Nutrition & Digestion

Do NowWhat did you have for breakfast?Was it a healthy balanced breakfast?Why do we eat???Nutrition & Digestion2Food Journal Assignment: Due Friday 2/26You are going to keep a DETAILED log of what you eat for 1 full day (this includes all snacks). On loose-leaf. This log must include portion sizes (how many servings you had) Chances are one bowl of cereal for you is more than one serving of cereal and one serving of milkWrite 2 paragraphs describingWhat types of food you ate the most of.What nutrients are in those foods.What nutrients you may not be getting enough of, or too much of.What changes you could make to improve your diet. How much water you drink vs. how much you need.

Why we eatProvide our body with nutrients

NutrientsSubstances in foods that provide energy and materials for cell development, growth, and repair

REVIEW FROM LIVING VS. NON-LIVING:Provides the energy to carry out life functions!!

4Types of NutrientsCarbohydratesProteinsFatsVitaminsMineralsWater51. CarbohydratesMain sources of energy for our bodies

Contain organic elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygen

Energy is released from carbohydrates through cellular respiration6REVIEW FROM CELLS:Where does cellular respiration occur??

73 Types of CarbohydratesSugarCells use sugar in the form of glucose (C6H12O6)Fruits, honey, milk

COMPLEX SUGARS Starch Body breaks this down into glucosePotatoes and Pasta

Cellulose Body cannot break this downFound in plant cell walls

8Body uses proteins for growth and replacement/repair of body cells

Made up of amino acidsSubunits, or building blocks of proteins

Our bodies need 20 amino acids to carry on cell processesOur body can make 12 of the amino acids we need for our cellsThe remaining 8 we cannot make and are called ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS2. Proteins9How do we receive the other 8 Amino Acids if our body cannot produce them?WE EAT TO GET THEM!

10

Fats are necessary for our bodiesProvide energy to help our bodies absorb vitamins

Gram for gram, fats release 2xs as much energy as carbohydrates release

NEGATIVE:Too much fat stored builds up in blood vessels Causes high blood pressure and reduces the supply of blood to the organsHeart disease or stroke may result3. Fats11Two Types of FatsSATURATED: Red Meats, Butter, CheeseAssociated with high levels of cholesterolToo much causes excess fat deposits to form

UNSATURATED: Usually come from PlantsCorn, Sunflower, and Soybean OilsPoultry, Fish, and Nuts12

13Do NowList several sources of..Saturated fatsUnsaturated fatsCarbohydratesProtein4. VitaminsOrganic nutrients in small quantities that help our bodies use other nutrients

Promote growth and regulate body functions

Vitamins A & D MilkVitamin B & K VegetablesVitamin C FruitsVitamin A CarrotsVitamin E Nuts155. MineralsInorganic nutrients used for body functions, growth, and regulation

Common Uses for Minerals:Strong bones and teeth (Calcium / Phosphorus)Blood clotting (Calcium)Muscle and nerve activity (Calcium / Phosphorus)Hemoglobin in RBCs carries oxygen (Iron)166. WaterHuman body is approximately 70-75% water by weight

Needed to carry dissolved nutrients in the body

Our bodies need 2L of liquid water each dayMany foods contain water, so you do not have to drink that much each day.Ex Apple is 80% water ; Most meat is 90% water17Interesting FactsBlood is approximately 90% waterNot drinking enough water causes it to be pulled from the blood, which makes the blood thicker and harder to pumpDrinking less water promotes excessive weight gainFat cells will not be transported as easily causing them to build up With less water the body cannot use the energy stored in the fat cells causing an increase in the amount within your body = weight gainWater is an appetite suppressant 18Do NowWhy is water so important for nutrition and the human bodys function?

Too much of a good thing can be badExplain why fats can be both good and bad.

How many essential amino acids do we need and how do we acquire them?

19Why Eat?Food is needed to make Energy for life.This amount of energy is measured in Calories.Unused calories of energy are stored in our fat cells for later.Eat 2000 Calories of food.Use 1000 Calories of energy.1000 Calories will be stored in fat.

