Slide 1

Do Now: If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water. Loren Eisley What does this quote mean? Fig. 8-1, p. 168 Slide 2 Turn and Talk: Have you ever been to a coral reefor seen one on TV. Describe it to your group. Slide 3 Aim: What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems? Slide 4 Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? Biodiversity Formation Tiny animals (polyps) and algae have mutualistic relationship Polyps secret calcium carbonate shells, which become coral reefs Slide 5 Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (2) Important ecological and economic services Moderate atmospheric temperatures Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion Provide habitats Support fishing and tourism businesses Provide jobs and building materials Studied and enjoyed Slide 6 Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (3) Degradation and decline Coastal development Pollution Overfishing Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching: kill algae and thus the polyps Increasing ocean acidity Slide 7 Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water Saltwater: global ocean divided into 4 areas Atlantic Pacific Arctic Indian Freshwater Slide 8 Fig. 8-2, p. 169 The Ocean Planet Slide 9 Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water (2) Aquatic life zones Saltwater life zones (marine life zones) Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests Freshwater life zones Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands Slide 10 Fig. 8-3, p. 170 Aquatic Systems Slide 11 Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (1) Plankton: free floating Phytoplankton (shorelines) Tiny drifting plants Different types of algae Zooplankton Drifting animals that feed on phytoplankton and eachother Ultraplankton (surface) Tiny photosynthetic bacteria 70% of productivity Slide 12 Fig. 8-4, p. 171 Four Types of Aquatic Life Forms PhytoplanktonJelly fishWhale Sea Star Slide 13 PauseThinkWrite Why do you think aquatic plants such as phytoplankton tend to be very small, whereas most terrestrial plants such as trees tend to be larger and have more specialized structures for growth? Slide 14 Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (2) Nekton Strong swimmers: fish, turtles, whales Benthos Bottom dwellers: oysters, sea stars, clams, lobsters, crabs Decomposers Mostly bacteria Slide 15 Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (3) Key factors in the distribution of organisms Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Availability of food Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone Turbidity: degree of cloudiness in water Inhibits photosynthesis Slide 16 Summary: Why are some aquatic animals, especially marine mammals such as whales, extremely large compared with terrestrial animals? Slide 17 Aim: Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important? Concept 8-2 Saltwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity and provide major ecological and economic services. Slide 18 Oceans Provide Vital Ecological and Economic Resources Estimated $12 trillion per year in goods and services Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones 1.Coastal zone Warm, nutrient rich, shallow Shore to edge of continental shelf Usually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrients 2.Open sea 3.Ocean bottom Slide 19 Fig. 8-5, p. 172 Natural Capital Marine Ecosystems Ecological ServicesEconomic Services Climate moderationFood CO 2 absorptionAnimal and pet feed Pharmaceuticals Nutrient cycling Harbors and transportation routes Waste treatment Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Recreation Coastal habitats for humans Habitats and nursery areas Employment Genetic resources and biodiversity Oil and natural gas Minerals Scientific information Building materials Slide 20 Fig. 8-6, p. 173 Major Life Zones and Vertical Zones in an Ocean How is an ocean like a rainforest? Slide 21 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (1) Estuaries and coastal wetlands Where rivers meet the sea Seawater mixes with freshwater Very productive ecosystems: high nutrient levels Examples: River mouths Inlets Bays Sounds Salt marshes Mangrove forests Slide 22 Fig. 8-7, p. 173 View of an Estuary from Space Slide 23 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive Seagrass Beds Grow underwater in shallow areas Support a variety of marine species Stabilize shorelines Reduce wave impact Slide 24 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive Mangrove forests Along tropical and subtropical coastlines 69 different tree species that grow in saltwater Slide 25 Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (3) Important ecological and economic services maintain water quality by filtering Toxic pollutants Excess plant nutrients Sediments Absorb other pollutants Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats Reduce storm damage and coast erosion Slide 26 Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms Intertidal zone Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes Importance of sand dunes Slide 27 Beach flea Peanut worm Tiger beetle Barrier Beach Blue crab Clam Dwarf olive High tide Sandpiper Ghost shrimp Silversides Low tide Mole shrimp White sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snail Rocky Shore Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Monterey flatworm Nudibranch Stepped Art Fig. 8-11, p. 176 Slide 28 Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers of Biodiversity Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests Habitats for one- fourth of all marine species Slide 29 The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species (1) Three vertical zones of the open sea 1.Euphotic zone Phytoplankton Nutrient levels low Dissolved oxygen levels high 2.Bathyal zone Dimly lit Zooplankton and smaller fishes Slide 30 The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species (2) 3.Abyssal zone Dark and cold High levels of nutrients Little dissolved oxygen Deposit feeders Filter feeders Upwelling brings nutrients to euphotic zone Primary productivity and NPP Slide 31 Summary: How would you respond to someone who proposes that we use the deep portions of the worlds oceans to deposit our radioactive and other hazardous wastes because the deep ocean are vast and are located away from