Do-Now-Do-Now-Copy AND answer Copy AND answer the following the following questions on a questions on a separate sheet separate sheet of paper. of paper.

1.1.How do you think you did on the ch. 3 How do you think you did on the ch. 3 Test?Test?

2.2.How long did you study?How long did you study?

3.3.What could YOU do to improve your What could YOU do to improve your grade?grade?

4.4.What could WE do to help you?What could WE do to help you?

Chapter 4 VocabularyChapter 4 Vocabulary

1.1. GymnospermGymnosperm

2.2. AngiospermAngiosperm

3.3. ResistanceResistance

4.4. Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection

5.5. AdaptationAdaptation

6.6. EvolutionEvolution

7. Natural Selection7. Natural Selection

8. Biotic Factor8. Biotic Factor

9. Abiotic Factor9. Abiotic Factor

10. Archaebacteria10. Archaebacteria

11. Eubacteria11. Eubacteria

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Remember to write the slides Remember to write the slides that show the clipboard that show the clipboard

symbol. Examples written in symbol. Examples written in italics do not need to be italics do not need to be

written down. We will just written down. We will just discuss them, along with the discuss them, along with the

other slides.other slides.

ObjectivesObjectives

•Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

•Describe how a population differs from a species.

•Explain how habitats are important for organisms.

StandardsStandards

• SCSh7cSCSh7c

• SEV1eSEV1e

• SEV2a, b, cSEV2a, b, c

• SEV3a, dSEV3a, d

Defining an EcosystemDefining an Ecosystem• Communities of organisms & their abiotic Communities of organisms & their abiotic

environmentenvironment• Examples:Examples:

– oak forestoak forest -intertidal zone-intertidal zone– coral reefcoral reef -a pond-a pond

• DonDon’’t have clear boundariest have clear boundaries– Things move from one ecosystem to another. Things move from one ecosystem to another. – Pollen can blow from a forest into a field, soil Pollen can blow from a forest into a field, soil

can wash from a mountain into a lake, & birds can wash from a mountain into a lake, & birds migrate from state to state.migrate from state to state.

The Components of an The Components of an EcosystemEcosystem• Five basic components: Five basic components:

– EnergyEnergy– Minerals/NutrientsMinerals/Nutrients– WaterWater– OxygenOxygen– Living OrganismsLiving Organisms

• Most energy comes from the sunMost energy comes from the sun

• If one part of the ecosystem is destroyed If one part of the ecosystem is destroyed or changes, the entire system will be or changes, the entire system will be affected.affected.

Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic and Abiotic Factors• Biotic factorsBiotic factors are environmental are environmental

factors that are living organisms factors that are living organisms – plants, animals, dead organisms, & the plants, animals, dead organisms, & the

waste products of organismswaste products of organisms

• Abiotic factorsAbiotic factors are not associated are not associated with the activities of living organisms with the activities of living organisms – air, water, rocks, temperature, salinity, air, water, rocks, temperature, salinity,

pressurepressure

OrganismsOrganisms• OrganismsOrganisms are living things that can are living things that can

carry out life processes independently.carry out life processes independently.• ExamplesExamples

– YouYou– AntsAnts– IvyIvy– BacteriaBacteria

• Species Species are groups of organisms that are are groups of organisms that are closely related & can mate to produce closely related & can mate to produce fertile offspringfertile offspring. .

• Every organism is a member of a species.Every organism is a member of a species.

PopulationsPopulations• PopulationsPopulations are groups of are groups of

organisms of the same species that organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area & live in a specific geographical area & interbreed.interbreed.

• Example:Example:– all the field mice in a corn fieldall the field mice in a corn field

CommunitiesCommunities• CommunitiesCommunities are groups of various are groups of various

species that live in the same habitat species that live in the same habitat & interact with each other.& interact with each other.– Every population is part of a community.Every population is part of a community.– The most obvious difference between The most obvious difference between

communities is the types of species they communities is the types of species they have.have.

HabitatHabitat• PPlace where an organism usually liveslace where an organism usually lives

• Every habitat has specific characteristics Every habitat has specific characteristics that the organisms need to survive. If any that the organisms need to survive. If any of these factors change, the habitat of these factors change, the habitat changes.changes.