20Calorie (foods energy)The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius. 21Daily Caloric RequirementsMale, aged 11-14-2800Female, aged 11-14-2400Male, aged 15-18-3000Female aged 15-18-21001940 calories per day for women and 2550 for menWhy does age 15-18 require more calories?22Exercise: Calories per hourRunning: 700Bicycling: 370Skating: 450Jogging: 6001. How many hours would you have to run to burn up 1,400 calories?2 . Which exercise burns the most calories?3. You just ate 450 calories of candy, which exercise could you do for 1 hour to burn the same amount of calories? 23 Digestive System

24Why Digest?Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are too big to be absorbed into our bloodstream.

Foods have to be broken down by enzymes before they are small enough to be absorbed.

25Functions of the Digestive SystemIngest: Food enters the body. Food contains nutrients needed for metabolism (chemical reactions).Digest: Breaking down the food so cells can absorb the nutrients. Absorption: Getting the nutrients to the cells. Egest: Removing solid waste from the body. 26MouthSalivary GlandGall BladderLiverPancreasSmall IntestineEsophagusStomachLarge IntestineRectumAnus

27Do now: Label the diagramMouthSalivary GlandGall BladderLiverPancreasSmall IntestineEsophagusStomachLarge IntestineRectumAnus

28 Mouth

Mechanical and Chemical DigestionMechanical = Teeth chew!Chemical = Enzymes in saliva digests starch into sugar!

29Mechanical Vs. Chemical DigestionIs mechanical digestion a physical or chemical change?Mechanical is a physical change: breaking large pieces into smaller pieces.Is chemical digestion a physical or a chemical change?Chemical is a chemical change: chemically breaks large molecules into different, smaller molecules.

30EnzymesEnzymes are special proteins that our body makes in order to digest food.Food might break down on its own in a million years, but enzymes speed this up.Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

31Enzymes will work more quickly on smaller pieces of food. WHY?

Increased Surface AreaChewing makes smaller pieces so that the enzymes will have more surface area to work on.

33

EnzymesWhich meat will be digested faster?34Saltines Experiment

35Do NowDescribe the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. Give one example of each that occurs in the mouth.Mechanical vs ChemicalMechanical digestion: Food is cut into smaller pieces.

Chemical digestion: Enzymes break food molecules into their building blocks.

EsophagusNo Digestion here.Peristalsis: Waves of contraction of smooth muscle squeeze food down.

38 Epiglottis

I'm Choking! StomachBlends food into liquid called ChymeMakes pepsin, Acid, and mucusPepsin digests protein

Accessory OrgansLiver: Makes bile Gall Bladder: Stores Bile.Bile: Breaks down fat

PANCREASPancreas: releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine.This completes digestion. Bicarbonate is also secreted which neutralizes the acid from the stomach.

Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas Small IntestineMost digestion occurs here.Absorption of Nutrients occurs ONLY here.

47Tapeworms live in small intestinesThe small intestine is the only place in the body where nutrients are absorbed. Tapeworms live there and absorb your nutrients before you can.

Do NowDescribe the functions of the liver, gall bladder, and the pancreasList all the enzymes we learned about and what they do.

Nutrients have to be ________enough to be absorbed by the small intestine.How much surface area does the small intestine have inside?

small

Which one has more internal surface area?

How can the small intestine have so much surface area?Inside the small intestine are tiny wrinkles called VILLI.

Which road has more surface area?

Why is this good for the small intestine?There are more surfaces to absorb the nutrients!

6. Large IntestineYour food finally reaches the large intestine, and it is wet!All that is left is roughage / fiber that cant be digested by humans. Water is reabsorbed.Bacteria live here and make vitamins for us.Large IntestineHow do feces move through the intestines?Peristalsis!

Problems in the Large IntestineDiarrhea: too wet.Constipation: not enough fiber.Colon cancer

DO NOW:1. Which organ absorbs nutrients, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates?Small Intestine2. Which organ absorbs water?Large Intestine

Can you identify all of these organs? How many Digestive Organs can you label?