do now:
DESCRIPTION
DO NOW:. What is cognition (it’s okay to guess)? Prepare your spring break extra credit to turn in (if you have it). Cognition. AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 4.5.2010. THINKING. Objective: SWBAT define cognition. THINKING. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DO NOW:
What is cognition (it’s okay to guess)?
Prepare your spring break extra credit to turn in (if you have it).
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Cognition
AP PsychologyMs. Desgrosellier4.5.2010
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THINKING
Objective: SWBAT define cognition.
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THINKING
Cognition: the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Concepts
Objective: SWBAT describe the roles of categories, hierarchies, definitions, and prototypes in concept formation.
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Concepts
concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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ConceptsWhat makes a “chair” a chair?
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Concepts
concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Concepts To simplify concepts down even
more, we organize them into hierarchies.
Some concepts are formed by definition. e.g. a triangle is a figure with
three sides, therefore all three sided objects are triangles.
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Concepts prototype: a mental image or
best example of a category. Matching new items to the
prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.
The more closely something matches our prototype of a concept, the more readily we recognize it as an example of the concept.
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Solving Problems Objective: SWBAT compare
algorithms and heuristics as problem-solving strategies, and explain how insight differs from both of them.
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Solving Problems Solving problems is one way
that we form and use concepts.
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Solving Problems algorithm: a methodical,
logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. e.g. SPLOYOCHYG We could try our every
combination of these letters one-by-one to figure out what the word is, but this would give us 907,200 options.
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Solving Problems heuristic: a simple thinking
strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Speedier, but more error-prone
than algorithms. With our example, we can use
heuristics to reduce the number of options.
e.g. SPLOOCHGYY
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Solving Problems insight: a sudden and often
novel realization of the solution to a problem. This contrasts with strategy-
based solutions.
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
Objective: SWBAT contrast the confirmation bias and fixation, and explain how they can interfere with effective problem solving.
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
confirmation bias: a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. We look for evidence that
confirm our ideas more often than we look for evidence that might refute them.
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
fixation: the inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
Slows down problem solving.
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
O-T-T-F-?-?-?
J-F-M-A-?-?-?
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Obstacles to Problem Solving
functional fixedness: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.
Hunting for a screwdriver when you could have used a coin.
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MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS
Using and Misusing Heuristics
Objective: SWBAT contrast the representativeness and availability heuristics, and explain how they can cause us to underestimate or ignore important information.
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MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS
representativeness heuristic: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
This may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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MAKING DECISIONS AND FORMING JUDGMENTS
availability heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
if examples come easily to mind, we assume such events are common.
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Overconfidence
Objective: SWBAT describe the drawbacks and advantages of overconfidence in decision making.
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Overconfidence
overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.
Confidence is not necessarily related to correctness; people who are very confident can be just as incorrect.
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Framing Decisions
Objective: SWBAT describe how others can use framing to elicit from us the answers they want.
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Framing Decisions
framing: the way an issue is posed.
How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
e.g. 75% lean vs. 25% fat.
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Belief Bias
Objective: SWBAT discuss how our preexisting beliefs can distort our logic.
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Belief Bias
belief bias: the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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Belief Bias
Premise 1: Democrats support free speech.
Premise 2: Dictators are not Democrats.
Conclusion: Dictators do not support free speech.
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The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
Objective: SWBAT describe the remedy for the belief perseverance phenomenon.
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The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
belief perseverance: clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
To counter the belief perseverance phenomenon, consider the opposite.
e.g. Given a side in a debate, it’s easier to ignore evidence that counters your beliefs.