• Organisms are well suited to their natural Organisms are well suited to their natural habitats. habitats. – Animals & plants usually cannot survive for Animals & plants usually cannot survive for

long periods of time away from their natural long periods of time away from their natural habitat.habitat.

Complete your Venn Diagram using Complete your Venn Diagram using the following terms/phrases.the following terms/phrases.

• Living ThingsLiving Things

• Nonliving ThingsNonliving Things

• PlantsPlants

• PressurePressure

• AnimalsAnimals

• ProtistsProtists

• FungiFungi

• WaterWater

• SandSand

• BacteriaBacteria

• TemperatureTemperature

• SalinitySalinity

• SpeedSpeed

• Mineral Mineral CompositionComposition

• Describes Describes EcosystemsEcosystems

• Dead OrganismsDead Organisms

• Animal Waste Animal Waste ProductsProducts

• LightLight

Do-Now:Do-Now:

1.1.Contrast the terms organism and Contrast the terms organism and species.species.

2.2.Contrast population and community.Contrast population and community.

3.3.The living components of an ecosystem The living components of an ecosystem are _____.are _____.

4.4.The nonliving components of an The nonliving components of an ecosystem are _____.ecosystem are _____.

ObjectivesObjectives• ExplainExplain the process of evolution by the process of evolution by

natural selection.natural selection.

• ExplainExplain the concept of adaptation. the concept of adaptation.

• DescribeDescribe the steps by which a the steps by which a population of insects becomes population of insects becomes resistant to pesticide.resistant to pesticide.

StandardsStandards

• SCSh7c, d, eSCSh7c, d, e

• SCSh8bSCSh8b

• SCSh9c, dSCSh9c, d

• SEV 2aSEV 2a

• SEV3a, b, dSEV3a, b, d

Evolution by Natural Evolution by Natural SelectionSelection• Darwin observed that organisms in a population Darwin observed that organisms in a population

differ slightly in form, function, & behavior (some differ slightly in form, function, & behavior (some of these differences are hereditary).of these differences are hereditary).– Proposed that environment has a strong influence over Proposed that environment has a strong influence over

which individuals survive to produce offspringwhich individuals survive to produce offspring– Darwin proposed that over many generations, natural Darwin proposed that over many generations, natural

selection causes the characteristics of populations to selection causes the characteristics of populations to change.change.

• Natural selectionNatural selection is the process by which is the process by which individuals that have favorable variations & are individuals that have favorable variations & are better adapted to their environment survive & better adapted to their environment survive & reproduce more successfully than less well reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do.adapted individuals do.

• EvolutionEvolution is a change in the characteristics of a is a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.population from one generation to the next.

• AdaptationAdaptation is the process of becoming adapted to is the process of becoming adapted to an environment. It is an anatomical, physiological, an environment. It is an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a populationor behavioral change that improves a population’’s s ability to survive. ability to survive.

CoevolutionCoevolution• The process of two species evolving in The process of two species evolving in

response to long-term interactions with each response to long-term interactions with each other is called other is called coevolutioncoevolution..

• Example:Example:– Hawaiian honeycreeper, which has a long, curved Hawaiian honeycreeper, which has a long, curved

beak to reach nectar at the base of a flower. The beak to reach nectar at the base of a flower. The flower has structures that ensure that the bird flower has structures that ensure that the bird gets some pollen on its head.gets some pollen on its head.

– When the bird moves the next flower, some of the When the bird moves the next flower, some of the pollen will be transferred, helping it to reproduce.pollen will be transferred, helping it to reproduce.

– The honeycreeperThe honeycreeper’’s adaptation is along, curved s adaptation is along, curved beak.beak.

– The plant has two adaptations:The plant has two adaptations:– The first is the sweet nectar, which attracts the The first is the sweet nectar, which attracts the

birds.birds.– The second is the flower structure that forces The second is the flower structure that forces

pollen onto the birdpollen onto the bird’’s head when the bird sips s head when the bird sips nectarnectar..

