Nationalism Case Studies: Italy and Germany

Aim: What factors/circumstances aided in the unification of Italy?

Title: The Unification of ItalyDo Now: Please take out last nights homework, just need to check it. Please place yesterdays handout in front [part of last nights homework]. 24:3Aim: What factors/circumstances aided in the unification of Italy?

Title: The Unification of ItalyDo Now [quietly please!]:1. In your own words, define the term, nationalism. a. Be sure to examine some of the key elements connected to the term. 2. What are your views pertaining to nationalism? Would you classify it as a positive or negative force/movement? Prudence is absolutely necessary here: Think carefully prior to answering. Answer to # 1

NationalismNationalism is defined as pride in ones countryStrong feelings for ones country.People who share a common language, history heritage.Nationalism causes people to join together

Answer to # 1 Nationalism6 bonds that unify [shake my hands dont worry, I used soap & water & afterwards, hand-sanitizer] a people:common religioncommon languagecommon ethnicity or ancestry common historycommon landcommon culture

24:3Nation-StateAnswer to # 1 Answer to # 2NationalismGoodCan work to bring people together.Give people a common goal.Pride or loyalty to ones country.BadCan pull countries apart.Can cause revolts and wars within the country.Extreme nationalism can cause world wars because one country feels it is better then another.

Answer to # 2 The Ideal of NationalismNationality as a common ancestryLoyalty to a peopleNations with a right to independence24:3TypeCharacteristicsExamplesUnificationMergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands19th century Germany19th century ItalySeparationCulturally distinct group resists being added to state or tries to break awayGreeks in the Ottoman EmpireFrench-speaking CanadiansState-buildingCulturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single cultureThe United StatesTurkeyAnswer to # 2NationalismNationalism can be like a bomb and split nations apartRussiaOttoman EmpireAustro-Hungarian These nations/empires controlled vast numbers of different ethnic groups who wanted self government.

Answer to # 2 NationalismNationalism can be like a magnet and bring people together to create nation-states.Places like Italy and Germany

OBJECTIVE I: Italy and Nationalism - Why wasnt Italy united before the second half of the 1800s?

* No writing is necessary here,just need a few volunteers to briefly list a few answers to the question above.

Italy and Nationalism: Why wasnt Italy united before 1850s?

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy had been a nation of small states.Napoleon united Italy into the Kingdom of Italy.

The Congress of Vienna [worked towards undoing ALL of the grand changes made by Napoleon & Enlightenment philosophy wanted to resurrect absolute rule/monarchy] re-divided Italy and placed Italy under the rule of Austria.

Italy continued to remain a country of small feudal states

Antiquity:Roman Empire

Middle Ages: competing city-states

Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

Conclusion? Throughout the ages, Italy was split up into several different states and was independently governed by local/natives of the region or by foreigners e.g., France, Austria-Hungary, etc. (1859-1860)xcdcxwaswaswwwwwwwwas

24:3OBJECTIVE #II - Work on completing the handout: Exploring the road to Italys Unification Giuseppe Mazzinia. Giuseppe MazziniNationalist leader who founded Young Italy. Young Italy was a secret society hoped to form a free republic of Italy and established a republic in Rome.Was quickly defeated by the French in 1849.

17The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

The Duties of Man:

O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we loveThe Idealist PatriotItalian UnificationIn 1849 the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo Cavour began to work for Italian unificationWhere is Sardinia again? Is it even part of Italy? Cant find it on a map of the mainland.

19Cavour Unites ItalyThe quest for unityMazzinis Young ItalySardinia and Italian unificationCavours goalsUnification in the southGaribaldis Red ShirtsChallenges after unificationRegional conflicts24:3

Count Cavour[The Head]

Giuseppi Garibaldi[The Sword]

Giuseppi Mazzini[The Heart]

King Victor Emmanuel II

Pope Pius IX: The Spoiler? The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)Unification of Northern Italy1858-1859: Central Italy to the rescue demand unification!

1860:Cavour returns & France re-pledges supportN. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)Unification of Northern Italy1850s: strengthen Sardinia

1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria!ally w/ Francegoad Austria into warFranco-Sardinian victory!France pulls support separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy onlyCavour resigns

Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)Unification of North & SouthRed Shirts1860:conquered Sicilyplan to invade Papal States stopped by CavourCavour orders plebiscite S. states vote to join N

Military LeaderThe Two Giuseppesb. Giuseppe Garibaldi:Lead a revolutionary group of soldiers known as the red shirtsThe red shirts invaded Sicily in 1860 and then started marching back North winning and controlling the areas as they marched.They eventually would connect with Victor Emmanuel at Naples where Garibaldi would turn over the lands he controlled to Emmanuel helping him become King in 1861.

Why would I surrender the land I unified to Victor Emmanuel and not keep fighting north on my own?

24Italian UnificationIn the south Garibaldi started a revolutionary movement to drive the Spanish out of ItalyGaribaldis followers known as Red Shirts began attacking the Spanish in SicilyIn 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had driven the Spanish out of ItalyFinally in 1870 the French withdrew from Italy leaving it a newly unified country

Italian UnificationBy 1861 most of Italy was unified Victory Emmanuel II became king of the newly unified Italy

24:3Right Leg in the Boot at Last

GaribaldiKing Victor Emmanuel IIWhat symbol is used to represent the soon-to-be nation of Italy?How is Garibaldi portrayed?This cartoon was published in Great Britain. What does the title say about the British attitude towards the unification of Italy?28Government:

Divisions between:

Parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel)

Limited suffrage [Right to vote]

Social classes (rich/poor)

Regions (N/S)

What did the new, unified Italy look like?

b. Major division between Northern & Southern ItalyNorthern Italy was industrializing and had the largest cities and wealthiest citizens.Southern Italy was rural and poor.

Life in the North?Life in the South?a. Strong regional rivalries still existed.Challenges for Italia30c. Problems with the R.C.C.:The Pope resented the Papal states being taken over and refused to recognize the new Nation and urged Catholics not to cooperate with the government. A small section of Rome, Vatican City [a country within a state, thats within a country], remained under R.C.C. control.Challenges for Italia

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