do now
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Do Now. List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean). Communication. Linguistics and the Arts. What do the following words mean?. Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex. Linguistics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Do Now
List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)
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CommunicationLinguistics and the
Arts
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What do the following words mean?
Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex
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Linguistics
The essential function of language is communication
Language is the medium for the transition of culture
Human communication is no limited to spoken language
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Cognition
Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology
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Non-human communication
Systems of communication are not unique to humans
Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement
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The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans
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Vervet Monkeys
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Human Communication
SymbolicArbitrary in meaningOpen
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Symbolic
Language has meaning even when its referent in not present
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Arbitrary in meaning
There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.
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Do Now:
See handout
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Open
Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings
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Descriptive Linguistics
Also known as structural linguistics
Seeks to determine the rules of:– Phonology– Morphology– Syntax
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Phones
Phones are soundsPhonology is the study of the rules
that predict how sounds are made and used
Phonemes- a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning
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Morphs
The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph
Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning
Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning
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Syntax
How words are strung together to form phases or sentences
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Lexicon
A list of a languages morphs and meanings
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Closure
Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.
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Do NowIf you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)
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Historical Linguistics
Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time
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Dialects
Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups
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Origins of Language
Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages
Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages
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Protolanguages
Are presumed languages from which other languages originate
Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages)
Sino-TibetanBantuNative America Amarid
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Dyen List
A list of Proto Indo-European cognates
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English
English is an Indo-European language
English is a Germanic language
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Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England)
During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English
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Language Divergence
Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages
The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English
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European colonization in the 1400-1700 = the spread of Spanish, English, and French
The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic
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Closure
Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?
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Do Now
What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)
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Writing
Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles
Calendars were the first form of writing
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Writing evolved along the following lines– Ideograms- image = idea– Pictograms- image = what it is a
picture of– Phonograms- image = a sound
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Alphabet
Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians
The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet
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The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further
The alphabet was further changed by the Germans after the fall of Rome
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Exit Ticket
Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?
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Do Now
Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?
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Exit Ticket
Why do you think people pick up on non-verbal communication clues so easily?
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Hieroglyphs
An Egyptian phonographic writing system
Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs
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Khipu
Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers
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Language and CultureThe way society views the world
around it can be reflected in its language
More complex societies have larger vocabularies
Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language also influences culture
Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier
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Ethnography of Speaking
Speech can reveal social statusLower class individuals generally
speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar)
Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech
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Ethnography of Speaking
Gender differences and biases are often seen in language
Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)
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Sociolinguistics
The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts:
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Codeswitching
Changing languages in the course of a conversation
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Diglosia
A situation where there is more than one language spoken
There is almost always a language hierarchy
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Language Planning
MSA- Modern Standard Arabic
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The Arts
Art, like language, is a cultural universal It is an expressive form of communication It stimulates senses, affects emotions, it
has cultural meaning, it is produced in a culturally patterned way, and some people are thought to be better at it than others
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Body Art
All societies decorate or adorn the body
Examples include:– Scaring– Piercing– Tattoos– Branding
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Visual Art
A cultures’ technology and materials are the two restraining limits on art
Two aspects reveled in a societies art are items of importance and social stratification
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Music
Cultural complexity reveals itself in a cultures’ music
Cross-culture studies suggest links between music style and child rearing, gender stratification, and social stratification
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Folklore
Folklore includes myths, legends, folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs, and superstations
Cross-culture research suggests aggression in folklore mirrors aggression in society
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Folklore
Folklore reveals cultural norms and rules
Folklore is traditional transmitted orally
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Arabic Art
The Quran forbids images of Allah or Mohamed
As such Islamic art tends to focus less on individuals and more on complex geometric patters.
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Art is always changing
Cultural contact has profound impact on art
Commercialization affects art as well