Evolution by Artificial Evolution by Artificial SelectionSelection• Artificial selectionArtificial selection is the selective is the selective

breeding of organisms, by humans, breeding of organisms, by humans, for specific desirable characteristics.for specific desirable characteristics.

• Examples:Examples:– Dogs have been bred for certain Dogs have been bred for certain

characteristics.characteristics.– Fruits, grains, & vegetables are also Fruits, grains, & vegetables are also

produced by artificial selection. produced by artificial selection. Humans Humans save seeds from the largest, & sweetest save seeds from the largest, & sweetest fruits. By selecting for these traits, fruits. By selecting for these traits, farmers direct the evolution of crop farmers direct the evolution of crop plants to produce larger, sweeter fruit.plants to produce larger, sweeter fruit.

Evolution of ResistanceEvolution of Resistance• ResistanceResistance is the ability of an is the ability of an

organism to tolerate a chemical or organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent.disease-causing agent.

• Examples:Examples:– An organism may be resistant to a An organism may be resistant to a

chemical when it contains a gene that chemical when it contains a gene that allows it to break down a chemical into allows it to break down a chemical into harmless substances.harmless substances.

– Humans promote the evolution of Humans promote the evolution of resistant populations by trying to control resistant populations by trying to control pests & bacteria with chemicals.pests & bacteria with chemicals.

1.1. DescribeDescribe the steps by which a the steps by which a population of insects becomes population of insects becomes resistant to pesticide.resistant to pesticide.

2.2. What is artificial selection? What is artificial selection? Describe an example of it.Describe an example of it.

3.3. The perfect one word to define The perfect one word to define evolution is “____”.evolution is “____”.

4.4. ““Survival of the fittest” refers to the Survival of the fittest” refers to the theory of __________________.theory of __________________.

Seat Work-You do NOT need to Seat Work-You do NOT need to write the questions, but your write the questions, but your answers should be in COMPLETE answers should be in COMPLETE sentences.sentences.• P. 102 #1-4P. 102 #1-4

• P. 107 #1-4P. 107 #1-4

Do-Now:Do-Now:

1.1.Why is it that prescribing antibiotics Why is it that prescribing antibiotics to humans every time they have a to humans every time they have a disease will not help eliminate disease will not help eliminate bacterial diseases?bacterial diseases?

2.2.What factors of an ecosystem are What factors of an ecosystem are NOT part of a community? NOT part of a community?

Study for your 4-1 & 4-2 QUIZ!!!!Study for your 4-1 & 4-2 QUIZ!!!!

ObjectivesObjectives

• NameName the six kingdoms of organisms and the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each.identify two characteristics of each.

• ExplainExplain the importance of bacteria and the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment.fungi in the environment.

• DescribeDescribe the importance of protists in the the importance of protists in the ocean environment.ocean environment.

• DescribeDescribe how angiosperms and animals how angiosperms and animals depend on each other.depend on each other.

• ExplainExplain why insects are such successful why insects are such successful animals.animals.

StandardsStandards

• SCSh2a, bSCSh2a, b

• SCSh3a, c, d, eSCSh3a, c, d, e

• SCSh4aSCSh4a

• SCSh6a, b, cSCSh6a, b, c

• SCSh9c SCSh9c

• SEV2a, bSEV2a, b

The Diversity of Living The Diversity of Living ThingsThings• 6 kingdoms based on different 6 kingdoms based on different

characteristicscharacteristics– Get food in different ways Get food in different ways – made up of different types of cellsmade up of different types of cells

•The cells of animals, plants, fungi, & protists The cells of animals, plants, fungi, & protists all contain a nucleus (eukaryotes). Bacteria all contain a nucleus (eukaryotes). Bacteria dondon’’t (prokaryotes).t (prokaryotes).

•The cells of bacteria, fungi, & plants all have The cells of bacteria, fungi, & plants all have cell walls. Animals doncell walls. Animals don’’t.t.