human habitats? Give reasons for your response. Slide 32 Do Now: Identify and describe two ways in which humans have affected marine ecosystems? Slide 33 Turn and Talk: Is there anyway to reverse the damage done? Slide 34 Aim: How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems? Concept 8-3 Human activities threaten aquatic biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by saltwater systems. Slide 35 Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems Major threats to marine systems Coastal development Overfishing Use of fishing trawlers Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries Slide 36 Fig. 8-13, p. 179 Natural Capital Degradation Major Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems and Coral Reefs Marine EcosystemsCoral Reefs Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development Ocean warming Over one-fifth of mangrove forests lost to agriculture, development, and shrimp farms since 1980 Soil erosion Rising ocean acidity Beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea levels Bleaching Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing Increased UV exposure Rising sea levels At least 20% of coral reefs severely damaged and 2533% more threatened Damage from anchors Damage from fishing and diving Slide 37 PauseThinkDiscuss How might the loss of most of the worlds remaining tropical coral reefs affect your life and the lives of any children or grandchildren you may have? What are two things you could do to help reduce this loss? Slide 38 Case Study: The Chesapeake Bayan Estuary in Trouble (1) Largest estuary in the US; polluted since 1960 Human population increased Point and nonpoint sources raised pollution Phosphate and nitrate levels too high Excess sediments from runoff and decreased vegetation Slide 39 Case Study: The Chesapeake Bayan Estuary in Trouble (2) Oysters, a keystone species, greatly reduced 1983: Chesapeake Bay Program Integrated coastal management with local, state, federal governments and citizens groups 2008 update: 25 years and $6 billion Program met only 21% of goals Water quality very poor Slide 40 Fig. 8-14, p. 180 Drainage basin No oxygen Low concentrations of oxygen Chesapeake Bay Slide 41 PauseThinkWrite What are three ways in which Chesapeake Bay area residents could apply the three principles of sustainability to try to improve the environmental quality of the bay? Slide 42 Aim:Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important? Concept 8-4 Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services, and are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity. Slide 43 Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (1) Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater Streams Rivers Slide 44 Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (2) Four zones based on depth and distance from shore 1.Littoral zone Near shore where rooted plants grow High biodiversity Turtles, frogs, crayfish, some fish 2.Limnetic zone Open, sunlight area away from shore Main photosynthetic zone Some larger fish Slide 45 Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (3) 3.Profundal zone Deep water too dark for photosynthesis Low oxygen levels Some fish 4.Benthic zone Decomposers Detritus feeders Some fish Nourished primarily by dead matter Slide 46 Fig. 8-16, p. 182 Painted turtle Blue-winged teal Green frog Muskrat Pond snail Littoral zone Plankton Diving beetle Northern pike Yellow perch Bloodworms Slide 47 Fig. 8-15, p. 181 Natural Capital Freshwater Systems Ecological ServicesEconomic Services Climate moderationFood Nutrient cycling Drinking water Waste treatment Irrigation water Flood control Groundwater recharge Hydroelectricity Habitats for many species Transportation corridors Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation Scientific informationEmployment Slide 48 PauseThinkDiscuss Which two ecological services and economic services to you think are the most important? Why? Slide 49 Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others Oligotrophic lakes Low levels of nutrients and low NPP Very clear water Eutrophic lakes High levels of nutrients and high NPP Murky water with high turbidity Mesotrophic lakes Cultural eutrophication of lakes from human input of nutrients Slide 50 Stepped Art Fig. 8-17, p. 182 The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment eThe Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake Slide 51 Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans Surface water Runoff Watershed, drainage basin Three aquatic life zones Source zone Transition zone Floodplain zone Slide 52 Fig. 8-18, p. 183 LakeGlacier Headwaters Rain and snow Rapids Waterfall Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Source Zone Ocean Transition Zone Sediment Water Floodplain Zone Three Zones in the Downhill Flow of Water Slide 53 Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance? New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005 Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans Slide 54 Fig. 8-19, p. 185 New Orleans, Louisiana Flooded by Hurricane Katrina Slide 55 Fig. 8-20, p. 185 Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 0.9 Meter Slide 56 Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (1) Marshes Swamps Prairie potholes Floodplains Arctic tundra in summer Slide 57 Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (2) Provide free ecological and economic services Filter and degrade toxic wastes Reduce flooding and erosion Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers Biodiversity Food and timber Recreation areas Slide 58 8-5 How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems? Concept 8-5 Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Slide 59 Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems Impact of dams and canals on rivers Impact of flood control levees and dikes along rivers Impact of pollutants from cities and farms on streams, rivers, and lakes Impact of drained wetlands Slide 60 Summary: the sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonders forever. Jacques Yves Cousteau Slide 61 Three Big Ideas 1.Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earths surface, and oceans dominate the planet. 2.The earths aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services. 3.Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by aquatic systems.