. The sentence is correct.

The place that I would most like to see is the Eiffel Tower.

Pierre who is one of my business contacts will meet me at the airport.

I am planning a trip to Paris which is one of the greatest cities in the world.

Pierre who is one of my business contacts will meet me at the airport.

How would you correct the How would you correct the following sentencesfollowing sentences?

This semester I am taking calculus physics and economics.

Calculus is my best subject, I am certain I will get an A.

Although I am very busy I still find time to have fun.

Last weekend my brother visited me and we went to a football game a party and a rock concert.

This semester I am taking calculus physics and economics.

Calculus is my best subject and I am certain I will get an A.

Although I am very busy I still find time to have fun.

Last weekend my brother visited me, and we went to a football game a party and a rock concert.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

1.1. Before a coordinating conjunction Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clausesjoining independent clauses

• No grand idea was ever born in a No grand idea was ever born in a conference, but a lot of foolish ideas conference, but a lot of foolish ideas have died there.have died there.

2.2. After an introductory phrase or After an introductory phrase or clause.clause.

• If thought corrupts language, If thought corrupts language, language can corrupt thought.language can corrupt thought.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

3.3. Between all items in a seriesBetween all items in a series• All the things I really like to do are All the things I really like to do are

either immoral, illegal, or fattening.either immoral, illegal, or fattening.

4.4. Between coordinate adjectivesBetween coordinate adjectives• There is a mighty big difference There is a mighty big difference

between good, sound reasons and between good, sound reasons and reasons that sound good.reasons that sound good.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

5.5. To set off nonessential elementsTo set off nonessential elements• Silence, which will save me Silence, which will save me

from shame, will also deprive from shame, will also deprive me of fame.me of fame.

Aim: When do you use a Aim: When do you use a commacomma??

1.1. Jim passed Coach Warner’s test but Jim passed Coach Warner’s test but he did not get to play right away.he did not get to play right away.

2.2. One Army player tried to tackle Jim, One Army player tried to tackle Jim, failed, injured his knee in the process failed, injured his knee in the process and had to be helped from the field.and had to be helped from the field.

3.3. Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.cake.