6 Kingdom Posters6 Kingdom Posters• Group member names in bottom right Group member names in bottom right

cornercorner

• TitleTitle-”Kingdom _____”-”Kingdom _____”

• Number of Cells: Number of Cells: unicellular, multicellular unicellular, multicellular or bothor both

• Nutrition: Nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic or autotrophic, heterotrophic or bothboth

• Cell Wall Present: Cell Wall Present: yes or noyes or no

• Habitat: Habitat: describe where the organisms call describe where the organisms call live (terrestrial, aquatic, marine, etc.)live (terrestrial, aquatic, marine, etc.)

• Examples: Examples: at least 3 examplesat least 3 examples

BacteriaBacteria• Extremely small, single-celled Extremely small, single-celled

organisms that usually have a cell organisms that usually have a cell wall & reproduce by binary fissionwall & reproduce by binary fission

• Lack nuclei (prokaryotic)Lack nuclei (prokaryotic)

• 2 main kinds of bacteria:2 main kinds of bacteria:– archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)– Eubacteria (true bacteria)Eubacteria (true bacteria)

• Live in every habitat on EarthLive in every habitat on Earth

Bacteria & the EnvironmentBacteria & the Environment• Some kinds of bacteria break down the remains & Some kinds of bacteria break down the remains &

wastes of other organisms & return the nutrients wastes of other organisms & return the nutrients to the soil.to the soil.

• Others recycle nutrients, like nitrogen & Others recycle nutrients, like nitrogen & phosphorus.phosphorus.

• Certain bacteria can convert nitrogen from the air Certain bacteria can convert nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use. This conversion is into a form that plants can use. This conversion is important because nitrogen is the main important because nitrogen is the main component of proteins & genetic material.component of proteins & genetic material.

• Bacteria also allow many organisms, including Bacteria also allow many organisms, including humans, to extract certain nutrients from their humans, to extract certain nutrients from their food.food.

• The bacterium, The bacterium, Escherichia coliEscherichia coli oror E. coliE. coli, , is is found in the intestines of humans & other animals found in the intestines of humans & other animals & helps digest food & release vitamins that & helps digest food & release vitamins that humans need.humans need.

FungiFungi• Cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, & no Cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, & no

chlorophyllchlorophyll• Mushroom=reproductive structure onlyMushroom=reproductive structure only• Most of fungus is underground network of Most of fungus is underground network of

fibers that absorb food from decaying fibers that absorb food from decaying organisms in the soil.organisms in the soil.

• Fungi get food by releasing chemicals that Fungi get food by releasing chemicals that help break down organic matter, & then help break down organic matter, & then absorbing the nutrients (heterotrophic).absorbing the nutrients (heterotrophic).

• Pros: decomposers, used to produce food Pros: decomposers, used to produce food products & some beveragesproducts & some beverages

• Cons: cause disease, rot buildings, cause Cons: cause disease, rot buildings, cause food to spoilfood to spoil

ProtistsProtists• DDiverse organisms that belong to kingdom iverse organisms that belong to kingdom

Protista.Protista.• ““Junk-drawer” of classificationJunk-drawer” of classification• They are divided into three groups:They are divided into three groups:

– Plant like protists=ALGAE (autotrophs)Plant like protists=ALGAE (autotrophs)– Animal like protists=PROTOZOANS (heterotrophs)Animal like protists=PROTOZOANS (heterotrophs)– Fungus like protists=SLIME & WATER MOLDS Fungus like protists=SLIME & WATER MOLDS

(heterotrophs)(heterotrophs)

PlantsPlants• Plants are multicellular organisms Plants are multicellular organisms

that make their own food that make their own food (autotrophs) & have cell walls.(autotrophs) & have cell walls.

• Divided into 2 groups:Divided into 2 groups:– Nonvascular (no xylem or phloem)Nonvascular (no xylem or phloem)– Vascular (has xylem & phloem)Vascular (has xylem & phloem)

Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular Plants• The first land plants had no vascular The first land plants had no vascular

tissue, & swimming sperm. They tissue, & swimming sperm. They therefore had to live in damp places therefore had to live in damp places & couldn& couldn’’t grow very large.t grow very large.

• Their descendents alive today are Their descendents alive today are small plants such as mosses.small plants such as mosses.

