do now
DESCRIPTION
Do Now. True or False? Correct the false statements. The first cloned animal was a tadpole. You inherit more from your father if you are a boy. Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA. All humans share 75% of their DNA. Objectives. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Do NowTrue or False? Correct the false
statements. The first cloned animal was a tadpole. You inherit more from your father if you are a
boy. Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA. All humans share 75% of their DNA.
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Objectives
SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotideSWBAT label the different parts of a DNA
molecule.
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DNA
DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is located: In the nucleus of cells
The function of DNA is to: Tells the cells how to produce things that make
you up (Blueprint)
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DNA StructureNucleotide is made of:
5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,
thymine)
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Nitrogen Bases
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DNA Structure
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DNA StructureDNA often is compared
to a twisted ladder.Rails of the ladder are
represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.
The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.
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Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder
-2 Strands of DNA form a helix
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Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel
On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.
The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.
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Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)
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Objectives
1. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide
2. SWBAT create their own strand of DNA using template sugar, phosphate, and bases.
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Lab
PICK UP: One sequence per group One packet per group 2 question worksheets
HANDING IN: 1 DNA diagram 2 Sets of questions.
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A good way to study
http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html
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Do Now
Where is DNA located?
What is the role of DNA in the cell?
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Objectives
1. SWBAT read and understand the discovery of DNA by several scientists.
2. SWBAT understand how viruses replicate and be able to apply this knowledge to a problem.
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When was DNA discovered?
We are going to study the scientists who helped to discover DNA.
We are going to take turns reading around the room and taking notes.
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Bacterial Transformation
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Why do we care about bacterial transformation?
Genetic Research
Antibiotic Resistance
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1928 Fred Griffith -
Studied two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Worked with two strains of bacteria: Rough Strain and Smooth Strain
S strain causes pneumonia and the R strain does not
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Griffith Cont.
S strain:
Heat killed S strain:
R Strain:
Heat killed S strain + R Strain:
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1928 Fred Griffith -
Discovered that something from the heat killed wild type (smooth) bacteria was turning the mutant (rough) type bacteria into smooth.
Called it the transforming factorDidn’t really know what it was
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Let’s Talk a little about DNA.
Do now period 6
What is DNA?Where is DNA found?What do scientists know about our DNA?How do we apply this DNA technology?
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Objectives
SWBAT list and identity the characteristics of viruses
SWBAT label a diagram of the life cycle of a virus
SWBAT explain Hershey and Chases experiment and it’s importance to the discovery of DNA
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Avery
Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain
Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released
R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.
Many people did not believe that it was DNA, not protein that transformed genes
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Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses
1. Have their own genome (genetic make up) made of either DNA or RNA
2. Does not have enzymes, ribosomes, or ATP
3. Have external protein shells (capsids)
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Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses
4. Infect only specific cells5. 2 life cycles (lytic and lysogenic)
Lytic – breaks out and spreads Lysogenic- hangs around
6. Smaller than bacteria
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When a virus attacks a cell…
Let’s try to put these in order….
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Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle
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Hershey and Chase
Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein
Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses
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Hershey and ChaseRadioactive Labeling:
Used radioactive phosphorus (32P) to identify DNA in the bacteriophages
Used radioactive sulfer (35S) to identify proteins in the bacteriophages
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Hershey and Chase
Tracking DNARadioactive bacteriophages infected
bacteria cellsAfter review results found radioactive
sulfur outside of bacteria cells and radioactive phosphorus inside bacteria cells
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Hershey and Chase
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Do Now
1. What is a virus?
2. Why is a virus NOT considered a living thing?
3. What are the two types of life cycles of viruses? Briefly describe each.
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Do Now – Period 8
1. Briefly describe Griffith’s experiment
2. What did he conclude?
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Molecular GeneticsChapter 12
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DNA Structure
Levene discovered that DNA is made of nucleotides
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DNA StructureNucleotide is made of:
5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,
thymine)
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Nitrogen Bases
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DNA Structure
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Do Now
1. Briefly describe hershey and chase’s experiment.
What did they conclude?
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Do Now
1. Find the complementary sequence of DNA:ATCGGATATAGC
2. What bonds form between the sides of DNA?
3. What type of sugar is in DNA?
4. What does 3’ mean?
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DNA StructureDNA often is compared
to a twisted ladder.Rails of the ladder are
represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.
The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.
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Label the parts of the DNA molecule
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Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder
-2 Strands of DNA form a helix
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Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel
On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.
The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.
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Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)
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Do Now – Hershey and Chase Experiment
What did radioactive phosphorous indicate?
What did radioactive sulfur indicate?What was the conclusion of this
experiment?
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Objectives
SWBAT explain what Chargaff, Franklin, and Watson/Crick discovered.
SWBAT create a timeline of the scientists that discovered DNA.
SWBAT label parts of the DNA moleculeSWBAT describe how a chromosome
coils.
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Erwin Chargaff
Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A
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Rosiland Franklin
X-ray Diffraction use of photo 51
X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA
Indicated that DNA was a double helix
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X-Ray Crystallography
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Watson and Crick Built a model of the double helix that
conformed to the others’ research two outside strands consist of alternating
sugar and phosphate molecules cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other
by three hydrogen bonds thymine and adenine bases pair to each
other by two hydrogen bonds
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THINK-PAIR-SHARE
Create a timeline of all the scientists and what they discovered.
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Chromosome StructureDNA coils around histones (proteins) to
form nucleosomes, This coils to form chromatin fibers.The chromatin fibers supercoil to form
chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.
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Do Now
How do you think your DNA gets in every cell of your body? Explain.
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Objectives
SWBAT define semiconservative replication, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and replication.
SWBAT explain how DNA ReplicatesSWBAT extract DNA out of a strawberry.
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Semiconservative Replication Parental strands of DNA separate Each strand serve as template DNA molecules produced have one strand
of parental DNA and one daughter strand
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Steps to DNA Replication1. Unwinding
DNA helicase (enzyme) unwinds and unzips the DNA – breaking the hydrogen bonds between the strands
RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.
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Steps to DNA Replication2. Base PairingDNA polymerase (enzyme) adds
complementary nucleotides to parent DNA strand
Only adds to 3’ end of new DNA strand
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2. Base Pairing (cont.)
Two daughter strands of DNA are made differently Leading Strand- Built continuously with out
breaks Lagging Strand- makes several small
fragments of DNA Built discontinuously Pieces are called Okazaki Fragments Fragments are connected by DNA Ligase
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DNA Replication
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Steps to DNA Replication3. Joining
DNA Polymerase removes RNA Primer and fills it in place with DNA nucleotides
DNA ligase links two sections
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Do Now
What is DNA replication?
Why is it called semiconservative?
What is DNA helicase?
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Do NowLabel the DNA Replication Diagram
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Do Now
Label the DNA strands.
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Animations of DNA Replication
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.htmlhttp://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teachin
g/genetics/animations/dna_replication.htm
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Let’s Practice
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Do Now – period 3Let’s practice making an exact copy!
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Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated.
In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.
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Do Now
Write down the steps of DNA replication.
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Do Now – label A, T, C, G