• Ferns & club mosses were the first Ferns & club mosses were the first vascular plants, with some of the vascular plants, with some of the ferns being as large as small trees.ferns being as large as small trees.

Vascular PlantsVascular PlantsGymnospermsGymnosperms• GymnospermsGymnosperms are woody vascular see plants are woody vascular see plants

whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit.fruit.

• Conifers (pine trees) are gymnosperms that bear Conifers (pine trees) are gymnosperms that bear cones. cones.

• Much of our lumber & paper comes from Much of our lumber & paper comes from gymnosperms.gymnosperms.

• Adaptations allow them to live in drier conditions Adaptations allow them to live in drier conditions than lower plantsthan lower plants• Produce pollen, which protects & moves sperm between Produce pollen, which protects & moves sperm between

plantsplants• Produce seeds, which protect developing plants from Produce seeds, which protect developing plants from

drying outdrying out• Needle-like leaves also lose little waterNeedle-like leaves also lose little water

Vascular PlantsVascular PlantsAngiospermsAngiosperms• AngiospermsAngiosperms are flowering plants that produce are flowering plants that produce

seeds within fruit. Most land plants are angiosperms.seeds within fruit. Most land plants are angiosperms.• The flower is the reproductive structure of the plant. The flower is the reproductive structure of the plant.

Some angiosperms, like grasses, have small flowers, Some angiosperms, like grasses, have small flowers, that use wind to disperse their pollen.that use wind to disperse their pollen.

• Other angiosperms have large flowers to attract Other angiosperms have large flowers to attract insects and birds. Many flowering plants depend on insects and birds. Many flowering plants depend on animals to disperse their seeds & carry their pollen.animals to disperse their seeds & carry their pollen.

• Most land animals are dependent on flowering Most land animals are dependent on flowering plants.plants.

• Most of the food we eat, such as wheat, rice, beans, Most of the food we eat, such as wheat, rice, beans, oranges, & lettuce comes from flowering plants.oranges, & lettuce comes from flowering plants.

• Building materials and fibers, such as oak & cotton, Building materials and fibers, such as oak & cotton, also come from flowering plants.also come from flowering plants.

AnimalsAnimals• CanCan’’t make their own food (heterotrophic)t make their own food (heterotrophic)

• Animal cells have no cell walls, making their Animal cells have no cell walls, making their bodies soft & flexible. Some animals have bodies soft & flexible. Some animals have evolved hard exoskeletons.evolved hard exoskeletons.

• Animals are more mobile than plants. All Animals are more mobile than plants. All animals move around in their environment animals move around in their environment during at least one stage in their lives.during at least one stage in their lives.

• Divided into 2 groups:Divided into 2 groups:– Invertebrates (no backbone)Invertebrates (no backbone)– Vertebrates (have a backbone)Vertebrates (have a backbone)

InvertebratesInvertebrates• No backbonesNo backbones

• More insects exist on Earth than any More insects exist on Earth than any other type of animal.other type of animal.– Insects are successful for many reasons: Insects are successful for many reasons:

they have a waterproof skeleton, can they have a waterproof skeleton, can move & reproduce quickly, most insects move & reproduce quickly, most insects can fly, & their small size allows them to can fly, & their small size allows them to live on little food & to hide from enemies live on little food & to hide from enemies in small places.in small places.

VertebratesVertebrates• Have a backboneHave a backbone

– mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, & fishmammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, & fish

• 1st were fish, but most live on land now1st were fish, but most live on land now• 1st LAND vertebrates were reptiles 1st LAND vertebrates were reptiles

(ectotherms). (ectotherms). • Birds are warm-blooded with feathers. Birds are warm-blooded with feathers. • Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates

that have fur & feed their young milk.that have fur & feed their young milk.• Birds & mammals have the ability to Birds & mammals have the ability to

maintain a high body temperature which maintain a high body temperature which allows them to live in cold areas allows them to live in cold areas (endotherms).(endotherms).

Do-Now:1. List the 6 kingdoms of living

organisms.2. The Chihuahua is a dog that exists

because of _________ selection.3. Fungi and bacteria are important to

the environment because they _________.

4. Phytoplankton are important protists because they are a source of _________ & _________.